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¥E'LLS' 



NATIONAL HAND-BOOK, 



EMBRACING A 



COMPLETE COMIPEllNTDITJIVr 



Joliticd Jisiorj of tje Ituleb Statts, 



ORIGINAL FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 
TO THE PRESENT TIME. 




NEW YORK: 
B. W. HITCHCOCK, 98 SPRING STREET 

164 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

PITMAN & CO., 22 SCHOOL STEEET, BOSTON. 

H. H. BANCROFT & CO., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 

1868. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year lS68,by 

j. G. WELLS, 

^ *c Clerk's Office ot the District Court for the Southern District Of 
New -York. 



CONTENTS 



ADDRESSES of Washington 

On his Election as Commander-in-Chief. 38 

On Resigning his Commission 39 

On being Inaugurated as President 40 

His Farewell Address 43 

AMERICAN UNION, Formation of the 37 

Area of Square Miles of the States and Territories 163 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE EX-PRESIDENTS— 

Adams, John 122 

Adam, John Quincy 130 

Buchanan, James 148 

Fillmore, Millard 144 

Harrison, William H 136 

Jackson, Andrew 132 

Jefferson, Thomas 124 

Johnson, Andrew. . .'. 153 

Lincoln, Abraham 150 

Madison, James 1 26 

Monroe, James 128 

Pierce, Franklin 146 

Polk, James K 140 

Taylor r Zachary 142 

Tyler, John 138 

Van Buren, Martin 134 

Washington, George. 120 

BRITISH AND COLONIAL DEBTS 100 

CABINET OFFICERS, From the Original Organization of the Gov- 

ernment 286 

CAPITALS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES 163 

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY of important events, embracing a 
period of two hundred and fifty years, from the first settle- 
ment of the country to the present time, arranged in chrono- 
logical order 223 

(5) 



i 

PAGE ] 



6 CONTENTS. 

COMPROMISE ACT OF 1820, on the Admission of Missouri 55 

CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL 71 

CONFISCATION BILL, Amendments to 74 

CONGRESS, Apportionment of Representation, Pay of Members, etc. 118 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 24 

CONTENTS 5 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 17 

ELECTORAL VOTES for President and Vice-President of the United 
States, from the First Term, commencing 1789, to the Nine- 
teenth Term, ending 1860 75-95 

EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT of the United States 97 

FOREIGN COUNTRIES— States, Square Miles, Population, Name of 

Ruler, Title, Year of Accession, and Form of Government... 167 

FOREIGN DEBTS, other than British or Colonial 100 

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850 56 

GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES, Fac-simile, History, and 

Description of 101 

HOMESTEAD LAW 70 

INTERESTING INCIDENTS OF EACH ADMINISTRATION— 

Alabama constituted and admitted a State. 82 

Algerine Piracies punished by the United States, Treaties, etc. . . . 81 

Arkansas set off from Missouri Territory 82 

Bankruptcy, Bill for establishing a Uniform System of 89 

Barbary Powers, Treaties with the 81 

Bright, Jesse D., succeeds Vice-President King 92 

Calhoun, John C, difficulties with President Jackson 85 

Commander-in-Chief, Washington appointed, after retiring from 

the Presidency 76 

Congress— First under the Constitution , 75 

" Extra Session called by President Van Buren 87 

" Extra Session called by President Harrison 8* 

" Message to, announcing the death of President 

Taylor 91 

Death of Vice-President King 92 

Difficulties with the French Directory 76 

Embargo, in retaliation for French and English Aggressions 79 

Fillmore succeeds President Taylor 91 

Financial Embarrassment throughout the Country , . 87 

Florida, East and West, ceded to the United States 82 

Ghent, Treaty of Peace with England signed at 81 

Hale, John P., of New Hampshire, nominated for the Presidency. 92 

Harrison, President, sudden death of 88 

Inaugural Address of Mr. Jefferson 78 

Independent Treasury Bill 87 

Indian War of 1811— Defeat of Tecumseh and the Prophet at Tip- 
pecanoe 80 



CONTENTS- 



INTERESTING INCIDENTS OF EACH ADMINISTRATION— 

Jackson, President, Northern Tour of 80 

King, Vice-President— Oath of Office Administered in Cuba 92 

Lafayette— Visits the United States as the " Nation's Guest " 8g 

Louisiana Purchased of France 79 

Maine erected into an Independent State 82 

Mangum, Willie P., succeeds Vice-President Tyler 91 

Milan Decree issued by Napoleon Bonaparte 79 

Northeastern Boundary of the United States — Treaty adjusting the 89 

Oath of Office taken by President Tyler 89 

Orders in Council by tbe British Government 79 

Public Lands— Bill for Distributing the Proceeds of the 89 

Removal of the Public Moneys from the United States Bank 86 

Results of the War with Mexico 90 

Seat of Government removed to Washington 77 

Seminole and Creek Indians — Chastised for Depredations 82 

Sudden Death of President Taylor „ 91 

Texas, Treaty with, rejected by the Senate 89 

Texas admitted into the Union 90 

Treasury Notes — The issue of Ten Millions of Dollars authorized. 87 

Troubles with France and the Indians 77 

Tyler, John, succeeds President Harrison 89 

Unjust Resolution relative to President Jackson Expunged. . ..... 86 

Veto of the Bill to incorporate the Fiscal Bank of the United States. 89 
" " " " Corporation " 89 

War declared against England 80 

War with Algiers — Expedition under Commodore Decatur 81 

War with Mexico 90 

War with the South— See Chronology 228 

JUDICIARY 98 

KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854 61 

MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES, and of Individual States ... 118 
NATIONAL DEBT— 

Debt bearing Coin Interest 98 

Matured Debt not presented for payment 99 

Debt bearing no Interest : 99 

ORDINANCE OF 1784 21 

POPULATION OF THE OLD AND NEW WORLD 166 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 163 

" " " " at Decennial Periods 55 

SEALS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, Fac-Similes and Descriptions 

of the 105 

STATE ELECTIONS, when held 168 

STATES AND TERRITORIES, Statistics of, when settled, by whom, 

when admitted into the Union, Elective Franchise, etc 156 

Square Miles, Population, when Legislature Meets, State Elections. 168 



8 


CONTENTS. 




THE GLOBE, Statistics of the 


165 


UNITED STATES, 

I. 


Statistics of the 


155 


LLUSTRATIONS. 


PORTRAITS OF THE EX-PRESIDENTS. 


WASHINGTON 


JACKSON, 


FILLMORE, 


JOHN ADAMS, 


VAN BUREN, 


PIERCE, 


JEFFERSON, 


HARRISON, 


BUCHANAN, 


MADISON, 


TYLER, 


LINCOLN, 


MONROE, 


POLK, 


JOHNSON. 


J. Q. ADAMS, 


TAYLOR, 




SEALS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE SEYERAL STATES. j 


ALABAMA, 


LOUISIANA, 


NORTH CAROLINA, 1 


ARKANSAS, 


MAINE, 


OHIO, I 


CALIFORNIA, 


MARYLAND, 


OREGON, 1 


CONNECTICUT, 


MASSACHUSETTS, 


PENNSYLVANIA, f 


COLORADO, 


MICHIGAN, 


RHODE ISLAND, | 


DELAWARE, 


MINNESOTA, 


SOUTH CAROLINA, 1 


FLORIDA, 


MISSISSIPPI, 


TENNESSEE, 1 


GEORGIA, 


MISSOURI, 


TEXAS, J 


ILLINOIS, 


NEBRASKA, 


UTAH, 1 


INDIANA, 


NEW HAMPSHIRE, 


VERMONT, 1 


IOWA, 


NEW JERSEY, 


VIRGINIA, 1 


KANSAS, 


NEW YORK, 


WISCONSIN. 1 


KENTUCKY, 


NEW MEXICO, 


] 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



[The following articles were drawn up by a committee of gentlemen, 
who were appointed by Congress for this purpose, June 12, 1776, and 
finally adopted, Nov. 15. 1777 : the committee were Messrs. Bartlett, 
Samuel Adams, Hopkins, Sherman, R. R. Livingston, Dickinson, 
M'Kean, Stone, Nelson, Howes, E. Rutledge, and Gwinnet.] 

In Congress, July 8, 1778. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 

Between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Norlh Carolina, 
SouthCarolina, nad Georgia. 

Art, 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, " The United States 
of America" 

Art. 2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independ- 
ence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this 
confedera + \on expressly delegated to the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Art. 3. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of 
friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of 
their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding them- 
selves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made 
upon them, or any of them, ou account of religion, sovereignty, trade, 
or any other pretence whatever. 

Art. 4. g 1. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship 
and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, 
the free inhabitants of ea y .h of these states, paupers — vagabonds, and 
fugitives from justice excepted — shall be entitled to all privileges and 
immunities of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of 
each state shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other 
state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, 
subject to the same duties, impositioas, and restrictions, as the inhabit- 
ants thereof respectively ; provided, that such restrictions shall not 
extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any 
state, to any other state, of which the owner is an inhabitant ; pro- 
vided also, that no imposition, duties, or res/riction, shall be laid by 
any state on the property of the United States, or either of them. 

\ 2. If any person, guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or 
other high misdemeanor, in any state, shall flee from justice, and bt 
found in any of the United States, he shall, upon the demand of the 
governor or executive power of the state from which he fled, be do- 
Uvered Up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offend 

\ 3. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each of these states, o 



to 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and nmgis- 
trates of every other state. 

Art. 5. \ 1. For the more convenient management of the genera] 
interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed 
in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in 
Congress on the first Monday in November in every year, with a power 
reserved to each state to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any 
time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder 
of the year. 

\ 2. No stale shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor 
more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being 
a delegate for more than three years, in any term of six years ; nor 
shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office 
under the United States, for which he, or any other for his benefit, 
receives any salary, fees, or emolument, of any kind. 

\ 3. Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the 
states, and while they act as members of the committee of these states. 
\ 4. In determining questions in the United States in Congress 
assembled, each state shall have one vote. 

\ 5. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be im- 
peached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the 
members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests 
and imprisonments during the time of their going to and from, and 
attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the 
peace. 

Art. 6. \ 1. No state, without the consent of the United States in 
Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy 
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with 
any king, prince, or state, nor shall any person holding any office of 
profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any 
present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States in Congress 
assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 

\ 2. No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confedera- 
tion, or alliance whatever, between them, without the consent of the 
United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the pur- 
poses for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall 
continue. 

\ 3. No state shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere 
with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in 
Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or. state, in pursuance of 
any treaties already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and 
Spain. 

I 4. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any 
Btate, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the 
United States in Congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or 
its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in 
time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. I J 

United States in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to 
garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state ; but every 
state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, 
sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have 
ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, 
and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. 

\ 5. No state shall engage in any war without the consent of th*i 
United State in Congress assembled, unless such state be actually in- 
vaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution 
being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the 
danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the United States 
in Congress assembled can be consulted ; nor shall any state grant 
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or 
reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States 
in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, 
and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and 
under such regulations as shall be established by the United States 
in Congress assembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in which 
case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so 
long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in Con- 
gress assembled shall determine otherwise. 

Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the common 
defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed 
by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall 
be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacan- 
cies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment. 

Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be in- 
curred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a com- 
mon treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in pro- 
portion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or 
surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improve- 
ments thereon shall be estimated, according to such mode as the Uni- 
ted States in Congress assembled shall, from time to time, direct and 
appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several 
states within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Art. 9. \ 1. The United States in Congress assembled shall have 

the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and 

war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article, of sending and 

receiving ambassadors ; entering into treaties and alliances, provided 

lthat no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative 

jpower of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such 

|imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, 

>r from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of 

roods or commodities whatsoever ; of establishing rules for deciding iL 

lH oases what captures on land re water shall be legal, and in what 



12 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the 
United States shall be divided or appropriated ; cf granting letters of 
marque and reprisal in times of peace ; appointing courts for the tria! 
of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas ; and establishing 
courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of cap- 
ture ; provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge 
of any of the said courts. 

I 2. The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last 
resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that 
hereafter may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, 
jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever ; which authority shall al- 
ways be exercised in the manner following : Whenever the legislative 
or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with 
another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in 
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by 
order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other 
state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the 
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, 
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for 
hearing *nd determining the matter in question ; but if they cannot 
agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United 
States, acid from the list of such persons each party shall alternately 
strike 01. t one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be 
reduced to thirteen ; and from that number not less than seven, nor 
more tbcin nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence 
of Congress, be drawn out by lot ; aud the persons whose names shall 
be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges 
to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major 
part of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the deter- 
mination : and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day ap- 
pointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, 
or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to 
nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of Congress 
shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the judg- 
ment and sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before 
prescribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall 
refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend 
their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce 
sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive ; 
the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case 
transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress, for 
the security of the parties concerned : provided, that every commis- 
sioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be adminis- 
tered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state 
^here the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine 
the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without 
favor, affection, or hope of reward." Provided, also, that no state 
shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 



13 



$ 'S. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed 
under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdiction, as 
they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants 
are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time 
claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdic- 
tion, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United 
States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner 
as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territoriaJ 
jurisdiction between different states. 

\ 4. The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the 
sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value 
of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective 
states ; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the 
United States ; regulating the trade, and managing all affairs with the 
Indians, not member# of any of the states ; provided that the legisla- 
tive right of any state, within its own limits, be not infringed or vio- 
lated ; establishing and regulating post offices from one state to an- 
other throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on 
the papers passing through the same, as may be requisite to defray the 
expenses of the said office ; appointing all officers of the land forces in 
the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers ; ap- 
pointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all 
officers whatever in the service of the United States ; making rules for 
the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and 
directing their operations. 

§ 5. The United States in Congress assembled Bhall have authority 
to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of Congress, to be de- 
nominated, " A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate 
from each state ; and to appoint such other committees and civil offi- 
cers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United 
States under their direction ; to appoint one of their number to pre- 
side ; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of 
president more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascertain 
the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public 
expenses ; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United 
States, transmitting every half-year to the respective states an account 
of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and equip a 
navy ; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisi- 
tions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number o f ' 
white inhabitants in such state, which requisition shall be binding • 
and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimenta/ 
officers, raise the men, clothe, arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like 
manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the officers and 
men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place ap- 
pointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Con- 
gress assembled ; but if the United States in Congress assembled shall, 
on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should 



: 



] 4 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and 
that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the 
quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, 
armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such state, 
unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number 
cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, 
officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they 
judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, 
and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time 
agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. 

I 6. The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in 
a war., nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor 
enter ?nto any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the 
value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the 
defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, 
nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate 
money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or 
purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor ap- 
point a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states 
assent to the same : nor shall a question on any other point, except 
for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of 
a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. 

\ 7. The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn 
to any time within the year, and to any place within the United 
States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than 
the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their pro- 
ceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alli- 
ances, or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy ; 
and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state, on any question, 
shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; 
and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, 
shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such 
parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the 
several states. 

Art. 10. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be 
authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers 
of Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the con- 
sent of nine states, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest 
them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said commit- 
tee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the 
voice of nine states, in the Congress of the United States assembled, 
is requisite. 

Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in 
the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into and entitled 
to all the advantages of this Union : But no other colony shall be ad- 
mitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. 
Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts 
contracted bv or under the authority of Cony-res*, before the assembling 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



lfl 



of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall 
be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for 
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the 
public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. 

Art. 13. Every state shall abide by the determination of the United 
States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by this confed- 
eration are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation 
shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be per- 
petual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any 
)f them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the 
'Jnited States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of 
*very state. 

And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to 
; ncline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Con- 
gress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of 
Confederation and Perpetual Union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned 
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that 
purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our re- 
spective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and 
ivery of the said Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, and all 
ind singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do 
Curther solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective con- 
stituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United 
States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by the said con- 
federation are submitted to them ; and that the articles thereof shall 
be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and 
that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have here- 
unto set our hands in Congress. 

Done at Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of 
July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of Ihc 
Independence of America. 



New Hampshire. 

JOSIAH BARTLETT, 

John Wentworth, jun. 
Massachusetts Bay. 

John Hancock, 

Samuel Adams, 
Elbridge Gerry, 
Francis Dana, 
James Lovel, 
Samuel Holten. 

Rhode Island, tyc. 

W 1LLIAM ELLERY, 



Henry Marchant, 
John Collins. 

Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
Oliver Wolcott, 
Titus Hosmer, 
Andrew Adams. 

New York. 

James Duane, 
Fra. Lewis, 
William Doer, 
Gouv. Morris. 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



New Jersey. 

Jno. Witherspoon, 
Nath. Scudder. 



Perms ylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Daniel Roberdeau, 
J on a Bayard Smith, 
William Olingan, 
Joseph Reed. 



Delaware. 

Thomas M'Kean, 
John Dickinson, 
Nicholas Yan Dyke. 



Maryland . 

John Hanson, 

Daniel Carroll 



Virginia, 

Richard Henry Lee, 
John Banister, 
Thomas Adams, 
Jno. Harvie, 
Francis Lightfoot Les, 

North Carolina 

John Penn, 
Cons. Harnett, 
Jno. Williams. 

South Carolinu. 

Henry Laurens, 
Wm. Henry Drayton, 
Jno. Matthews, 
Rtchard Hutson, 
Thos. Heyward, jun. 

Georgia. 

Jno. Walton, 
Edward Telfair, 
Edward LANawonTES 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

IN CONGRESS—THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776. 

Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself 
moo a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideratior 
the Declaration ; and after some time the President resumed the chair, 
and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a dec- 
laration, which they desired him to report. ( The committee consisted 
of Jefferson, franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston ) 

The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows : 

A DE CL AR ATI ON 

BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unaliena- 
ble rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- 
piness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriviDg their just powers from the consent of the governed ; 
that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these 
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
that governments long established, should not be changed for light and 
transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to sutler, while evils are sufferable, than 
to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under ab- 
solute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such 
government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of 
government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a 
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct 
object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To 
Drove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: 



18 l>eclara:ion ov independnce. 

He has refused lis assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right oi 
representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of 
invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for 
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising 
the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

Fcr quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; | 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging I 
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument | 
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 19 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in 
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized 
nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav- 
ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyraut, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have 
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice 
and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, 
which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war — in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA , in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, Fkee and Independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as FREE AND INDE- 
PENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acta 
aad things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do 



20 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDNCE. 



And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

_ The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
,. osiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
Villiam Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
BeiNjamin Franklin 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 



Massachusetts Bay. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Delaware. 
Caesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carrol, 



of Canxilltoa 



Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jun. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton, 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn, 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jun 
Thomas Lynch, Jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton 



THE JEFFERSONIAN ORDINANCE QF 1784, 

On the 1st of March, 1784, less than oqe hundred days after the 
evacuation of our soil by the British army, Thomas Jefferson, from a 
Committee, consisting of himself, Mr. Chase, of Md., and Mr. Howell, 
of K. I., (a majority being from Southern States,) reported to the Conti 
cental Congress the following Ordinance for the government of all the 
National Territory outside the limits of the States. As many havt 
understood this only to apply to the North- Western Territory, wo 
insert it in full : 

" Resolved, That the territory ceded, or to be ceded by individual 
States to the United States, whensoever the same shall have been pur 
chased of the Indian mnabitants and offered for sale by the United 
States, shall be formed into additional States, bounded in the following 
manner, as nearly as such cessions will admit ; that is to say, north- 
wardly and southwardly by parallels of latitude, so that each State 
shall comprehend from south to north, two degrees of latitude, begin- 
ning to count from the completion of thirty-one degrees north of the 
equator ; [the then Southern boundary of the U. S.] but any territory 
northwardly of the forty-seventh degree shall make part of the State 
next below. And eastwardly and westwardly they shall be bounded, 
those on the Mississippi, by that rfcer on one side, and the meridian 
of the lowest point of the rapids ot the Ohio on the other : and those 
adjoining on the east, by the same meridian on the western side, and 
on the eastern by the meridian of the western cape of the mouth of the 
Great Kanawha. And the territory eastward of this last meridian, 
between the Ohio, Lake Erie, and Pennsylvania, shall be one State. 

" That the settlers within the territory so to be purchased and offered 
for sale shall, either on their own petition or on the order of Congress, 
receive authority from them, with appointments of time and place, for 
their free males of full age to meet together for the purpose of establishing 
a temporary government, to adopt the constitution and laws of any one 
of these States, so that such laws nevertheless shall be subject to altera- 
tion by their ordinary Legislature, and to erect, subject to a like altera- 
tion, counties or townships for the election of members for their Legis 
lature. 

" That such temporary government shall only continue in force in 
any State until it shall have acquired twenty thousand free inhabitants, 
when, giving due proof thereof to Congress, they shall receive from 
them authority, with appointments of time and place, to call a conven- 
tion of representatives to establish a permanent constitution and gov- 
ernment for themselves : provided, That both the temporary and per- 
manent governments be established on these principles as their basis : 

" 1. That they shall forever remain a part of the United States of 
America. 

w 2. That in their persons, property, and territory, they shall be sub* 



22 JEFFERSONIAN ORDINANCE. 

ject to the Government of the United States in Congress' assembled, 
and to the Articles of Confederation in all those cases in which the 
original States shall be so subject. 

" 3. That they shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal debts, 
contracted or to be contracted, to be apportioned on them by Congress, 
according to the same common rule and measure by which apportion- 
ments thereof shall be made on the other States. 

" 4. That their respective governments shall be in republican forms 
and shall admit no person to be a citizen who holds any hereditary title 

" 5. That after the year 1800 of the Christian era, there shall be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said States, otherwise 
than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted to have been personally guilty. 

" That whenever any of the said States shall have, of free inhabi- 
tants, as many as shall then be in any one of the least numerous of th<$ 
thirteen original States, such State shall be admitted by its Delegates 
iato the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the 
said original States ; after which the assent of two-thirds of the United 
States, in Congress assembled, -shall be requisite in all those cases 
wherein, by the Confederation, the assent of nine States is now re- 
quired, provided the consent of nine States to such admission may ba 
obtained according to the eleventh of the Articles of Confederation. 
Until such admission by their Delegates into Congress, any of the said 
States, after the establishment of their temporary government, shall 
have authority to keep a sitting member in Congress, with a right ol 
debating, but not of voting. 

" That the territory northward of the forty-fifth degree, that is to 
say, of the completion of forty-five degrees from the equator, and ex- 
tending to the Lake of the Woods, shall be called Sylvania ; that of 
the territory under the forty-fifth and forty-fourth degree, that which 
lies westward of Lake Michigan, shall be called Michigania ; and that 
which is eastward thereof, within the peninsula formed by the lakes 
and waters of Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, shall be called 
Chersonesus, and shall include any part of the peninsula which may 
extend above the forty-fifth degree. Of the territory under the forty- 
third and forty-second degrees, that to the westward, through which 
the Assenisipi or Rock River runs, shall be called Assenesipia ; and 
that to the eastward, in which are the fountains of the Muskingum, the 
two Miamies of the Ohio, the Wabash, the Illinois, the Miami of the 
Lake, and the Sandusky river, shall be called Mesopotamia. Of the 
territory which lies under the forty-first and fortieth degrees, the west- 
ern, through which the river Illinois runs, shall be called Illinoia ; that 
next adjoining to the eastward, Saratoga ; and that between this last 
and Pennsylvania, and extending from the Ohio to Lake Erie, shall 
be called Washington. Of the territory which lies under the thirty- 
ninth and thirty -eight degree, to which shall be added so much of the 
point of land within the fork of the Ohio and Mississippi as lies m> 
dor the thirty-seventh degree ; that to the westward within and ad- 



JEFFERSONIAN ORDINANCE. 



23 



jaceiit to which are the confluences of the rivers Wabash, Shawaoee, 
Tanisee, Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, and Missouri, shall be called Poly- 
potania ; and that to the eastward, further up the Ohio, otherwise 
called the Pelisipi, shall be called Pelisipia. 

" That all the preceding articles shall be formed into a charter of com- 
pact, shall be duly executed by the President of the United States, in 
Congress assembled, under his hand and the seal of the United States, 
shall be promulgated, and shall stand as fundamental conditions between 
the thirteen original States and those newly described, unalterable but 
by the joint consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, and 
of the particular State within which such alteration is proposed to bo 
made." 

On a test vote on adopting the anti-slavery provision above, sixteen 
yoted aye, and seven no ; but the requisite majority of States failing 
to vote in the affirmative, it was lost. And three years later, the 
Ordinance of 1787, for the Northwestern Territory alone, was 
adopted. 

Forty-two years afterwards, Mr. Jefferson, only six weeks before he 
died, wrote as follows, in reply to a letter asking his views in regard 
to the ultimate eradication of slavery from the country. 

Monticello, May 26th, 1826. 

Dear Sir : The subject of your letter of April 20th, is one on 
which I do not permit myself to express an opinion, but when time, 
place, and occasion, may give it some favorable effect. A good cause 
is often injured more by ill-timed efforts of its friends than by the 
arguments of its enemies. Persuasion, perseverance, and patience are 
the best advocates on questions depending on the will of others. The 
revolution in public opinion which this case requires is not to be expected 
in a day, or perhaps in an age ; but time which outlives all things, will 
outlive this evil also. My sentiments have been forty years before 
the public, and had I repeated them forty times, they would only be- 
come the more stale and threadbare. Although I shall not live to see 
them consummated, they will not die with me ; but, living or dying, 
they vjill ever be in my most fervent prayers. This is written for your- 
self, and not for the public, in compliance of your request of two' lines 
of sentiment on the subject. Accept the assurance of my good will 
and respect. 

THOS. JEFFERSON. 

Mr. Jas. Heaton, Middletown, Butler county, Ohio. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



CONSTITUTION 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



vVe the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Kepresentatives. 

Sec 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, 
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may be included within this Union, according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to 
the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service 
for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of 
all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not 
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at 
least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Mas- 
sachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Con- 
necticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South 
Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such 
vacancies. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 25 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker %nd othei 
officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the 
expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration 
of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and 
if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make tem- 
porary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President 
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Jnstice 
shall preside : And no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than 
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust or profit under the United States ; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictcent, 
trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sena- 
tors and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make 
or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
by law appoint a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall 
constitute a quorum to do business ;, but a smaller number may ad- 
journ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend- 
ance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its 
2 



26 THE CONSTITUTION. 

members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
thirds, expel a member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time 
to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in theii 
judgment require secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the members 
of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of 
those present, be entered on the Journal. 

Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- 
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he 
was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person 
holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either 
House during his continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
amendments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States : If he approve, he shall sign it ; but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it 
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, 
two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that House, 
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
Houses shall be detcrmind by Teas and Nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal 
of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by 
the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if 
he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its 
return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two- 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



27 



thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to tho 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have Power — 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the 
debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States ; 

To establish post offices and post roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing 
for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to 
that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appoint- 
ment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia accord 
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of parti- 
cular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the 
Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over 
all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in 
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, ar- 
senals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; — And 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other Powers vested by 
this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any 
department or officer thereof. 



528 THE CONSTITUTION 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight, but a lax or duty may be imposed on such importation, 
not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce 01 
revenue to the ports of ooe State over those of another ; nor shall 
vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And 
no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without 
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. 

Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law 
impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely ne- 
cessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all 
duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, choser foi 
the same term, be elected, as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Sena- 
tors and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in tht 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



29 



Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an 
office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an Elector. 

[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Bal- 
lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes 
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have 
such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 
Representatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for 
President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five high- 
est on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
Representation from each State having one vote ; A Quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice 
In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. 
But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Sen- 
ate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President.*] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural-born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the 
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resigna- 
tion, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act ac- 
cordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, 01 
any of them. 

• This clause has been superseded and annulled by the 12th Amendment 



30 THE CONSTITUTION. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of Presided 
of the United States, and will, to the hest of my ability, preserve, protect, and defeoij 
the Constitution of the United States. " 

Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, 
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
require the opinion, m writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and 
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of 
' mpeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by 
law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think propei 
in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of 
Departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that maj 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; and 
in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; 
he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he shall 
take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all 
the officers of the United States. 

Sec 4. The President, Vice-President, and all Civil Officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and 
conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Mis- 
demeanors. , 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested ii 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress maj 
from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 
havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensa- 
tion, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shf.Il extend to all cases, in Law ano* 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



31 



Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, 
and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; — 
to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Con- 
suls ; — to all cases cf admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; — to con- 
troversies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to contro- 
versies between two or more States ; — between a State and citizens of 
another State ; — between citizens of different States ;— between citizens 
of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or 
subjects. 

In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con 
suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court 
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mention- 
ed, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations aa 
the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only iu 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on 
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession 
in open Court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason 
but, no Attainder of Treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- 
feiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 



ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on 
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be 
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or reg- 
ulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may 
be due. 



62 THE CONSTITUTION. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Onion ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
diction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction 
of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the 
Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- 
longing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall 
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of 
any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of Government, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or of the 
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domes- 
tic violence. 

article v. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
ehall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either 
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Consti- 
tution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; — 
Provided, that no Amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
frage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, 
ander this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary 
notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Kepresentatives before mentioned, and the mem- 
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be 
bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 



_ _ 


THE CONSTITUTION. 33 


for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- 


ing the same. 




Done in Convention, 


by the unanimous consent of the States present, 


the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one 


thousand, seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independ- 


ence of the United States of America the twelfth. In Witness 


whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 




GEO. WASHINGTON", 




Presidt and Deputy from Virginia. 




New Hampshire. 


John Langdon, 


Nicholas Gilman 




Massachusetts. 


Nathaniel Gorham, 


Rufus King. 




Connecticut. 


Wm. Saml. Johnson, 


Roger Sherman. 




New York. 


Alexander Hamilton 






New Jersey. 


Wil : Livingston. 


David Brearley, 


Wm. Paterson, 


Jona. Dayton. 




Pennsylvania. 


B. Franklin, 


Thomas Mifflin, 


Robt. Morris, 


Geo: Clymer, 


Tho: Fitzsimons, 


Jared Ingersoll, 


James Wilson, 


Gouv : Morris. 




Delaware. 


Geo : Read, 


Gunning Bedford, Jun'e. 


John Dickinson, 


Richard Bassett, 


Jaco : Broom. 






Maryland. 


James M 'Henry, 


Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer. 


Danl. Carroll. 






Virginia. 


John Blair, 


James Madison, Jr. 




North Carolina. 


Wm. Blount, 


Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, 


Hu. Williamson. 






South Carolina. 


J. R'UTLEDGE, 


Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 


Charles Pincknet, . 


Pierce Butler. 




Georgia. 


William Few, 


Abr. Baldwin. 


Attest : 


WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary 





34 *HE CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLES, 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE 
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FDJTH ARTICLE 
OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

(ARTICLE I.) 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem 
ble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

(article II.) 
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. 

(article hi.) 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be 
prescribed by law. 

(article iv.) 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, support- 
ed by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

(article v.) 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infam- 
ous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any 
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of 
life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wit- 
ness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without 
due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use 
without just compensation. 

(article vi.) 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State aud district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
oeen previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
^nd cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the w*tr esses against 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



35 



him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

(article vii.) 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of 
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

(article viii.) 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

(article IX.) 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

(article x.) 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respect- 
ively, or to the people. 

(article XI.) 
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens 01 
subjects of any foreign State. 

(article xii.) 
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal 
lot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name 
in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for 
as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of 
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate : — The 
President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of 
Kepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Pres- 
ident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such ma- 
jority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceed- 
ing three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
representation from each State having one ; a quorum for this purpose 
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the State3. 



3f) THE CONSTITUTION. 

and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And 
if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Yice-President shall act as President, 
as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the 
President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Yice- 
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
shall choose the Yice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to that 
of Yice-President of the United States. 

(ARTICLE XIII.) 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- 
ject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

(article xiv.) 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No 
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the seve- 
ral States according to their respective numbers, counting the 
whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not 
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice 
of electors for President and Yice-President of the United States, 
representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers 
of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied 
to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, 
the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the pro- 
portion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such 
State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or elector of President and Yice-President, or hold any 
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any 
State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



37 



Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member 
of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, 
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, 
or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress 
may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such dis- 
ability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- 
sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or 
rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States 
nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incur- 
red in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, 
or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all 
such debts, obligations and claims, shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. That Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro- 
priate legislation, the provisions 6Y this article. 



The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September, 1787, 
by the Convention appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of 
the Congress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, 
and ratified by the Conventions of the several States, as follows : 

By Convention of Delaware, 7th December, 1787. 

" " Pennsylvania, 12th December, 1787. 

" " New Jersey, 18th December, 1787. 

" " Georgia, 2d January, 1788. 

** " Connecticut, 9th January, 1788. 

" " Massachusetts, 6th February, 1788. 

" " Maryland, .28th April, 1788. 

" " South Carolina 23d May, 1788. 

" " New Hampshire, 21st June, 1788. 

Virginia 26th June, 1788. 

" " New York 26th July, 1788. 

" " North Carolina, 21st November, 1789. 

*' " Rhodelsland .29th May, 1790. 



The first ten of the Amendments were proposed on the 25th 
September, 1789, and ratified by the constitutional number of 
States on the 15th December, 1791; the eleventh, on tho 8th 
January, 1798 ; the twelfth, on the 25th September, 1804 ; the 
thirteenth in 1865 ; and the fourteenth, in 1868. 



38 



WASHINGTON'S ADDRESSES. 

There were not many occasions during his public career that 
Washington was called upon to exercise his abilities as a writer or an 
orator ; but when such occasions did occur, he always acquitted him 
self with a degree of perspicuity and modesty which may be said 
to have been characteristic of himself alone. The addresses which 
follow mark, as it were, four distinct epochs in the history of thia 
unexampled man : — the first, when he accepted the command of the 
armies by which our national independence was achieved ; the second, 
when he surrendered his commission, after having driven the foes 
of freedom from his beloved country ; the third, when he assumed the 
responsible duties of President, in which office his high qualities 
for civil government were as conspicuous as had been his military 
talents in the field ; and fourth, when he resigned this great trust, and 
took leave of the people in his imperishable " Farewell Address," an 
inestimable legacy, which cannot be too frequently conned by every 
American who values his birthright. 



WASHINGTON'S ELECTION AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 

On the 15th of June, 1775, Washington was unanimously elected 
by Congress to " command all the Continental forces raised, or to 
be raised, for the defence of American liberty," and when he appeared 
in his place the next day, the President of that body acquainted him 
with his election, in a well-timed address, " and requested he would 
accept of that employment ;" to which Washington replied as follows • 

" Mk. President : Though I am truly sensible of the high honor 
done me, in this appointment, yet I feel great distress, from conscious- 
ness that my abilities and military experience may not be equal to the 
extensive and important trust : However, as the Congress desire it, I 
will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess 
in their service, and for support of the glorious cause. I beg they will 
accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of 
their approbation. 

" But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my 
reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the 
room, that I, this day, declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think 
myself equal to the command I am honored with. 

"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no 
pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous 
employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do 
not wish to make any profit from it. 1 will keep an exact account of 
my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all 
T desire." 



WASHINGTON'S ADDRESSES. 



89 



WASHINGTON'S RESIGNATION OF HIS COMMISSION. 

The War of the Kevolution having terminated auspiciously, Wash- 
ington took leave of his officers and army at New York, and repaired 
to Annapolis, Md., where Congress was then in session. On the 20th 
of December, 1783, he transmitted a letter to that body, apprising 
them of his arrival, with the intention of resigning his commission, 
aud desiring to know whether it would be most agreeable to receive 
it in writing or at an audience. It was immediately resolved that a 
public entertainment be given him on the 2 2d, and that he be admit- 
ted to an audience on the 23d, at twelve o'clock. Accordingly he 
attended at that time, and, being seated, the President informed him 
that Congress were prepared to receive his communications. Where- 
upon he arose, and spoke as follows : 

" Mr. President : The great events on which my resignation 
depended having at length taken place, I have now the honor of offer- 
ing my sincere congratulations to Congress, and of presenting myself 
before them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, 
and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country. 

" Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, 
and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of 
becoming a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appoint- 
ment I accepted with diffidence : a diffidence in my abilities to accom- 
plish so arduous a task ; which however was superseded by a confi- 
dence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the supreme power 
of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. 

" The successful termination of the war has verified the most san- 
guine expectations ; and my gratitude for the interposition of Provi- 
dence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, 
increases with every review of the momentous contest. 

" While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should do 
injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, the 
peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who have 
been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the 
choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been 
more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those 
who have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy 
of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress, 

" I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my 
official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the 
protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence 
of them to his holy keeping. 

" Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great 
theatre of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august 
body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my con> 
mission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life." 



40 Washington's addresses. 



WASHINGTON'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

In accordance with previous arrangements, General Washington 
met Congress in New York on the 30th of April, 1789, for the 
purpose of being inaugurated as the first President of the United 
States. The oath of office having been administered by the Chan- 
cellor of the state of New York, in presence of the Senate and House 
of Representatives the President delivered the following Inaugural 
Address : 

'* Fellow- Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: 

" Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled 
ine with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was 
transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present 
month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose 
voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat 
which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering 
hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining 
years ; a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary, as well 
as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of 
frequent interruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed 
on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the 
trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to 
awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful 
scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despond- 
ence one, who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and 
unpracticed in the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly 
conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I 
dare aver, is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty 
from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be 
affected. All I dare hope, is, that if, in executing this task, I have 
been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, 
or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confi- 
dence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my 
incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares 
before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, 
and its consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the 
partiality in which they originated. 

" Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to 
the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be pecu- 
liarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent suppli- 
cations to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe — who 
presides in the councils of nations — and whose providential aids can 
supply every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the 
liberties and happiness of the people of the United States, a govern- 
ment instituted by themselves for these essential purposes ; and may 



WASHINGTON'S ADDRESSES. 



41 



enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute witti 
success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage 
to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself 
that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own ; nor those of 
my fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No people can be bound 
to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the affairs 
of men, more than the people of the United States. Every step by 
which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, 
seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency ; 
and ra the important revolution just accomplished in the system of 
their united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary 
consent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has 
resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most govern- 
ments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude, 
along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the 
past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present 
crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be sup- 
pressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there 
are none, under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and 
free government can more auspiciously commence. 

" By the article establishing the executive department, it is made 
the duty of the President : to recommend to your consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.' The circum- 
stances under which I now meet you will acquit me from entering into 
that subject, farther than to refer to the great constitutional charter 
under which you are assembled ; and which, in defining your powers, 
designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will 
be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial 
with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recom- 
mendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, 
the rectitude, and the patriotism, which adorn the characters selected 
to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold 
the surest pledges that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attach- 
ments, no separate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the 
comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great 
assemblage of communities and interests ; so, on another, that the 
foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and 
immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence of 
free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win 
the affections of its citizens, and command the respect of the world. I 
dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent lore for 
my country can inspire : since there is no truth more thoroughly 
established, than that there exists in the economy and course of nature 
an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness — between duty 
and advantage — between the genuine maxims of an honest and mag- 
nanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and 
felicity ; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious 
smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards 



42 Washington's addresses 

the eternal rales of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained , 
and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny 
of the republican model of government, are justly considered as deeply, 
perhaps as finally, staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of 
the American people. 

" Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain 
with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the occasional 
power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered 
oxpedient at the present juncture, by the nature of objections which 
have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude 
which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular 
recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by 
no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way 
to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public 
good ; for, I assure myself, that whilst you carefully avoid every 
alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective 
government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, 
a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for 
the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on 
the question, how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or 
the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. 

" To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will 
be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It con- 
cerns myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was 
first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the 
eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I con- 
templated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary 
compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed ; 
and being still under the impressions which produced it, I must 
decline, as inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emo- 
luments which may be indispensably included in a permanent 
provision for the executive department ; and must accordingly pray 
that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed, 
may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual expendi- 
tures as the public good may be thought to require. 

" Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, a? they have been 
awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my 
present leave ; but not without resorting once more to the benign 
Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that, since he has 
been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for 
deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding, with 
unparalleled unanimity, on a form of government for the security of 
their Union, and the advancement of their happiness, so his Divine 
blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the tem- 
perate consultations, and the wise measures, on which the succoss 
of this government must depend " 



43 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 



Friends and Fellow-Citizens ; 

The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Execu« 
tive Government of the United States being not far distant, and the 
time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in desig- 
nating the. person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it 
appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct 
expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the 
resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the num- 
ber of those out of whom a choice is to be made. 

I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that 
this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the 
considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful 
citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, 
which silence, in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency of grateful 
respect for your past kindness . but am supported by a full conviction 
that the step is compatible with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your 
suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclina- 
tion to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be 
your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to 
disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been reluct- 
antly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to 
the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to 
declare it to you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and crit- 
ical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous 
advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon 
the idea, 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, 
no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the 
sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am persuaded, whatever partiality 
may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of 
our country, you will net disapprove my determination to retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were 
explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of. this trust, I 
will only say, that I have with good intentions contributed towards 
the organization and administration of the Government the best exer- 
tions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious 
in the outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my 
own eyes — perhaps still more in the eyes of others — has strengthened 
the motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing 
weight of years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of 
retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that 



44 Washington's farewell address. 

if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they 
were temp >rary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice 
and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 

In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate 
the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend 
the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to 
my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; 
still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me ; 
and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my 
inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in 
usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our coun- 
try from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, 
and as an instructive example in our annals that, under circumstances 
in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mis- 
lead ; amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune 
often discouraging ; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of 
success has countenanced the spirit of criticism — the constancy of 
your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of 
the plans, by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with 
this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
to unceasing vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest 
tokens of its beneficence ; that your union and brotherly affection may 
be perpetual ; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your 
hands, may be sacredly maintained ; that its administration, in every 
department, may be stamped with wisdom and virtue ; that, in fine, 
the happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices of liberty, 
may be made complete, by so careful a preservation and so pru- 
dent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recom- 
mending it to the applause, the affection, and the adoption of every 
nation which is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop ; but a solicitude for your welfare, 
which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger 
natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to 
offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your fre- 
quent review, some sentiments which are the result of much reflection, 
of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important 
to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded 
to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin- 
terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no per- 
sonal motive to bias his counsel ; nor can I forget, as an encourage- 
ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and 
not dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your 
hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm 
the attachment. 

The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also 
now dear to you. It is justly so ; fc r it is a main pillar in the edifice 



Washington's farewell address. 



45 



of your real independence — the support of your tranquillity at heme, 
your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very 
liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, 
from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be 
taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction 
of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress against 
which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most con- 
stantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed — 
it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense 
value of your National Union to your collective and individual happi- 
ness ; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of 
the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its 
preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may 
suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and 
indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alien- 
ate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred 
ties which now link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. 
Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a 
right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, which 
belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just 
pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local dis- 
criminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same 
religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a com- 
mon cause, fought and triumphed together ; the independence and 
liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts — of 
common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

But these considerations, however powerfully they address them- 
selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which 
apply more immediately to your interest : here every portion of our 
country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and 
preserving the union of the whole. 

The North, in an unrestrained intercou»e with the South, protected 
by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions 
of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial 
enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, 
sees its agriculture grow, and its commerce expand. Turning partly 
into its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular 
navigation invigorated ; and while it contributes, in different ways, to 
nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation, it 
looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself 
is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the West 
already finds, and in the progressive improvement of interior commu- 
nication, by land and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent 
for the commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at 
tame. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth 



46 WASHINGrON's FAREWELL ADDRESS. 

and comfort ; and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, 
of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its 
own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future maritime 
strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble 
community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own 
separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with 
any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. 

While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and 
particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find, 
in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater re- 
source, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less 
frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what is 
of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from 
those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict 
neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government; 
which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but 
which opposite foreign alliances, attachment, and intrigues, would 
stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the neces- 
sity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any 
form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be 
regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty ; in this sense it 
is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your 
liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the pre 
servation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting 
and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a 
primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common 
government can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are 
authorized to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with the 
auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, wiil 
afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and 
full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have 
demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust 
the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken 
its bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, 
as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been 
furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations — 
Northern and Southern—- Atlantic and W*?tern : whence designing 
men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of 
local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire 
influence within particular districts, is to misrepresent the opiniong 
and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too 
much against the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from 
these misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien tr> each other those 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 



who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabit- 
ants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on thia 
head ; they have seen in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the 
unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and 
in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United 
States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated 
among them of a policy in the General Government, and in the Atlan- 
tic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi 
they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties — that witl 
Great Britain, and that with Spain — w T hich secure to them every thing 
they could desire in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirm 
ing their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the pre 
servation of these advantages on the Union by which they were pro- 
2ured ? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect 
them with aliens? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for 
the whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict between the 
parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they must inevitably experience 
the infractions and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have 
experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved 
upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Govern- 
ment better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and 
for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This Gov 
eminent, the offspring of our own choice, uuinfluenced and unawed, 
adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely 
free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security 
with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own 
amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. 
Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in 
its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true 
liberty. The basis of our political systems, is the right of the people 
to make and to alter their constitutions of Government : but the Con- 
stitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and 
authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The 
very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish Gov- 
ernment, pre-supposes the duty of every individual to obey the estab- 
lished Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and 
associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design 
to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and 
action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this fundamental 
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, tc 
give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the place of the 
delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but art- 
ful and enterprising minority of the community ; and, according tc 
the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public admin- 
istration the mirror of the ill-concertea and incongruous projects of 



48 Washington's farewell address. 

faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans, 
digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above description may 
now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of 
time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambi- 
tious, and unprincipled msn, will be enabled to subvert the power of 
the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government , 
destroying, afterwards, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust 
dominion. 

Towards the preservation of your Government, and the permanency 
of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily 
discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority 
but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its 
principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault maj 
be to effect, in the forms of the Constitution, alterations which will 
impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot 
be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be 
invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix 
the true character of Governments as of other human institutions ; 
that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real 
tendency of the existing constitution of a country ; that facility in 
changes, upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to 
perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion ; 
and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your 
common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a Government 01 
as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is 
indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with 
powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is 
indeed, little else than a name, where the Go\ eminent is too feeble to 
withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the 
society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in 
the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, 
with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical dis 
criminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn 
you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the 
spirit of party generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its 
root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under 
different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or 
repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest 
rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by 
the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different 
ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself 
a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more formal and 
permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, grad- 
nally incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the 



Washington's farewell address 



49 



ibsolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some 
prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, 
turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins 
of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which, 
nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and 
continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the 
interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the pY blic councils, and enfeeble the 
public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded 
jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosities of one part against 
another ; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the 
door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated 
access to the Government itself, through the channels of party passions. 
Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy 
and will of another. 

There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks 
upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive 
the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true ; 
and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with 
indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a spirit 
not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain 
there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. 
And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by 
force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be 
quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into 
a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free conn- 
try, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration 
to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, 
avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach 
upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the 
powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the 
form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of 
power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human 
heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The 
necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by 
dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting 
each the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, 
has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern ; some of them 
in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, 
tlie distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in any 
particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way 
which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by 
oaurpation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument 
*f good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are 
3 



50 WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDn-fiSS. 

destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in per 
manent evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at anj 
time, yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, 
religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that 
man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these 
great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of 
men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, 
ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all 
their connexions with private and public felicity. Let it simply be 
asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the 
sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments 
of investigation in the courts of justice ? And let us with caution 
indulge the sapposition, that morality can be maintained without 
religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined educa- 
tion on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid 
as to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of reli- 
gious principles. 

It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring 
of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less 
force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere 
friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the 
foundation of the fabric ? 

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for 
the general diffusion of knowledge. En proportion as the structure of 
a Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public 
opinion should be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public 
credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as pos- 
sible ; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remem- 
bering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently 
prevent much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding, likewise, 
the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, 
but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which 
unavoidable wars may have occasioned ; not ungenerously throwing 
upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The 
execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is 
necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them 
the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically 
bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be 
revenue ; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
can be devised, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant ; 
that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the 
proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a 
decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the Govern- 
ment in making it, and for a spirit of 'acquiescence in the measures for 
obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate peace 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS 



51 



and harmony with all ; religion and morality enjoin this conduct ; and 
can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it ? It will be 
worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, 
to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a 
people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can 
doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan 
wculd richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by 
a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not con- 
nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The expe 
riment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennoble* 
human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its vices ? 

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that 
permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and pas- 
sionate attachments for others, should be excluded ; and that, in place 
of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. 
The nation which indulges towards another an habitual hatred, or ao 
habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to its ani 
mosity or to its affection ; either of which is sufficient to lead it astraj 
from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against 
another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold 
of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when 
accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent col 
lisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation 
prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war tht 
Government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The Gov 
ernment sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts, 
through passion, what reason would reject ; at other times it makes 
the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, insti- 
gated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been 
the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another pro- 
duces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating 
the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real 
common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the 
other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars 
of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads 
also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to 
others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the conces- 
sions ; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retain- 
ed, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in 
the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to 
ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to 
the favorite nation) facility to betray, or sacrifice the interest of their 
own country, without odium ; sometimes even with popularity ; gild- 
ing with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commend- 
able deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good 
the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation 



52 WASHINGTON^ AREWEL^ ADDRESS. 

A.s avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attach- 
ments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independ- 
ent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with 
domestic factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public 
opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attach- 
ment of a small or weak, towards a great and powerful nation, dooms 
the former to be the satellite of the latter. 

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to 
believe me, fellow-citizens,) the jealousy of a free people ought to be 
constantly awake ; since history and experience prove that foreign 
influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican Government. But 
that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial ; else it becomes the in- 
strument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defence 
against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive 
dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only 
on one side, and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence 
on the other. Keal patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the 
favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; while its tools and 
dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender 
their interests. 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in 
extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little polit- 
ical connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engage- 
ments, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a 
very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent contro- 
versies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. 
Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by 
artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordi- 
nary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue 
a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient Gov- 
ernment, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury 
from external annoyance ; when we may take such an attitude as will 
cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to be scrupu- 
lously respected ; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of 
making acquisitions upon w*, will not lightly hazard the giving us pro- 
vocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided 
by justice, shall counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why quit 
Dur own to stand up'on foreign ground ? Why, by interweaving our 
destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and pros- 
perity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or 
caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any 
portion of the foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty 
to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of patronising infi. 
lelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable ' 



Washington's farewell address 



53 



to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy 
I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their 
genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be 
unwise to extend them. 

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments. 
on 9, respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary 
alliances for extraordinary emergencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom- 
mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial 
policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking nor 
granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting the naturae 
course of things ; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the 
streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, with powers 
so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights 
of our merchants, and to enable the Government to support them, 
conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances 
and mutual opinions will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from 
time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances 
shall dictate ; constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation 
to look for disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay, with 
a portion of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that 
character ; that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition 
of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being re- 
proached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no 
greater error than to expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation 
to nation. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which a just 
pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old arj 
affectionate friend, I dare not hope tney will make the strong and last- 
ing impression I could wish ; that they will control the usual current 
of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which 
has hitherto marked the destiny of nations ; but if I may even flatter 
myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some oc- 
casional good ; that they may now and then recur to moderate the 
fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, 
to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope 
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which 
they have been dictated. 

How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided 
by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and 
other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. 
To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
beiieved myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation 
of the 2 2d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned bv 
your approving voice, and by that of your Bepresentatives in both 
Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually gov- 
erned me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. 



54 Washington's farewell aedress. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could 
obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circum- 
stances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and 
interest to take, a neutral position. Haying taken it, I determined, as 
far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation, perse- 
verance, and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it 
is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that, 
according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from 
being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually 
admitted by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without 
any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain 
inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. 

The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best 
be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a pre- 
dominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country tc 
settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without 
interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is 
necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. 

Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am un- 
conscious of intentional error ; I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my 
defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many 
errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty tc 
avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry 
with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them 
with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated 
to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities 
will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions 
of rest. 

Belying on its kindness in, this, as in other things, and actuated by 
that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who views 
in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several genera- 
tions, I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I 
promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of par- 
taking, in the midst of my fellow -citizens 1 , the benign influence of good 
laws under a free Government — the ever favorite object of my heart — 
and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual care*, labors, and 
dangers. 

GEOEGE WASHINGTON. 

United States, 17^ Ssvtembe-, 179G 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE POPULATION UNITED STATES. 



55 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820. 

When Missouri applied for admission into the Union, a proposi 
tion was started in Congress to prohibit the introduction of slavery 
into the new state. This had the effect of arraying the South against 
the North — the slave-holding against the non-slave-holding states — and 
the whole subject of slavery became the exciting topic of debate 
throughout the country. The question was finally settled by a Com- 
m omise, which tolerated slavery in Missouri, but otherwise prohibited 
it in all the territory of the United States north and west of the 
northern limits of Arkansas. 

As the principle then settled has often since been the prolific source 
of much sectional controversy and angry debate, and as it is desirable 
that every one should be familiar with the real provisions of the act by 
which Missouri was admitted, we have concluded to insert here so 
much of the law as is necessary to a full understanding of the subject. 
All the sections except the following relate entirely to the formation 
of the Missouri territory, in the usual form of territorial bills : 

" Sec. 8. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United 
States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six 
iegrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the 
jmits of the state contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary 
servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the 
parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, for ever 
prohibited. Provided always, that any person escaping into the same, 
from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or terri- 
tory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed 
and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as 
aforesaid." 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT DECENNIAL PERIODS. 





White 
Persons. 


Colored Persons. 


Total 


Years. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total 


Population. 


1790... 


3,172,464 


59,466 


697,897 


757,363 


3,929,827 


1800... 


4.304,489 


108,395 


893,041 


1,001,436 


5,305,925 


1810... 


5,862,004 


186,446 


1,191,364 


1,377,810 


7,239,814 


1820... 


7,861,937 


238,156 


1,538,038 


1,776,194 


9,638.131 


1830... 


10,537,378 


319,599 


2,009,043 


2,328,642 


12,866,020 


1840... 


14,195,695 


386,303 


2,487,455 


2,873,758 


17,069,458 


1850... 


19,553,068 


434,495 


3,204,313 


3,638,808 


23,191,876 


1860... 


| 26,973,843 


| 487,970 


3,953,760 


4,141,730 | 


31,443,322 



It will be seen by the above table that the population increases 
naturally and by immigration at the yearly rate of three per cent, 
which would give, in 1865, about 36,000,000, and in 1870 nearly 
41,000,000. 



56 



FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850. 

An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled "An 
Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and persons escaping 
from the Service of their Masters" approved Feburary 12, 
It 93. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That the persons who have 
been, or may hereafter be, appointed Commissioners, in virtue of any 
Act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, 
in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the 
powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the 
United States, may exeroise in respect to offenders for any crime or 
offence against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bail- 
ing the same, under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act 
of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty 
nine, entitled " An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United 
States, " shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exer- 
cise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this Act. 

Sec. 2. That the Superior Court of each organized territory of 
the United States shall have the same power to appoint Commission- 
ers to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depo- 
sitions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by the 
Circuit Court of the United States ; and all Commissioners who shall 
hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of 
any organized territory of the United States, shall possess all the 
powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the Commis- 
sioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for 
similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the 
powers and duties conferred by this Act. 

Sec. 3. That the Circuit Courts of the United States, and the 
Superior Courts of each organized territory of the United States 
shall from time to time enlarge the number of Commissioners with a 
view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and 
to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this Act. 

Sec 4. That the Commissioners above named shall have concurrent 
jurisdiction with the Judges of the Circuit and District Courts of the 
United States, in their respective circuits and districts within the 
several States, and the Judges of the Superior Courts of the territo- 
ries severally and collectively, in term-time and vacation ; and shall 
grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being 
made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or 
labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the state or terri- 
tory from which such person* may have escaped or fled. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy 
marshals to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under 



FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 



57 



the provisions of this ait, when to them directed ; and should any 
marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or othei 
process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to 
execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum 
of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of 
such claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of 
such marshal ; and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal 01 
his deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions 
of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the 
assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on 
his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for 
the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the state, ter- 
ritory, or district whence he escaped ; and the better to enable said 
Commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties faithfully 
and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution 
of the United States, and of this Act, they are hereby authorized and 
empowered, within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing 
under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to 
time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued 
by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties ; with 
authority to such Commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by 
them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid 
the bystanders, or posse comftatus of the proper county, when necessary 
to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution refer- 
red to, in conformity with the provisions of this act ; and all good 
citizens are commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient 
execution of this law, whenever their services may be required, as 
aforesaid, for that purpose ; and said warrants shall run, and be 
executed by said officers, anywhere in the state within which they 
are issued. 

Sec. 6. That when a person held to service or labor in any state 
or territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter 
escape into another state or territory of the United States, the person 
or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, 01 
their agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney, in 
writing acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer 
or Court of the state or territory in which the same may be executed, 
may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a 
warrant from some one of the Courts, Judges, or Commissioners afore- 
said, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of 
such fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such 
fugitive where the same can be done without process, and by taking 
or causing such person to be taken forthwith before such Court. 
Judge or Commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine 
the case of such claimant in a summary manner ; and upon satisfac- 
tory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing, to b'. 
taken, and certified by such Court, Judge or Commissioner, or by 
other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some Court 



58 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 

Magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other legal officer authorized to 
administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the state 
or territory from which such person owing service or labor may have 
escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as 
aforesaid, with the seal of the proper Court or officer thereto attached, 
which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, 
and with proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose 
service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so 
arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons 
claiming him or her, in the state or territory from which such fugi- 
tive may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to 
make out and deliver to said claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a 
certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor 
Me from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from 
the state or territory in which such service or labor was due to the 
state or territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to 
such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable 
force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances 
of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back to the state 
or territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no 
trial or hearing under this Act shall the testimony of such alleged 
fugitive be admitted in evidence ; and the certificates in this and the 
first [fourth] section mentioned, shall be conclusive of the right of the 
person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove such fugitive 
to the state or territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all 
molestation of such person or persons by any process issued by any 
Court, Judge, Magistrate, or other person whomsoever. 

Sec. 7. That any person who shall knowingly and willingly 
obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or 
any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her or them, from arrest- 
ing such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without 
process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such fugitive 
from service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her 
agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting aa 
aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and 
declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service 
or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such 
claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally 
Authorized as aforesaid ; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive 
so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice 
or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service 
or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a 
fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceed- 
ing six months, by indictment and conviction before the District 
Court of the United States, for the district in which such offence may 
have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdic- 
tion, if committed within any one of the organized territories of the 
Unitnd States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil 



FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 55 

damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one 
thousand dollars, for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered 
by action of debt in any of the District or Territorial Courts afore- 
said, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been 
committed. 

Sec. 8. That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the 
said District and Territorial Courts, shall be paid for their services 
the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar services in other 
cases ; and where such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest^ 
custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent 
or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of 
custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are 
to be paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney ; and 
in all cases where the proceedings are before a Commissioner, he shall 
be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, 
upon the delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or hei 
agent or attorney ; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof 
shall not, in the opinion of such Commissioner, warrant such certificate 
and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and 
examination, to be paid in either case by the claimant, his or her 
agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the 
process to be issued by such Commissioner for the arrest and deten- 
tion of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be 
entitled to a fee of five dollars each, for each person he or they may 
arrest and take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, at tho 
instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may 
be deemed reasonable by such Commissioners for such other addi- 
tional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them ; such 
as attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and 
providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until 
the final determination of such Commissioner ; and, in general, for 
performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his 
or her attorney or agent, or Commissioner in the premises. Such fees 
to be made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the 
officers of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as 
near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents 
or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be 
ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination 
of such Commissioner or not. 

Sec 9. That, upon affidavit made by the claimant o' such fugitive, 
his agent or attorney, after such certificate has be(*a issued, that 
he has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be rescued by force 
from his or her possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of 
the state in which the arrest is made, it shall be the dutj of the officer 
making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove 
him to the state whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said 
claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end, the officer afore- 
said is hereby authorized and required to employ so many j)rrson& 



60 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW 

as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to retain them 
in his service so long as circumstances may require. The said officer 
and his assistants while so employed to receive the same compensation, 
tnd to be allowed the same expenses as are now allowed by law for 
;ransportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the district 
vrithin which the arrest is made, and paid out of the treasury of the 
United States. 

Sec. 10. That when any person held to service or 'labor in any 
state or territory, or in the district of Columbia, shall escape there- 
from, the party to whom such service or labor may be due, his, her, 
or their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, 
or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such 
court or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the 
person escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon 
the court shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, 
and also a general description of the person so escaping, with such 
convenient certainty as may be ; and a transcript of such record, 
authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the 
said court, being produced in any other state, territory or district in 
which the person so escaping may be found, and being exhibited 
to any Judge, Commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law 
of the United States to cause persons escaping from service or labor 
to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive 
evidence of the fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of the 
person escaping is due to the party in such record mentioned. And 
upon the production by the said party of other and further evidence 
if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is con- 
tained in the said record of the identity of the person escaping, he or 
she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And the said Court, Com- 
missioner, Judge, or other person authorized by this Act to grant cer- 
tificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the 
record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certifi- 
cate of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be 
owing service or labor as aforesaid, which shall authorize such claim- 
ant to seize or arrest and transport such person to the state or terri- 
tory from which he escaped : Provided, That nothing herein contained 
shall be construed as requiring the production of a transcript of such 
record as evidence as aforesaid. But in its absence the claim shall be 
heard and determined upon other satisfactory prDofs, competent id law 

Apprwxd September 18, 1850. 



fll 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854. 

An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska aud Kansas 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of RepreserJatives of tlu 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That all that part of 
the territory of the United States included within the following limits, 
except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted 
from the operations of this Act, to wit : beginning at a point in the 
Missouri river where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the 
same ; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the terri- 
tory of Utah on the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence on said 
summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude ; thence 
east on said parallel to the western boundary of the territory of Minne- 
sota ; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri river ; thence 
down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, be, and 
the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name 
of the territory of Nebraska ; and when admitted as a state or states, 
the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into 
the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe 
at the time of their admission : Provided, That nothing in this Act 
contained shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United 
States from dividing said territory into two or more territories, in 
such manner and at such times as Congress shall deem convenient and 
proper, or from attaching any portion of said territory to any other 
state or territory of the United States : Provided further, That 
nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights 
of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, 
so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between 
the United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, 
by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said 
tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any 
state or territory ; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the 
boundaries, and constitute no part of the territory of Nebraska, until 
said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United 
States to be included within the said territory of Nebraska, or to 
affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make 
any regulations respecting such Indians, their lands, property or other 
rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been compe- 
tent to the government to make if this Act had never passed. 

Sec. 2. That the executive power and authority in and over said 
territory of Nebraska shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold 
his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and 
qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United States. 
The Governor shall reside within said territory, and shall be com- 
mander-in-chief of the militia thereof. He may grant pardons and 
respites for offences against the laws of said territory, and reprieves for 
offences again»t the laws of the United States, until the decision ot 



62 KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 

the President can be made known thereon ; he shall commission all 
officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws of the said ter- 
ritory, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sec. 3. That there shall be a secretary of said territory, who shall 
reside therein, and hold his office for five years, unless sooner removed 
by the President of the United States ; he shall record and preserve 
all the laws and proceedings of the Legislative Assembly hereinafter 
constituted, and all the acts and proceedings of the Governor in his 
executive department ; he shall transmit one copy of the laws and 
journals of the Legislative Assembly within thirty days after the end 
of each session, and one copy of the executive proceedings and official 
correspondence semi-annually, on the first days of January and July in 
each year, to the President *of the United States, and two copies of 
the laws to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives, to be deposited in the libraries of Congress ; 
and, in case of the death, removal, resignation, or absence of the 
Governor from the territory, the secretary shall be, and he is hereby 
authorized and required to execute and perform all the powers and 
duties of the Governor during such vacancy or absence, or until another 
Governor shall be duly appointed and qualified to fill such vacancy. 

Sec. 4. That the legislative power and authority of said territory 
shall be vested in the Governor and a Legislative Assembly. The Legis- 
lative Assembly shall consist of a Council and House of Representatives, 
The Council shall consist of thirteen members, having the qualifications 
of voters, as hereinafter prescribed, whose term of service shall con- 
tinue two years. The House of Representatives shall, at its first 
session, consist of twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifica- 
tions as prescribed for members of the Council, and whose term of 
service shall continue one year. The number of representatives may 
be increased by the Legislative Assembly, from time to time, in propor- 
tion to the increase of qualified voters : Provided, That the whole 
number shall never exceed thirty-nine ; an apportionment shall be made 
as nearly equal as practicable, among the several counties or districts, 
for the election of the Council and representatives, giving to each 
section of the territory representation in the ratio of its qualified voters 
as nearly as may be. And the members of the Council and of the 
House of Representatives shall reside in, and be inhabitants of, tht 
district or county, or counties, for which they may be elected respect- 
ively. Previous to the first election, the Governor shall cai>se a census 
or enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified voters of the several 
counties and districts of the territory, to be taken by such persons and 
in such mode as the Governor shall designate and appoint , and the 
persons so appointed shall receive a reasonable compen^icd therefor 
And the first election shall be held at such times and places, and 
be conducted in such manner, both as to the persons who shall super- 
intend such election and the returns thereof, as the Governor shall 
appoint and direct ; and he shall at the same time declare the number 
of members of the Council and House of Representatives to which eacfr 
of the counties or districts shall be entitled under this Act. Th: per- 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 



m 



sons having the highest number of legal votes in each of said Council 
districts for members of the Council, shall be declared by the Governor 
to be duly elected to the Council ; and the persons having the highest 
number of legal votes for the House of Representatives, shall be 
declared by the Governor to be duly elected members of said House : 
Provided, That in case two or more persons voted for shall have 
an equal number of votes, and in case a vacancy shall otherwise occur 
in either branch of the Legislative Assembly, the Governor shall order 
a new election ; and the persons thus elected to the Legislative Assem- 
bly shall meet at such place and on such day as the Governor shall 
appoint ; but thereafter, the time, place, Tand manner of holding and 
conducting all elections by the people, and the apportioning the repre- 
sentation in the several counties or districts to the Council and House 
of Representatives, according to the number of qualified voters, shall 
be prescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the 
regular sessions of the Legislative Assembly : Provided, That no 
session in any one year shall exceed the term of forty days, except the 
fxrst session, which may continue sixty days. 

Sec. 5. That every free white male inhabitant, above the age of 
twenty- one years, who shall be an actual resident of said territory, and 
shall possess the qualifications hereinafter prescribed, shall be entitled 
to vote at the first election, and shall be eligible to any office withic 
the said territory ; but the qualifications of voters, and of holding 
office, at all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall be prescribed 
by the Legislative Assembly : Provided, That the right of suffrage 
and of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens of the United 
S tates and those who shall have declared on oath their intention to become 
such, and shall have taken an oath to support the Constituton of the 
United States and the provisions of this Act : And provided further 
That no officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or other person in the army 
or navy of the United States, or attached to troops in the service 
of the United States, shall be allowed to vote or hold office in said 
territory, by reason of being on service therein. 

Sec. 6. That the legislative power of the territory shall extend to 
all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of 
the United States and the provisions of this Act ; but no kw shall be 
passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil ; no tax shall 
be imposed upon the property of the United States ; nor shall the 
lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands 
or other property of residents. Every bill which shall have passed the 
Council and House of Representatives of the said territory, shall, before 
it become a law, be presented to the Governor of the territory ; if he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objec- 
tions to the House in. which it originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after 
such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the 
"bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the cUier House, 
y whibch it shall likewise be reconsidered,, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the 



64 KANSAS AND NEBRASKA iCT. 

votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and cays, to b* 
entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not 
be returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Assembly, by adjourn- 
ment, prevent its return,, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Sec. 7. That all township, district, and county officers, not herein 
otherwise provided for, shall be appointed or elected, as the case may 
be, in such manner as shall be provided by the Governor and Legisla- 
tive Assembly of the territory of Nebraska. The Governor shall 
nominate, and, by and with"*the advice and consent of the Legislative 
Council, appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided for ; and in 
the first instance the Governor alone may appoint all said officers, who 
shall hold their offices until the end of the first session of the Legisla- 
tive Assembly ; and shall lay off the necessary districts for membera 
of the Council and House of Representatives, and all other officers. 

Sec. 8. That no member of the Legislative Assembly shall hold, 
or be appointed to, any office which shall have been created, or the 
salary or emoluments of which shall have been increased, while he was 
a member, during the term for which he was elected, and for one year 
after the expiration of such term ; but this restriction shall not be 
applicable to members of the first Legislative Assembly; and no 
person holding a commission or appointment under the United States, 
except postmasters, shall be a member of the Legislative Assembly, or 
shall hold any office under the government of said territory. 

Sec 9. That the judicial power of said territory shall be vested in a 
Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of 
the Peace. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and 
two Associate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, 
and who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said territory 
annually, and they shall hold their offices during the period of four 
years, and until their successors shall be appointed and qualified. The 
said territory shall be divided into three judicial districts, and a 
District Court shall be held in each of said districts by one of the 
Justices of the Supreme Court, at such times and places as may be 
prescribed by law ; and the said Judges shall, after their appoint- 
ments, respectively, reside in the district which shall be assigned them. 
The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for, both appel- 
late and original, and that of the Probate Courts and of Justices of 
the Peace, shall be as limited h y law : Provided, That Justices of the 
Peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy when 
the title or boundaries of land may be in dispute, or where the debt or 
sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars ; and the said Supreme 
and District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as 
common law jurisdiction. Each District Court, or the Judge thereof 
shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery, and 
shall keep his office at the place where the court may be held. Writs 
of error, bills of exception, and appeals, mall be allowed in all cases 
from the final decision of said District C jurts to the Supreme Court* 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 



under such regulations as may be prescribed by law ; but in no case 
removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed in 
Baid court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall appoint 
its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure 
of the court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of error, 
and appeals from the final decision of said Supreme Court, shall be 
allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, 
in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the 
Circuit Courts of the United States, where the value of the property, 
or the amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirm- 
ation of either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one 
thousand dollars ; except only that in all cases involving title to 
slaves, the said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided 
by the said Supreme Court, without regard to the value of the matter, 
property, or title in controversy ; and except also that a writ of error 
or appeal shall also be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United 
States, from the decisions of the said Supreme Court created by this 
Act, or of any Judge thereof, or of the District Courts created by this 
Act, or of any Judge thereof, upon any writ of habeas corpus, 
involving the question of personal freedom : Provided, That nothing 
herein contained shall be construed to apply to or affect the provisions 
of the " Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping 
from the service of their masters, " approved February twelfth, seven- 
teen hundred and ninety-three, and the " Act to amend and supple- 
mentary to the aforesaid Act, " approved September eighteen, eighteen 
hundred and fifty ; and each of the said District Courts shall have and 
exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitu- 
tion and laws of the United States as is vested in the Circuit and Dis- 
trict Courts of the United States ; and the said Supreme and District 
Courts of the said territory, and the respective Judges thereof, shall 
and may grant writ3 of habeas corpus in all cases in which the same 
are granted by the Judges of the United States in the district of 
Columbia ; and the first six days of every term of said courts, or so 
much thereof as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial 
of causes arising under the said Constitution and laws, and writs of 
error and appeal in all such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court 
of said territory, the same as in other cases. The said clerk shall 
receive in all such cases the same fees which the clerks of the District 
Courts of Utah territory now receive for similar services. 

Sec. 10. That the provisions of an Act entitled " An Act respect- 
ing fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of 
their masters," approved February twelve, seventeen hundred and 
ninety-three, and the provisions of the Act entitled " An Act to 
amend, and supplementary to, the aforesaid Act, " approved Septem- 
ber eighteen, eighteen hundred and fifty, be, and the same are hereby, 
declared to extend to and be in full force within the limits of said 
territory of Nebraska. 

Sec 11. That there shall be appointed an attorney for said terri- 
tory, who shall continue in office for four years, and until his successor 



66 EANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 

shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the Presi- 
dent, and who shall receive the same fees and salary as the attorney 
of the United States for the present territory of Utah. There shall 
also be a marshal for the territory appointed, who shall hold his office 
for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, 
unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall execute all 
processes issuing from the said courts when exercising their jurisdic- 
tion as Circuit and District Courts of the United States ; he shall 
perform the duties, be subject to the same regulations and penalties, 
and be entitled to the same fees as the marshal of the District Court 
of the United States for the present territory of Utah, and shall, in 
addition, be paid two hundred dollars annually as a compensation for 
extra services. 

Sec. 12. That the Governor, secretary, chief justice, and associate 
justices, attorney, and marshal, shall be nominated, and, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed by the President of 
the United States. The Governor and secretary to be appointed as 
aforesaid, shall, before they act as such, respectively take an oath or 
affirmation before the District Judge or some Justice of the Peace in 
the limits of said territory, duly authorized to administer oaths and 
affirmations by the laws now in force therein, or before the Chief 
Justice or some Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
States, to support the Constitution of the United States, and faith- 
fully to discharge the duties of their respective offices, which said 
oaths, when so taken, shall be certified by the person by whom the 
same shall have been taken ; and such certificates shall be received 
and recorded by the said secretary among the executive proceedings : 
and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices, and all other civil officers 
m said territory, before they act as such, shall take a like oath or 
affirmation before the said Governor or secretary, or some Judge 
or Justice of the Peace of the territory who may be duly commissioned 
and qualified, which said oath or affirmation shall be certified and 
transmitted by the person taking the same to the secretary, to be by 
him recorded as aforesaid ; and afterwards, the like oath or affirmation 
shall be taken, certified, and recorded, in such manner and form as 
may be prescribed by law. The Governor shall receive an annual 
salary of two thousand five hundred dollars. The Chief Justice and 
Associate Justices shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. 
The secretary shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. 
The said salaries shall be paid quarter-yearly, from the dates of the 
respective appointments, at the treasury of the United States ; but no 
such payment shall be made until said officers shall have entered upon 
the duties of their respective appointments. The members of the 
Legislative Assembly shall be entitled to receive three dollars each 
per day during their attendance at the sessions thereof, and three 
dollars each for every twenty miles' travel in going to and returning 
from the said sessions, estimated according to the nearest usually 
traveled route ; and an additional allowance of three dollars shall be 
paid to the presiding officer of eaoh House for each day he shal! 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 



67 



80 preside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, a sergeant-at-arm^ 
and door-keeper, may be chosen for each House ; and the chief clerk 
shall receive four dollars per day, and the said other officers three 
dollars per day, during the session of the Legislative Assembly ; but 
no other officers shall be paid by the United States : Provided, That 
there shall be but one session of the Legislature annually, unless, on 
an extraordinary occasion, the Governor shall think proper to call the 
Legislature together. There shall be appropriated, annually, the 
usual sum, to be expended by the Governor, to defray the contingent 
expenses of the territory, including the salary of a clerk of the execu- 
tive department ; and there shall also be appropriated, annually, a 
sufficient sum, to be expended by the secretary of the territory, and 
upon an estimate to be made by the secretary of the treasury of 
the United States, to defray the expenses of the Legislative Assembly, 
the printing of the laws, and other incidental expenses ; and the Governor 
and secretary of the territory shall, in the disbursement of all moneys 
intrusted to them, be governed solely by the instructions of the secre- 
tary of the treasury of the United States, and shall, semi-annually, 
account to the said secretary for the manner in which the aforesaid 
moneys shall have been expended ; and no expenditure shall be made 
by said Legislative Assembly for objects not specially authorized by 
the Acts of Congress making the appropriations, nor beyond the sums 
thus appropriated for such objects. 

Sec. 13. That the Legislative Assembly of the territory of Nebraska 
shall hold its first session at such time and place in said territory 
as the Governor thereof shall appoint and direct ; and at said first 
session, or as soon thereafter as tney shall deem expedient, the Gover- 
nor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed to locate and establish 
the seat of government for said territory at such place as they may 
deem eligible ; which place, however, shall thereafter be subject to be 
changed by the said Governor and Legislative Assembly. 

Sec. 14. That a delegate to the House of Eepresentatives of the 
United States, to serve for the term of two years, who shall be a citizen 
of the United States, may be elected by the voters qualified to elect 
members of the Legislative Assembly, who shall be entitled to the 
same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyed by the 
delegates from the several other territories of the United States to the 
said House of Representatives, but the delegate first elected shall hold 
his seat only during the term of the Congress to which he shall be 
elected. The first election shall be held at such time and places, and 
be conducted in such manner, as the Governor shall appoint and 
direct ; and at all subsequent elections the times, places, and manner 
of holding the elections shall be prescribed by law. The person 
having the greatest number of votes shall be declared by the Governor 
to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given accordingly. 
That the Constitution, and all the laws of the United States which 
Ere not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within 
the said territory of Nebraska as elsewhere within the United States, 
except the eighth section of the Act p-eparatory to the admission of 



68 KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 

Missouri into the Union, approved March sixth, eighteen hundred and 
twenty, which, being inconsistent with the principle of non-interven- 
tion by Congress with slavery in the states and territories, as recog- 
nized by the legislation of eighteen hundred and fifty, commonly called 
the Compromise Measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void ; it 
being the true intent and meaning of this Act not to legislate slavery 
into any territory or state, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave 
the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic 
institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the 
United States : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have 
existed prior to the Act of sixth March, eighteen hundred and twenty, 
either protecting, establishing, prohibiting, or abolishing slavery. 

Sec. 15. That there shall hereafter be appropriated, as has been 
customary for the territorial governments, a sufficient amount, to be 
expended under the direction of the said Governor of the territory of 
Nebraska, not exceeding the sums heretofore appropriated for similar 
objects, for the erection of suitable public buildings at the seat of gov- 
ernment, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of 
government for the use of the Governor, Legislative Assembly, Judges 
of the Supreme Court, secretary, marshal, and attorney of said terri- 
tory, and such other persons, and under such regulation? as shall be 
prescribed by law. 

Sec. 16. That when the lands in the said territory shal be surveyed 
under the direction of the government oi the United State? preparatory 
to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty- 
six, in each township in said territory, shall be, and the san e are hereby 
reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in s lid territory, 
and in the states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. 

Sec. 17. That, until otherwise provided by law, the Grovernor of 
said territory may define the judicial districts of said territory, and 
assign the judges who may be appointed for said terr tory to the 
several districts ; and also appoint the times and places for holding 
courts in the several counties or subdivisions in each of raid judicial 
districts by proclamation, to be issued by him ; but the Legislative 
Assembly, at their first or any subsequent session, may organize, alter, 
or modify such judicial districts, and assign the judges, and alter the 
times and places of holding the courts, as to them shall seem proper 
and convenient. 

Sec. 18. That all officers to be appointed by the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the territory of Ne- 
braska, who, by virtue of the provisions of any law now existing, or 
which may be enacted during the present Congress, are required \c 
give security for moneys that may be intrusted with them for disbursa 
ineias, shall give such security, at such time and place, and in such 
manner as the secretary of the treasury may prescribe. 

Sec. 19. That all that part of the territory of the Unite-' 1 States 
included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as 
are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of thix act, to 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 



69 



wit : beginning at a point on the western boundary of the state of 
Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses 
the same ; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of 
New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight ; 
thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the 
territory of Utah, on the summit of the Eocky Mountains ; thence 
northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude ; thence 
east on said parallel to the western boundary of ths state of Missouri 
thence south with the western boundary of said state to the place of 
beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary 
government by the name of the Territory of Kansas ; and when admit- 
ted as a state or states, the said territory, or any portion of the same, 
shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their con- 
Btitution may prescribe at the time of their admission : Provided, 
That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to inhibit the 
government of the United States from dividing said territory into 
two or more territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress 
shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of 
said territory to any other state or territory of the United States : 
Provided, further, That nothing in this act contained shall be so con- 
strued as to impair the rights of persons or property now pertaining 
to the Indians in said territory, so long as such rights shall remain 
unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, 
or to include any territory which, by treaty with any Indian tribe, is 
not, without the consent of said tribe, to be included within the terri- 
torial limits or jurisdiction of any state or territory ; but all such 
territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no 
part of the territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their 
assent to the President of the United States to be included within the 
gaid territory of Kansas, or to afiect the authority of the government 
of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, 
their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, 
which it would have been competent to the government to make if this 
act had never passed. 

[With the single exception of the location of the seat of govern- 
ment for Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, provided for in section 31, 
the ensuing sixteen sections, relative to the organization and govern- 
ment of the territory, are precisely similar to the sections already 
recited, providing for the government of Nebraska territory. The 
final section of the act, which has a general reference to both terri- 
ries, is as follows :] 

Sec. 37. And be it further enacted, That all treaties, laws, and other 
engagements made by the Government of the United States with the In- 
dian tribes inhabiting the territories embraced within this act, shall be 
faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything contained in 
this act ; and that the existing agencies and superintendencies of said 
Indians be continued, with the same powers and duties which are now 
prescribed by law, except that the President of the United States may 
at his discretion change the locatio- of the office of superintendent 



70 



HOMESTEAD LAW. 



By act of Congress of May 20, 18G2, any person who is the 
head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one 
years, or has performed service in the army or navy, and is a citi- 
zen of the United States, or shall have filed his declaration of in- 
tention to become such, and has never borne arms against the 
Government of the United States, or given aid and comfort to its 
enemies, shall, from and after the 1st of January, 1863, be enti- 
tled to enter a quarter section (160 acres) of unappropriated pub- 
lic land, upon which he or she may have already filed a pre-emp- 
tion claim, or which is subject to pre-emption, at $1 25 per acre ; 
or 80 acres of unappropriated lands at $2 50 per acre. In order 
to make his or her title good to such lands, however, such person 
must make affidavit that such application is made for his or her 
exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry is made for the pur- 
pose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly 
or indirectly, for the use or benefit of any other j)erson or per- 
sons whomsoever ; and upon filing the affidavit, and paying the 
sum of ten dollars to the register or receiver, such person shall 
be allowed to enter the land specified ; but no certificate or pa- 
tent is issued for the land until five years from the date of such 
entry, and the land must, during that time, be improved and not 
alienated (it cannot be taken for debt). At any time within two 
years after the expiration of said five years, the person making 
the entry, or, in case of his or her death, his widow or heirs, may, 
on proof by two witnesses that he or she has cultivated or im- 
proved said land, has not alienated any part of it, and has borne 
true allegiance to the United States, be entitled to a patent if at 
that time a citizen of the United States. In case of the aban- 
donment of the lands by the person making the entry for a period 
of more than six months at one time, they revert to the United 
States. 



71 



CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 



A Bill to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion^ 
to seize and confiscate the property of Rebels, and for other pur- 
poses. 

Be it enacted, fyc, That every person who shall hereafter com- 
mit the crime of treason against the United States, and shall be 
adjudged guilty thereof, shall suffer death, and all his slaves, if 
any, shall be declared and made free ; or he shall be imprisoned 
for not less than five years, and fined not less than $10,000, and 
all his slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free ; said fine 
shall be levied and collected on any or all of the property, real 
and personal, excluding slaves, of which the said persons so con- 
victed was the owner at the time of committing the said crime, 
any sale or conveyance to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall 
hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or 
insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the 
laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage 
in, or give aid and comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insur- 
rection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished 
by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, by a fine 
not exceeding $10,000, and by the liberation of all his slaves, if 
any he have. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That every person guilty of 
either of the ofFences described in this act shall be forever inca- 
pable and disqualified to hold any office under the United States. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That this act shall not be 
construed in any way to affect or alter the prosecution, convic- 
tion, or punishment of any person or persons guilty of treason 
against the United States before the passage of this act, unless 
such person is convicted under this act. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That to insure the speedy 
termination of the present Rebellion, it shall be the duty of the 
President of the United States to cause the seizure of all the es- 
tate and property, money, stocks, credits and effects of the per- 
sons hereafter named in this section, and to apply and use the 
same, and the proceeds thereof, for the support of the Army of 
the United States, that is to say : — First, of any person hereaftei 
acting as an officer of the army or navy of the Rebels in arms 
against the Government of the United States ; secondly, of any 
person hereafter acting as President, Vice President, Member of 
Congress, Judge of any Court, Cabinet Officer, Foreign- Minister, 
Commissioner, or Consul of the so-called Confederate States of 
America ; thirdly, of any person acting as Governor of a State, 
member of a Convention or Legislature: or Judge of any Court 



72 CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 

of any of the so-called Confederate States of America ; fourthly^ 
of any person who, having held an office of honor, trust, or profit 
in the United States, shall hereafter hold an office in the so-called 
Confederate States of America ; fifthly, of any person hereafter 
holding any offie or agency under the Government of the so-called 
Confederate States of America, or under any of the several States 
of the said Confederacy, or the laws thereof, whether such office 
or agency be National, State or Municipal in its name or charac- 
ter : — Provided, That the person, thirdly, fourthly and fifthly 
above described shall have accepted their appointment or election 
since the date of the pretended ordinance of Secession of the 
State, or shall have taken an oath of allegiance to, or to support 
the Constitution of the so-called Confederate States ; sixthly, of 
any person who, OAvning property in any loyal State or Territory 
of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, shall here- 
after assist and give aid and comfort to such Rebellion, and all 
sales, transfers, or conveyances of any such property shall be 
null and void, and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought 
by such person for the possession or the use of such property, or 
any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons de- 
scribed in this section. 

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That if any person within 
any State or Territory of the United States, other than those 
named as aforesaid, after the passage of this act, being engaged 
in armed rebellion against the Government of the United States, 
or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty days 
after public warning and proclamation duly given and made by 
the President of the United States, cease to aid, countenance and 
abet such rebellion, and return to his allegiance to the United 
States, all the estate and property, money, stocks and credits of 
such person shall be liable to seizure as aforesaid, and it shall be 
the duty of the President to seize and use them as aforesaid, or 
the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers, or conveyances 
of any such property after the expiration of the said sixty days 
from the date of such warning and proclamation shall be null and 
void ; and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought by such 
person for the possession or the use of such property, or any part 
of it, to allege and prove that he is ono of the persons described 
in this section. 

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That to secure the condem- 
nation and sale of any such property after the same shall have 
been seized, so that it may be made available for the purpose 
aforesaid, proceedings in rem shall be instituted in the name of 
the United States in any District Court thereof, or in any Terri- 
ritorial Court, or in the United States District Court for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, within which the property above described, or 
any part thereof, may bo found, or into which the same, if move- 
able, may first be brought, which proceedings shall conform, as 
nearly as may be, to proceedings in admirality or revenue cases; 



CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 



73 



and if said property, whether real or personal, shall be found to 
have belonged to a person engaged in Kebellion, or who has given 
aid or comfort thereto, the same shall be condemned as enemies' 
property, and become the property of the United States, and may 
be disposed of as the Court shall decree, and the proceeds there- 
of paid into the Treasury of the United States for the purposes 
aforesaid. 

Sec 8. And be it further enacted, That the several Courts 
aforesaid shall have power to make such orders, establish such 
forms and decrees of sale, and direct such deeds and conveyances 
to be executed and delivered by the Marshals thereof, where real 
estate shall be the subject of sale, as shall fitly and efficiently 
effect the purposes of this act, and vest in the purchasers of such 
property good and valid titles thereto. And the said Court shall 
have power to allow such fees and charges of their officers as 
shall be reasonable and proper in the premises. 

Sec 9. And be it further enacted, That all slaves of persons 
who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the Govern- 
ment of the United States, or who shall in any way give aid or 
comfort thereto, escaping from such persons, and taking refuge 
within the lines of the army ; and all slaves captured from such 
persons, or deserted by them and coming under the control of the 
Government of the United States ; and all slaves of such persons 
found or being within any place occupied by Rebel forces, and 
afterward occupied by the forces of the United States, shall be 
deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servi- 
tude, and not again held as slaves. 

Sec 10. And be it further enacted, That no slave escaping into 
any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, from any other 
State, shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or hindered of 
his liberty, except for crime, or some offence against the laws, un- 
less the persons claiming said fugitive shall first make oath that 
the person to whom the labor or service of such fugitive is alleged 
to be due, is his lawful owner, and has not borne arms against the 
United States in the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid 
and comfort thereto ; and no person engaged in the military or na- 
val service of the United States shall, under any pretence what- 
ever, assume to decide on the validity of the claim of any person 
to the service or labor of any other person, or surrender up any 
such person to the claimant, on pain of being dismissed from the 
service. 

Sec 11. And be it further enacted, That the President of the 
United States is authorized to employ as many persons of African 
decent as he may deem necessary and proper for the suppression 
of this Rebellion ; and for this purpose he may organize and use 
them in such manner as he may judge best for the public welfare. 

Sec 12. And be it further enacted, That the President of the 
United States is hereby authorized to make provision for the 
transportation, colonization, and settlement, in some tropical coun- 
4 



74 CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 

try beyond the limits of the United States, of such persons of the 
African race, made free by the provisions of this act, as may be 
willing to emigrate, having first obtained the consent of the Gov- 
ernment of said country to their protection and settlement within 
the same, with all the rights and privileges of freemen. 

Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That the President is here- 
by authorized, at any time hereafter, by proclamation, to extend 
to persons who may have participated in the existing Rebellion in 
any State or part thereof, pardon and amnesty, with such excep- 
tions and at such time and on such conditions as he may deem ex- 
pedient for the public welfare. 

Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Courts of the Uni- 
ted States shall have full power to institute proceedings, make or- 
ders and decrees, issue process, and do all other things necessary 
to carry this act into effect. 



The Amendments to the Confiscation Bill. 

The following is the bill which passed both Houses and which 
removes the President's objection to the Confiscation Act. 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives, etc. 
That the provisions of the third clause of the fifth section of an act 
to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize 
and confiscate the property of Rebels, and for other purposes, shall 
be so construed as not to apply to any act or acts done prior to 
the passage thereof, nor to include any member of a State Legis- 
lature or Judge of any State Court who has not, in accepting or 
entering upon his office, taken an oath to support the Constitution 
of the so-called Confederate States of America ; nor shall any 
punishment or proceedings under the said act be so construed as 
to work a forfeiture of the real estate of the offender beyond his 
natural life. 

P. S. — The President is authorized to negotiate for the acquisi- 
tion, by treaty ^r utn^ws^. n\ lands or countries in Mexico, 
Central America or South America, or in the islands of the Gulf 
of Mexico, or for the right of settlement upon the lands of the 
said countries, for all persons liberated under this act, to be re- 
moved with their own consent. 

For the purpose of paying the expense of the purchase of such 
-ands, and the removal of such persons, the President shall use 
such money as Congress may from time to time direct, arising 
from the sales of the property formerly owned by Rebels, and 
which shall have been confiscated to the use of the United States. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



75 



ELECTORAL VOTES 



PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ELECTION FOR TH* FIRST TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1789, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1793 



1 

CO «$ 

t-> -t-» 
O 03 

O 


STATES. 


ll 

■s. <t* 
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S) 
O 

a 


m 
<V 

DC 

P 

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1= 

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O O 

a o 
+3 p 
a p 

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P 

1 


1 
is 

CB 

a 
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0? 

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Ij 

P O 
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p 

P >> 

o *J 

73 C3 

H 


■S 

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c3 
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p * 

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! 

el 

J ° 

p 
■S 


-"bo 
ba h 

p © 

go 

r 

in 

s 


OS 

'& 

"3 o 

H 

I 


•S-g 

^ 03 




New Hampshire. . . . 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


5 

10 

7 

6 

10 

3 

6 

10 

7 

5 


5 
10 
5 
1 

8 

"h' 






10 

7 

6 

10 

3 






















2 




















5 
3* 

1 


















2 






























6 




"T 

i 


6 














10 




3 












7 
5 


South Carolina 

Georgia 


6 










2 


1 


1 


1 


69 


Whole No. Electors. 
Majority 35 


69 


34 


2 


9 


4 


6 


3 


S 


2 


1 


1 


1 



The first Congress under the Constitution was o^pvened at the 
4 Federal Hall," situated at the bead of Broad, fronting on Wall 
street, (where the Oustom-House now stands.) in the city of New 
York, on the first Wednesday, being March 4, 1789 — Senators and 
Representatives having been elected from the eleven states which 
had ratified the Constitution ; but, owing to the absence of a quorum, 
the House was not organized till the 1st of April, and, for a like rea- 
son, the Senate was not organized till the 6th ; when the latter boc y 
' proceeded by ballot to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose 
of opening an d counting the [electoral] votes for President of the 
United States." John Langdon, of New Hampshire, was chosen 
President pro tern, of the Senate, and Samuel Alyne Otis, of Massa- 
chusetts, Secretary ; after which, proper measures were taken to notify 
the successful individuals of their election. 

George Washington took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
jpon his duties April 30, 1789. (For his Inaugural Address, see p. 24.) 

John Adams, Yice-President, entered upon his duties in the oeuaw 
A-prii 21, 1789, and took th* oath of office June 3, 1789- 



76 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE SECOND TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1793, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1797. 



s 

s 

2-2* 

0-3 
*&* 

6 

SZ5 


STATES. 


§:§ 

-s>g> 

CO (4- 

cs O 

r 


EC 

s w 

g GO 

o 


O 

Si 
® 

ho 
o 

V 


•2 

§'S 

•■a 
eJ 

a 

1 


a 
2 

eJ 

<1 


6 




6 

16 
4 
9 
3 

12 
7 

15 
3 
8 

21 
4 

12 
8 
4 


6 
16 
4 
9 
3 

"Y 

14 
3 

8 

"t" 








16 






4 










9 










3 










13 




12 

"i" 






7 






1ft 






a 






8 










fll 




21 
12 

"i" 


"i* 




4 






1? 






8 




1 


4 












132 


Whole No. of Electors 


132 


77 


50 


4 


1 




Majority 67 





George "Washington, re-elected President, took the oath of office for 
a second term, and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1793. 

John Adams, re-elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties in the Senate, December 2, 1793. 

After the expiration of his second Presidential term, Washington 
retired to the tranquil shades of Mount Yernon, fondly indulging the 
hope that the remainder of his days would be peacefully enjoyed in 
his much-cherished home ; but these pleasing anticipations were not 
allowed to remain long undisturbed. In 1798 the conduct of the 
French Directory and its emissaries led to frequent difficulties with 
this country, which were calculated to provoke a war ; and the opinion 
was universally entertained that he who had formerly so well acquitted 
himself, must be again called to the command of our armies. Accord- 
ingly, early in July, the rank and title of " Lieutenant-General and 
Commander-in-Chief of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the 
United States," was conferred upon him ; and the Secretary of War, 
Mr. McHenry, immediately waited upon him to tender the commission. 
In a letter to President Adams, accepting " this new proof of public 
confidence," he makes a reservation that he shall not be called into the 
field until the army is in a situation to require his presence, and adds : 
" I take the liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my 
acceptance considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon 
the public, and that 1 cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the 
appointment before entering into a situation to incur expense." 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



77 



ELECTION FOR THE THIRD TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1797, AND TERMINATING MARCH 8, 1801. 



O d 

s-g 

o * 

fe.2 


STATES. 


a. 

o o 

>-5 


§:§ 

f £ 

a 

o 
H 


ej 

S 

ft 
o 

O tw 


o 
- £ 

a ° 

o 

■3 


CO CO 

31 

02 


1* 

& a 

,3 o 

wo 

So 
O 


4o 

xi 
o 


1 is 

fit 

s£ 

<D o 

o 

V 

a 


eS 

.2 

'o 

#i 

to 53 
-SI 

. O 

w 


a 
Jo 

%6 
isj-e 

co O 

$ 


~o3 

§.2 
If 
d 


et? 

.2 

so 

^<g 


T3 

I 

a ° 

a 


6 


New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . 
Rhode Island. . . 
Connecticut . . . 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania.. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 


6 
16 
4 
9 
4 
12 
7 
1 
3 
7 
1 










6 
1 
4 
















16 




13 










2 










4 










9 


'ii' 
"i 

20 
4 

11 
8 
4 
K 


4 

4 
12 
7 
2 
3 
4 
1 

"l 

8 






5 














4 














12 






















7 






















15 


IS 




















3 




















11 


3 

1 

4 
6 


















? 


21 
4 


15 






3 






1 






12/ 


North Carolina. 


1 












3 


1 


1 




7 














/i 












4 












/ ? 






3 








































139 


No. of Electors. 
Majority.. . 70 


71 


68 


50 


80 


15 


11 


5 


7 


2 


3 


2 


1 


8 



John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered 
upon his duties, March 4, 1797. 

Thomas Jefferson, elected Yice-President, took the oath of office, 
and entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797. 

The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent 
opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, -still in the confusion 
following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which 
not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property 
on the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally 
divided — some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by 
France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our govern- 
ment, and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had 
the desired effect, peace being thereby secured ; and the aggressor was 
taught that the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful 
of war when it could not be honorably averted. 

The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble ; but 
at length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they BTied for 
peace, which was granted in 1795. 

In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to 
Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under 
a law of Congress, as the most central situation. 



78 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE FOURTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1S01, AND TERMINATING MARCH 



1805. 



££ 


STATES. 


-e8 

£ * 

f > 
a 

o 


o 
u % 

a o 
o 


03 

T3 SI 

o o 


e8 
S « 

So 


1 

go 

a 
o 


6 








6 
16 
4 
9 
4 


6 
16 
3 
9 

4 




16 










4 








1 


9 










4 










1?, 




12 


12 




7 




7 
7 
3 
5 


7 
7 
3 
5 




TS 




8 


8 




3 






in 




5 
21 

4 
8 
3 
8 
4 


5 

21 
4 
8 
3 
8 
4 




?3 






4 






v? 




4 


4 




3 






8 










4 




















138 




72 


73 


65 j 64 


1 

















The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal 
no choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801 
.he House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in 
the manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight 
states voted for Thomas Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the votes 
»f two states were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of 
February, when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the 
<ame as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared 
mat the votes of ten states had been given for Thomas Jefferson, the 
rotes of four states for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two states in 
blank ; and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for 
ihe term of four years. 

Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, 
ind entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801. 

In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable 
expression : " We have called by different names brethren of the same 
priuciple. "We are all republicans : we are all federalists. If there be 
any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its 
republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the 
safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated, where rea- 
son IS LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT." 

Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took trie oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. ^9 


ELECTION FOR THE FIFTH TERR!. 


COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1805, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1809. 


| 




pkesid't. 


v.i*es't. 


1 








■4 


M 


«i 






a? a 




1! 


£* 




s> 


So 


£ 


* 


0) 

1 


STATES. 


a 


a 6 

11 


1! 

bo 


a 9 

00 

3 






i 


r 


O 






7 




7 




7 




19 
4 
9 
6 

19 
8 

20 




19 
4 


"9' 


19 
4 

"&' 

19 

8 

?0 


"9 








6 
19 
8 

?n 








3 
11 






3 

3 


9 


3 

2 




q 


24 


Virginia 


24 




24 




14 

10 
6 




14 

10 

6 




14 
10 

6 








*' 5 

8 




5 

8 




5 

8 






3 


Ohio « 


3 




3 






176 




162 


14 


162 


14 


Majority 89 


Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a 


second term, and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1805. 


George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 


entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805. 


Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson's administration 


was the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which 


territory was surrendered to our government in December, 1803. 


In November, 1808, the celebrated "Orders in Council "were 


issued by the British government, which prohibited all trade with 


France and her allies ; and, as a retaliatory measure, in December fol- 


lowing Bonaparte issued his " Milan Decree," interdicting all trade 


with England and her colonies — thus subjecting almost every American 


7essel on the ocean to capture. In requital for these tyrannous pro- 


ceedings, and that England and France might both feel their injustice, 


Congress decreed an embargo ; but as this failed to obtain from eithei 


power an acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to oiEf 


commerce with other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809. 



80 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE SIXTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1809, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1313. 



1 

CO 9J 

d 


STATES. 


PR 

c3 

'3 
'So 

IE 

& 

m 

V 

a 
3 


ESIDE 

1 

o a> 
1* 

6 o 

CD 

be 

o 

a> 


NT. 

.9 

'i 

a* 


a) 
&p 




VICE- 

•S 

'S 
"5 

IE 

1 

1 


PRES 

ej 
B 
"§? 

8V 

3"S 


a: 

a 

OS 
►-a 


DEXT 

a> 

.a 
a s 

1-1 » 

= <~ 

■§° 


1 

DO 

S 

"3 


7 








7 

19 

4 

9 










7 


19 
















19 


4 
















4 


9 
















9 


6 




6 
13 

8 
20 










6 




19 




6 


"*3 

2 

"3" 


13 

8 
20 

9* 
24 
11 
10 

6 

7 

5 


3 


3 




8 






20 












a 










3 


n 




9 

24 

11 

10 

6 

7 

5 

3 




2 


24 






14 










3 


10 












6 












7 












5 












3 


Ohio 






3 




















175 




122 


6 


47 


113 


3 


3 


9 


47 




Majority 88 



James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1809. 

George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809. 

Our national position, especially in regard to England and France, 
was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the 
Presidency. We were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but 
were harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged 
on by British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and his 
brother the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811 ; but 
our European foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means 
had failed to check the aggressions of England, and when at length 
" patience had ceased to be a virtue," war was declared against that 
country, June 19, 1812. The events of that war it is not within our 
province to record ; and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly ele- 
vated the American character in the estimation of both friends and 
enemies. 



— ft 

ELECTORAL VOTES. 81 


ELECTICN FOR THE SEVENTH TERM, 


(MAIMENCING MARCH 4, 1813, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1817. 


I 




presid't. 


t.pres't. 


si 
s $ 




.3 


M 


OB 


2 


STATES. 


d'to 


i* 






E-§ 




■%> 


ss 


s* 










e* 


O ce 


« a 


6 




05 

4 


"2 ° 
3 


6p§ 

£ 


1-3 


8 
22 
4 
9 
8 
29 
8 






8 

22 

4 

9 

*29 # 
8 


l 

2 

"8' 


7 

20 
4 
9 

'29 

s 
















8 








25 


Pennsylvania 


25 




25 




4 
11 






4 
5 


"""« 


4 
5 


Maryland 


6 


E5 
15 
11 

8 




25 
15 
11 

8 




25 
15 
11 

8 










12 

7 
3 


Kentucky , 


12 




12 






8 
7 
3 




8 
7 
3 




Ohio 






m 




128 


89 


131 


86 


Majority 109 


James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no 


notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.] 


Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate ov 


the 24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having take? 


the oath of office prescribed by law, which was read. 


The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a 


close by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; 


but this treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to 


commence another war for the protection of American commerce and 


seamen against Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under 


Commodore Decatur sailed for the Mediterranean, where the navai 


force of Algiers was cruising for American vessels. After capturing 


two of the enemy's best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the 


Bay of Algiers, and there dictated a treaty which secured the United 


States from any further molestation from that quarter. Similar trear 


ties were also concluded with the other Barbary powers. 



82 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE EIGHTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1817, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3 1821. 



1 

II 

M 

C « 

6 


STATES. 


PRES 

.8 

aT'S 

2 -a, 

aj O 
m 

a 


id't. 

i 

a £ 

Jo 



Si* 


VICE 

it 

a ° 

O 


PRES] 

"3 

«r > 

q & 

« a 
£§ 

40 


DENT 

Go 
O 




8 




8 


'22' 
"9" 

"3 


8 
"4' 

"8* 

29 

8 

25 

"s 

25 
15 
11 

8 
12 

8 
8 
3 
3 










22 




22 








4 




4 




9 






5 


4 




8 




8 
29 

8 
25 




29 












8 












25 












3 










3 


8 




8 
25 
15 
11 

8 
12 
8 
8 
3 
3 




25 












15 












11 












ft 






12 

3 






















8 


Ohio 




3 






























217 


Whole No. of Electors 


183 


34 


183 


22 


5 


4 


3 




Majority 109 











James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1817. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, 
and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1817. 

The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depreda- 
tions on the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 
1817, for which they were severely chastised by a force under General 
Jackson, and gladly sued for peace. 

In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by 
which Spain ceded to the United States East and West Florida and 
the adjacent islands. In the same year the southern portion of Mis- 
souri territory was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a 
territorial government wps formed ; and Alabama was constituted a 
state, and admitted mto the Union. 

Early in 1820 the province of Maine, which had been connecteo 
with Massachusetts sinct 1652, was separated from it, and was admit 
ted into the Union as an independent state. 





ELECTORAL VOTES. 83 


ELECTION FOR THE NINTH TERIK, 




COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1821, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1825. 


I 




presid't. 


YICE-PRESIDENT. 


d 


to 


M 


>> 






ar" 


00 O 

O W 


STATES. 


a 

> 
o o 
a 


of « 

I s 

•S OS 

O 03 
= 3 


** o 


•St? 




. 

eg 
m a 

P5&H 


1 

1° 






3 


S<H 


a 




d 


V- 


M 








O" C 




u 




S ° 




2; 










«3 




oj 








ft 




a 


X) 


£ 


,q 


a 






4 


o 
i-s 


a 


s 


« 


« 


* 


8 




7 


1 


7 






1 




15 
4 
9 
8 

29 
8 




15 
4 
9 

8 

29- 
8 




7 
4 
9 
8 
29 
8 


8 
























































25 




94 




9A 










4 
11 
25 




4 
11 












4 






10 
■/ft 




l 






15 
11 

8 




15 
11 

8 




15 
11 

8 






















12 




n 




lfl 










8 
8 
3 
3 
3 




7 
8 
3 
3 

9, 




7 
8 
8 
3 










Ohio 
































3 
3 
9 
3 




3 

3 
9 
3 




3 
9 
3 


















































235 




231 


1 


218 


8 


l 


1 


4 


Majority 118 


James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on 


the Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office. 


Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, tut there is no 


record of his having again taken the oath of office. 


Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the 


venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a cen- 


tury from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with 


every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the " Na- 


tion's Guest." He landed in New Tork in August, 1824, and after 


remaining there a short time, set out on a tour through all the states. 


Upwards of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying 


object ; and in September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in the 


frigate Brandywine for his native home. 



84 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE TENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1825, AND TERMINATING MARCH 



1829. 



1 

c « 

6 
2; 


STATES. 


g § 

"^ o 
a* 

a 

•5 


PKESI 

co" *" 

to 

= 1 

fl O 
O 


DE>"T 

tSU 3 

2 o 
1 


"a 

JS o 
o 

a 


a 

IS 
3| 


1-3 


VIC 

© 

•s| 

«S i_ 
MO 

a 

03 


E-PRI 

ti 

a 

3"S 

«t 
S«5 


:.s§oe: 

aj 

cT 2 

5 

co C 
^> CD 
oH 

c3 

• C 

a 
< 


a* 

f» O 

a 

u 

1 


| 

a 

«> 

a 
o> 


8 
15 






8 
15 
4 
8 
7 
26 






7 

15 

S 






1 












4 
















g 










8 






7 






*5 


■4 


7 
29 

8 
28 

1 
10 








36 




1 

8 
28 


7 










8 












28 




















3 




1 
3 


2 
1 
24 












?, 


11 




7 




'24* 


1 






24 






15 




15 
11 






15 
11 










11 




















9 






9 










9 




14 








14 


7 
11 

"d 

5 
3 
3 
5 
9 


7 










Tennessee 

Ohio 


11 














16 






16 


16 










5 




3 
5 
3 

2 
5 


2 












5 






3 
3 






















1 
















5 
9 
3 
















9 




3 


3 




























261 


Whole No. of Electors 

Majority 131 


99 


84 


41 


37 


182 


30 


24 


13 


9 


2 



Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of 
the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to 
choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted for. 
which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William 
H. Crawford. Twenty-fonr tellers (one member from each state) were 
appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the voten 
of thirteen states had been given for John Quincy Adams ; the votea 
of seven states for Andrew Jackson ; and the votes of four states foi 
William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy 
Adams, having received a majority of the votes of all the states, was 
duly elected President of the United States for four years, commencing 
on the 4th day of March, 1825 ; on which day Mr. Adams took the 
oath of office, and entered upon his duties. 

John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oatfl 
of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825. 



ELECTORAL VOTE 3 



85 



ELECT ON FOR THE ELEVENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1829. AND TERMINATING MARCH S 1833. 






| PRESID'T. VICE-PRESIDES! 



STATES. 



a o 



CO HH p 



a © 



TO H_ 



14 

11 

16 

6 



1261 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island.... 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

New York. 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. . . . 

Delaware , 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina.. 
South Carolina . . 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Missouri 



Whole No. of Electors. 
Majority 



178 



83 



Andrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4. 1829. 

John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Yice-President, and 
presided in the Senate March 4, 1829. 

A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led to 
a rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these 
two distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were pecu- 
liarly disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhoun, who was 
never afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the imm(dic»te 
limits of his owr. state. 



86 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE TWELFTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1833, AND TERMINATING- MARCH 3, 1837. 





STATES. 


PRESIDENT . VICE-PRESIDENT. 


I 

St -U 

go 2 

e-g 

6 


0>" 

^ o 
a 

a 
3 



8) 

3° 
a 

0) 

n 


.2 

"3 

1* 

1*1 

a 

.a 

o 


a 

St S 

a 

.5 


ap 

> o 

a 

e3 


.2 
'2 

eS 

I* 

ft 

a ° 

A 

o 


'£ 

Jt 

si 

.2 o 


V: 

S 
O 

as 

n 


93 

J 

eS a 
go 

a 


10 




10 

7 








10 

7 










7 


















14 




14 
4 

8 






14 
4 
8 








4 


















8 








•y 






7 










7 


4? 




42 

8 

30 






42 
8 








8 


















SO 












30 






3 




3 

5 








3 
5 




in 




S 

23 
15 






3 

23 
15 

ii* 
'io' 

21 
5 
4 
9 
5 
7 
4 




23 


Virginia 




15 














11 






11 


:::: 






n 




11 




11 


is' 




15 




15 








15 




15 
21 
5 
4 
9 
5 
7 
4 




21 


Ohio 
















4 


Mississippi . . , 
















Q 
















5 


















7 


















4 


Missouri 






.... 




















788 


Whole No. of Electors 


219 


49 


11 


T 


189 


49 


30 


ii 


7 




Majority 145 





Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and 
continued his duties. March 4, 1833. 

Martin Yan Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the 
oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833. 

Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour 
through the Northern states, and was every where received with an 
enthusiasm that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by 
the people. One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of 
government, was the removal of the public moneys from the United 
States Bank, for which act he encountered the most virulent hostility 
of a small majority of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring 
his course. But this injustice has not been perpetuated ; for on the 
16th of January, 1837, these partisan resolutions were expunged from 
the records by order of a handsome majority. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



87 



ELECTION FOR THE THIRTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1837, AND TERMINATING. MARCH 3, 1841. 



! 

£-8 

i 


STATES. 


PRESIDENT. 


VICE-PRESIDENT. 


a* 

83&-I 

>■ O 
g 

ea 


„'.£ 

nO 

si 
a 


3 


5a 

4) to 


2 o 


o "S 

3g 

.a 

o 

s 



pa 

«° 

a 


d 

"3 

*& 

(To 

d 
■g 


a 

a 

a 


10 




10 

7 










10 

7 

"4 

8 








7 


New Hampshire 




•■•' 


ii' 










14 




14 






4 


Rhode Island 


4 
8 








8 






















7 








7 






42 




42 








42 




8 




8 








8 






30 




30 








30 




3 




3 

10 








3 


'io' 




10 
















23 




23 
15 












23 


Id 












15 








11 


South Carolina 








11 




11 
11 

'ih' 




11 








11 






/ 15 






15 








15 




• 15 






15 










21 


Ohio 




21 








21 
' 9* 




5 




5 
4 

"o" 

7 
4 
3 
3 








5 
4 

5' 

7 
4 

;i 
3 




4 


Mississippi 

Indiana 

Illinois 












9 
5 


9 










7 












4 














3 














3 






.... 














147* 


77 


47 




294 




170 


73 


26 


14 


1.1 


?3 




Majority 148 





Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties, March 4, 1837. 

Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, 
and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1837. 

Urged by the unprecedented financial embarrassments which were 
experienced in every branch of industry, and especially by the mer- 
cantile class, Mr. Van Buren's first measure was to convene a special 
meeting of Congress early in September, '37, which continued in session 
forty days, but accomplished very little. A bill authorizing the issue 
of $10,000,000 in treasury notes was passed ; but the Independent 
Treasury bill (the great financial measure of the administration) was 
then rejected, although afterwards (in 1840) adopted. 

* Elected by the Senate. 



88 ELECTORAL VOTES. 


ELECTION FOR THE FOURTEENTH TERM, 


COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1841, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1845. 






PRESm'T. 


VICE-PRESIDEST, 


£ ® 








— — t 






S3 


CM 


"3 


a ^ 

O.M 


2 

"3 


8 

in 


© ® 


STA TES 


So 
'P 

a 
H 


00 


"If 

r 


a 

a 
i-s a> 

•a * 










A 


1 


d 


a 


£ 


s 






£ 


>-9 


« . 


h4 


3 


10 

7 




10 


"Y 


10 










7 






14 
4 
8 

7 

42 

8 




14 
4 

8 

7 
42 
8 




14 
4 
8 
7 

42 
8 








































New Jersey 








30 


Pennsylvania 


30 




30 








3 

10 




3 

10 




3 

10 
















23 






?3 




22 




1 


15 
11 
11 

15 




15 


'ii' 


15 

ii' 

15 












11 






11 
15 










15 

21 

5 

4 




15 
21 
5 

4 




15 

21 

5 

4 








Ohio 
























9 
5 
7 
4 
3 
3 




9 


"5' 

7 
4 
3 


9 










5 
7 
4 
3 




















3 










294 




234 


60 


234 


48 


11 


1 


Majority 148 


William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, 


and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1841. 


John Tyler, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 


attended in the Senate, March 4, 1841. 


Soon after his inauguration, President Harrison issued a proclama- 


tion, convening Congress for an extra session on the 31st of May, to 


consider " sundry weighty and important matters, chiefly growing out 


of the state of the revenue and finances of the country. ' But he did 


not live to submit his remedial plans — dying, after a very brief illness, 


on the 4th of April, exactly one month after coming into office. He 


was the first President who had died during his official term, and a 


messenger was immediately dispatched with a letter, signed by all the 





ELECTORAL VOTES. 



89 



members of the Cabinet, conveying the melancholy intelligence to the 
Vice President, then at "Williamsburg, Ya. By extraordinary means 
he reached Washington at five o'clock on the morning of the 6th, and 
at twelve o'clock the Heads of Departments waited upon him, to pay 
their official and personal respects. After signifying his deep feeling 
of the public calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, 
and expressing his profound sensibility of the heavy responsibilities so 
suddenly devolved upon himself, he made known his wishes that the 
several Heads of Departments would continue to fill the places which 
they then respectively occupied, and his confidence that they would 
afford all the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the admin- 
istration of the government successfully. — Mr. Tyler afterwards took 
and subscribed the following oath of office : 

" I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the office of President of 
the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
defend the Constitution of the United States. JOHN TYLER. 

"April 6, 1841." 

Pursuant to the proclamation of President Harrison, Congress met 
on the 31st of May, and continued in session until the 13th of Sep- 
tember. On the 27th of July a bill for the establishment of "The 
Fiscal Bank of the United States," passed the Senate by a vote of 26 
to 23, and was concurred in by the House of Representatives on the 
6th of August — 128 to 91. President Tyler, however, returned the 
bill on the 16th, with his oty'ections, and it was lost for lack of a con- 
stitutional majority. But the friends of a national bank were not to 
be deterred from their purpose by a single repulse : another bill (about 
the same in substance) was immediately hurried through both Houses, 
under the title of " The Fiscal Corporation of the United States," and 
this also shared the fate of its predecessor. 

A Senate bill for the establishment of a uniform system of bank- 
ruptcy throughout the United States, was concurred in by the House 
on the 18th of August, and became a law ; but, meeting with very 
general condemnation, it was soon after repealed. 

A bill was also passed at this extra session for the distribution of 
the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the several states, 
in proportion to population. 

In 1842 an important treaty, adjusting the north-eastern boundary 
of the United States, was negotiated at Washington between Mr. 
Webster, on the part of this country, and Lord Ashburton, on the 
part of Great Britain. 

During the last year of Mr. Tyler's administration mucr excitement 
prevailed on the proposed annexation of Texas to the Union, which 
was strongly resisted at the North, on the ground that the South and 
southern institutions would thereby gain increased power in the 
national councils. A treaty of annexation, signed by the President, 
was rejected by the Senate, but measures were taken by which Texas 
was admitted the year following. 



90 



ELECTORAL TOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE FIFTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1845. AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1849. 



i 

© °> 
6 


STATES. 


PRE 

0) 

m 
w 

Mo 

in 

a 

•"3 


■g 

_o 

"a 

Go 
a 

<D 

w 


V.PR 

§ 




ES'T 

g £ 
2 * 

If* 


9 




9 
6 


"i2 - 

4 

6 
6 

"V 

"3' 

8 

ii' 
'i2* 

13 
23 


9 

6 

'36* 

*2o" 

17* 

"9' 
10 

'"&' 
6 

12 
9 
9 
7 
3 
6 




6 






12 




12 


4 






4 


6 






6 


fi 






6 


36 




36 




7 




7 


W 




26 




3 




3 


8 






8 


17 




17 




n 




11 


9 




9 
10 




10 






1?, 




12 


13 






13 


?3 


Ohio 




?3 


6 




6 

6 
12 
9 
9 
7 
3 
5 




6 






1? 






9 






9 






7 






3 






ft 












27ft 


Whole No. of Electors 


170 


105 


170 


105 




Majority 138 











James K. Polk took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1845. 

George M. Dallas took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and 
attended in the Senate, March 4, 1 845. 

The most important incidents of Mr. Polk's administration were the 
admission of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, the latter of 
which resulted in extending our territorial boundaries to the Pacific 
ocean, embracing regions of incalculable value. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



91 



ELECTION FOR THE SIXTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARJH 4, 1849, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 18«3. 






STATES 



PRESID'T. V.PREST, 



13 



© & 

C 4) 
J* 



7 
26 

3 

8 
17 
11 

9 
10 

y 12 

• 13 
23 
6 
6 
12 
9 
9 
7 
3 
5 
3 
4 
4 
4 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts . . . 
Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware , 

Maryland 

Virginia , 

North Carolina.. 
South Carolina. . 

Georgia 

Kentucky 



Ohio 

Louisiana.. 
Mississippi . 
Indiana. . . . 

Illinois 

Alabama . . , 
Missouri. . . 
Arkansas . . 
Michigan . . 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin. 



11 



12 



290 



Whole No. of Electors 

Majority 146 



1G3 



163 



Zachary Taylor took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1849. He did not, however, long enjoy his 
honors — death suddenly closing his earthly career, July 9, 1850. 

Millard Fillmore took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and 
entered upon his duties March 4, 1849. Congress being in session at 
the time President Taylor died, the Vice-President sent a message to 
both houses on the 10th of July, in which he feelingly announced the 
melancholy event. On the same day he took the requisite oath, and 
entered on the execution of the office of President. 

Willie P. Mangum, of N. C, President pro tern, of the Senate, acted 
as Vice-President, ex officio, 



92 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE SEVENTEENTH TERM; 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1853, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1857 



a 

o 

II 

w| 

6 
ft 


STATES. 


PRE 

£& 

|| 

£"0 


sid't. 

m 

I! 

«a o 
a 


V.PR 

.3 


es't 

if 

"is 

< 

1* 


8 




8 
5 


'i3* 
"5' 

'i2* 

12 

42 


8 
5 

"4 

6 

'35' 
7 

27 
3 
8 

15 

10 
8 

10 

'23' 
6 
7 
13 
11 
9 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
4 
5 
4 

254 




5 
13 


New Hampshire 


i.V 


4 




4 
6 




6 




5 


5 






35 




35 
7 

27 
3 
8 

15 

10 
8 

10 




7 






27 






3 






8 






15 






10 






8 






10 






12 




i? 


12 






i? 


23 


Ohio 


23 
6 
7 
13 
11 
9 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
4 
5 
4 

254 




6 






7 






13 






11 












9 

4 


Missouri. . . . , 




6 






3 






4 


Texas 




4 






5 






4 












296 




4? 















Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
tpon his duties March 4, 1853. 

The oath of office was administered to William R. King by a com- 
mission while he was on a visit to Cuba for the benefit of his health ; 
out he died soon after his return home, and Jesse D. Bright, of Indi- 
ana, then President of the Senate, acted as Vice-President, ex officio, 
during the remainde* of th«> term. 

John P. Hale, of N. Hampshire, and George W. Julian, of Indiana, 
were nominated by the " Free Democracy " for President and Vice- 
President, but they did not receive a single electoral vote. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



93 



ELECTION FOR THE E GHTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1857, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1861. 



i 

II 

21 

© 


STATES. 


PR] 

— 1 

a 

a 

a >> 
•° 2 

pqd, 

I 


:side? 

t 

2 * 

§£ 

d 
| 


IT. 

M 
O 

1 
1 


VICE- 

'i| 
IS 

m 

O 

■§ 

1-3 


PRESU 

am 
o| 

M a, 

So 
.5 


>ENT, 
-gj 

a <x> 

M CO 

11 

a 
<l 


8 






8 
5 

13 
4 
6 
5 

35 


"8* 


"■f 

27 
3 

'io' 
10 
8 
10 
12 
12 

"% 

7 
13 
11 
9 
9 
4 

"3" 

4 

'4' 


8 

5 
13 

4 

6 

5 
35 

*23* 

"o* 

"4 
5 




5 








13 








4 








6 








5 








35 












. 7 

27 

3 




9 7 






3 






8 




8 


15 




15 
10 
8 
10 
12 
12 


'23* 

*6* 

*4 
5 




10 






8 






10 






i 12 












Ohio 




6 




6 

7 
13 
11 

9 
. 9 

4 










3 






11 






19 






9 






4 






6 






3 




3 




4 






4 






5 








4 




4 










296 






114 


8 


174 


114 


8 




Majority 149 





James Buchanan took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties, March 4, 1857. 

John C. Breckenridge took the oath of office, as Yice-President, 
and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1857. 

* When the Electoral votes were being counted, in Joint Convention of tnts Senate 
and House of Representatives, objections were made to including the votes of Wiscon- 
sin, because the electors did not meet until the day after that prescribed by law. The 
President of the Convention stated that he merely announced that James Buchanan 
had been elected President of the United States, without any reference to the -rontested 
rotes, and declined expressing an opinion on the subject. 



91 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE NINETEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1861, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1865. 





STATES. 


PRESIDENT. 


VICE PRESIDENT. 


a 

p 

03 4> 

o « 

it 

o » 


i-1 

S.2 
a s 

0° 

as 


'E » 
a» 
J* a 

Mo 

O 

a 

J3 
O 


OP 

c 
□ 
to 

p o 

a 

-O 
o 


• *o 

3 a 

s 

< 

a 
o 

a. 
i> 

W 


„ a 
•2 2 

* © 

a 

eS 


o5 

org 

2 v 

oJE-i 

fl ° 
C 

CO 

O 


o5 

"S 
p 

V eS 

S-. Vi 

O) CO 

> =5 

•Ho 

e3 

•a 
H 


-.2 

a '5b 
i S 

a o 

o2 

*» o 

> 

■s 

to 

s 

33 


8 




8 
5 

13 
4 
6 
5 

35 
4 

27 








8 
5 
13 

4 

6 

5 

35 

4 
27 








5 
13 

4 






































6 










5 
















35 
















7 
27 








3 






3 










3 




3 

8 






3 

8 






s 
















15 






15 






15 




10 






10 
8 
10 






10 
8 
10 




8 














A 
















!<> 






12 
12 




23 


12 
12 




12 










U3 


Ohio 


23 






6 




6 

7 






6 

7 






7 








13 




13 
11 






13 
11 




11 




.9 












19 




9 






9 








9 






9 


4 






4 






4 






6 




6 






6 




3 




3 

4 






3 

4 






4 








4 




4 
5 
4 
4 
3 






4 
5 
4 
4 
3 






5 
















4 
















4 










3 
































315 


Whole No. of Electors 


180 


72 


39 


12 


180 


72 


39 


12 













At.^ham Lincoln took the oath of office as President and entered upon his duties, 
March 4th, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin took the oath of office as Vice-President, and 
attended in the Senate as its President, on the 4th of March, 1S61. The incidents of 
the administration of Mr. Lincoln are given in detail in another part of this work. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



95 



ELECTION FOR THE TWENTIETH TERM, 

Commencing March 4, 1865, and Terminating March 4, 1869. 

[This table includes the Home Vote and the Army Vote.] 





ELECTORAL VOTE. 


POPULAR VOTE. 






President. 


Vice-Pres. 




STATES. 


0* 
o 
o 
PI 

3 


a 
5 

o 


i 

xn 
PI 

•§ 
►3 


PI 
3 

a 
J? 


1 

a 

a 

3 


pi 

3 


TOTAL 




7 
5 

12 
4 
6 
5 

33 


"*7 
"*3 


7 
5 

12 
4 
6 
5 

33 

"26 

"h 


"'h 

" 3 


72,278 
36,595 

126,742 
14,343 
44,693 
42,422 

368,726 
60,723 

296,389 

8,155 

40,153 


47,736 
33,034 

48,745 

8,718 

42,2S8 

13,325 

361,986 

68,014 

276,308 

8,767 

32,739 


120,014 
69,629 


New Hampshire 


Massachusetts 


175,487 


Rhode Istand 


23,061 




86,981 
55,747 


Vermont 




730,712 
128,737 






26 


572,697 
16,922 


Delaware 




7 


72,892 




North Carolina 
















South Carolina 
































'Kentucky 




11 




11 


27,786 


64,301 


92,087 








Ohio 


21 




21 




265,154 


205,568 


470,722 


Louisiana 




















13 
16 




13 
16 




150,422 
189,487 


130,233 
158,349 


280,655 

347,836 


Illinois 






Missouri 


11 




11 




72,991 


31,026 


104,017 






Michigan 


8 




8 




85,352 


67,370 


152,722 


Florida 




Texas 
















Iowa 


8 
8 
4 
5 
3 
3 
5 
2 




8 
8 
4 
5 
3 
3 
5 
2 




87,331 
79,564 
25,060 
62,134 

9,888 
14,228 
23,223 

9,826 


49,260 
63,s75 
17,375 
43,841 
8,457 
3,871 
10,457 
6,593 


136,591 


Wisconsin* 


143,439 


Minnesota 


41,435 




1 5,975 
18,345 




Kansas 


18,099 


West Virginia 


33,6S0 


Nevadat 


16,420 






221. 


21 


212 


21 


2,213,665 


1,802,237 


4,015,902 



* In Wisconsin, 3,163 votes for Lincoln, and 1,729 votes for McClellan electors 
were rejected for informality, and 418 scattering votes were cast, so that the total 
| vote should have been 148,749. 

t This State was entitled to three electors, but one dying before the canvas was 
concluded, but two votes were cast in the Electoral College. 



96 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ARMY VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1864. 



STATE. 

Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Pennsylvania , 

Maryland 

Kentucky§ 

Ohio , 

Michigan 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota! 

Kansas^ 



Lincoln. McClellan 



4,174 

2,066 

243 

26,712 
2,800 
1,194 

41,146 
9,401 

15,178 

11,872 
2,600 



116,887 



741 



12,849 
321 
2,823 
9,757 
2,959 
1,364 
2,458 
237 



33,748 



Total. 

4,915 

2,756 

292 

39,061 

3,121 

4,017 

50,903 

12,361 

16,542 

13,830 

2,837 



150,635 



X In Vermont, a large army vote was returned too late to be counted. 

§ In the camps of Kentucky soldiers within that State, the army vote was in- 
cluded in the general canvas. 

|| No army vote was received until too late for the canvas. 

1 The Kansas soldiers' vote was 2,867 for Lincoln, and 543 for McClellan ; not 
canvassed on account of being received too late. 



THE ELECTOKAL COLLEGE, 1868. 



States. Votes. 

Alabama 8 

Arkansas 5 

California 5 

Colorado 3 

Connecticut 6 

Delaware 3 

Florida 3 

Georgia 9 

Illinois 16 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 8 

Kansas 3 

Kentucky 11 

Louisiana 7 

Maine 7 

Maryland 7 

Massachusetts , . .12 

Michigan 8 

Minnesota 4 

Mississippi 7 

Of these States, probably Texas, and possibly Virginia and Mississippi may not 
be in a position to cast an electoral vote. In that case, the votes of the Electoral 
College will be reduced by Texas, 6 ; Virginia, 10 ; and Mississippi 7 ; in all 23 ; 
leaving 397, and requiring 149 electoral votes for a choice. 



States. Votes. 

Missouri 11 

Nebraska 3 

Nevada 3 

New Hampshire 5 

New Jersey 7 

New York 33 

North Carolina 9 

Ohio 21 

Oregon 3 

Pennsylvania 26 

Rhode Island. 4 

South Carolina , 6 

Tennessee 10 

Texas 6 

Vermont 5 

Virginia 10 

West Virginia 5 

Wisconsin 8 



EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT. 



97 



EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT 



UNITED STATES. 

The twentieth Presidential term of four years since the estab- 
lishment of the Government of the United states, under the Con- 
stitution adopted March 1, 1789, began on the 4th day of March 
1865, and will expire on the 4th of March 1869. 

Salary. 
ABKAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, President to April 

15, 1865, $25,000 

ANDREW JOHNSON, of Tennessee, President from 

April 15, 1865 to March 4, 1869, .... 25,000 

LAFAYETTE S. FOSTER, of Connecticut, President 
of the Senate and acting Viee-President from April 

15, 1865 to March 4, 1867, 8,000 

BENJAMIN F. WADE, of Ohio, President of the Sen- 
ate and acting Vice-President from March 4, 1867 to 
March 4, 1859, - - - . - - - - - 8,000 



THE CABINET. 

William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of State, - 8,000 
Hugh Mc Gulloch, Indiana, Secretary of the Treasury, - 8,000 
Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War from 

March 4, 1865 to May 17, 1868, but snspended from 

office from August 13, 1867 to January 13, 1868, - 8,000 
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Secretary ad interim from August 

13, 1867 to January 13, 1868. 
Gen. John M.Schofield, from May 30, 1868 to March 4, 1869 8,000 
Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy - 8,000 
James Harlan, Iowa, Secretaiy of the Interior from May 

15, to July 6, 1866. 8,000 

0. H. Browning, Illinois, from July, 1866 to March 4, 1869 8,000 
William Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster-General from 

March 4, 1865 to July, 1866, 8,000 

Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, from July, 1866 to 

March 4, 1869, - 8,000 

James Speed, Kentucky, Attorney-General from March 4, 

1865 to July, 1866, - _._--. 8,000 

H. F. Stanlerry, Kentucky, from July 1866 to March 1868 8,000 

to march 1869. 

5 



98 JUDICIARY. 

JUDICIARY. 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Chief Justice. Salary, 

Salmon P. Chase, Cincinnati, Ohio, - $6,500 

Associate Justices. 

1st District, Nathan Clifford, Portland, Me., - 6,000 

2d 
3d 
4th 
5th 
6th 
7th 
8th 
9th 
10th 



Samuel Nelson, Cooperstown, N. Y., - 6,000 

Eobert G. Grier, Philadelphia, - - - 6,000 

Salmon P. Chase, Washington D. C, - - 6,000 

(Vacant), Savannah, Geo., - 6,000 

(Vacant), 6,000 

Noah H. Swayne, Columbus, Ohio, - - 6,000 

David Davis, Bloomington, 111., - 6,000 

Samuel F. Miller, Keokuk, Iowa, - - 6,000 

Stephen J. Field, Sacramento, Cal., - - 6,000 

Cleric. 

D. W. Middleton, Washington, D. C, - - - Fees. 

Reporter. 

J. W. Wallace, Washington, D. C, - - - - - 1,300 
The Supreme Court is held in the City of Washington, and 
has one Session annually, commencing on the first Monday of 
December. 



NATIONAL DEBTS. 

The following official statement of the present indebtedness 
of nations is given in gold dollars, reckoning for foreign nations, 
where the statements were made in pounds, for convenience, fiv€ 
dollars to the pound sterling : 

united states. 

Debt Bearing Coin Interest. 

October 1. November 1. 

Five per cent. Bonds $198,431,350 $198,845,350 

Six per cent. Bonds of 1867 and 

1868 14,707,941 14,690,941 

Six per cent. Bonds, '81 283,676,600 283,676,600 

Six per cent. Five-Twenty Bonds 1,235,380,750 1,267,898,100 

Navy Pension Fund 13,000,000 13,000,000 

Total $1,745,196,741 $1,778,110,991 



NATIONAL DEBTS. 



99 



Debt Bearing Currency Interest. 

Six per cent. Bonds $16,746,000 $18,042,000 

Three Year Compound Interest 

Notes 78,839,580 62,558,940 

Three Year Seven-Thirty Notes 365,489,100 334,607,700 

Three per cent. Certificates . . . 11,560,000 

Total $461,074,680 $426,768,640 

Matured Debt not Presented for Payment 

Three Year Seven-Thirty Notes, 

due August 15, 1867 $4,250,000 $3,371,100 

Compound Interest Notes, ma- 
tured June 10, July 15, Aug. 

15, 1867 7,483,100 9,316,100 

Bonds, Texas Indemnity 262,000 262,000 

Treasury Notes, Act July 17, 

1861, and prior thereto 164,511 163,661 

Bonds, April 15, 1842 54,061 54,061 

Treasury Notes, March 3, 1863. 959,380 868,240 

Temporary Loan 5,012,203 4,168,376 

Certificates of Indebtedness.... 36,000 34,000 

Total $18,221,236 $18,237,538 

Debt Bearing no Interest 

United States Notes $361,164,844 $357,154,844 

Fractional Currency 29,864,713 30,706,433 

Gold Certificates of Deposit .... 14,867,820 14,514,200 

Total $405,897,377 $402,375,477 

Total debt $2,630,389,456 $2,625,502,848 

Coin in Treasury 103,298,659 111,540,310 

Currency in Treasury 31,813,349 22,458,080 

Total $135,112,000 $133,998,390 

Amount of debt, less cash in 

Treasury $2,495,277,446 $2,491,504,450 

Reduction since last statement $3,772,996 



100 



NATIONAL DEBTS. 



The foregoing is a correct statement of the public debt, as ap- 
pears from the books and Treasurers' returns in the Department, 
on the 1st of November, 1867. 

(Signed) HUGH McCULLOCH, 

Secretary of the Treasury. 



The aggregate debt of the States is estimated at $250,000,000. 



BRITISH AND COLONIAL DEBTS. 



Great Britain funded and 

unfunded $3,750,000,000 

Bank of England 55,000,000 

Antigua 125,000 

British Columbia 625,000 

British Guiana 2,950,000 

British India 575,000,000 

Canada 62,500,000 

Cape of Good Hope 3,600,000 

Ceylon 2,250,000 

Jamaica 3,930,000 

Mauritius 5,000.000 

Natal 1,250,000 

New Brunswick 6,000,000 

Newfoundland 865,000 



New South wales 30,000,000 

New Zealand 13,000,000 

Nova Scotia 4,850,000 

Queensland 4,250.000 

South Australia 4,350,000 

Tasmania 1,400,000 

Trinidad 1,250,000 

Victoria 42,500,000 

Total $4,570,695,000 

Supposing the annual rate 
of interest, on the aver- 
age, to be 4 per cent, the 

total would be, premium $1S2,827,S00 



OTHER FOREIGN DEBTS. 



Argentine Confederation . 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chili 

Cuba 

Danubian Principalities . . 

Denmark 

Equador , 

Egypt 

France 

New Grenada 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Hanover 

Hanse Towns 



$13,250,000 

1,275,000,000 

130,000,000 

5,000,000 

73,500,000 

13,250,000 

2,800,000 

10,900,000 

25,000,000 

9,125.000 

75,000,000 

2,460,000,000 

37,500,000 

75,000,000 

500,000 

36,013,705 

23,250,000 



Italy 350,000,000 

Mexico 317.500,000 

Morocco 2,200,000 

Netherlands . . 420,000,000 

Peru 50,000,000 

Portugal 100,000,000 

Prussia 200,000,000 

Russia 1,215,000,000 

Salvador 2,000,000 

Spain 820,000,000 

Sweden and Norway 25,000,000 

Turkey 855,<i00,000 

Uruguay. 5,000,000 

Venezuela , 33,471,750 



Total $8,960,260,455 



SEAL OP THE UNITED STATES. 



101 



THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES 

Is one of peculiar inter- 
est, and therefore we feel 
warranted in giving more 
details of its design and 
history than can be allotted 
to the Seals of the several 
States. Soon after the de- 
claration of independence, 
Benjamin Franklin, John 
Adams, and Thomas Jef- 
ferson were appointed a 
committee to prepare a 
great seal for the infant re- 
public ; and they employed 
a French West Indian, 
named Du Simitiere, not 
only to furnish designs, but 
also to sketch such devices 
as were suggested by them- 
selves. In one of his de- 
signs, the artist displayed on a shield the armorial ensigns of the several 
nations from whence America had been peopled — embracing those of 
England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and Holland. On one 
side was placed Liberty with her cap, and on the other was a rifleman 
in uniform, with his rifle in one hand and a tomahawk in the other — 
the dress and weapons being peculiar to America. 

Franklin proposed, for the device, Moses lifting his wand, and dividing 
the Red Sea, and Pharaoh and his hosts overwhelmed with the waters. 
For a motto, the words of Cromwell, " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience 
to God." 

Adams proposed the Choice of Hercules ; the hero resting on a club, 
Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain on one hand, and persuading 
him to ascend ; and Sloth, glancing at her flowery paths of pleasure, 
wantonly reclining on the ground, displaying the charms, both of her 
eloquence and person, to seduce him into vice. 

Jefferson proposed the Children of Israel in the "Wilderness, led by a 
cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night ; and, ou the reverse, Hengist 
and Horsa, the Saxon chiefs, from whom we claim the honor of being 




102 SEAL OP THE UNITED STATES. 

descended, and whose political principles and form of government we 
have assumed. 

Franklin and Adams then requested Jefferson to comhine their ideaa 
in a compact description of the proposed great s-eal, which he did, and 
that paper, in his handwriting, is now in the office of the Secretary of 
State at Washington. This design consisted of a shield with six quar- 
terings, parti one, coupi two, in heraldic phrase. The first gold, and an 
enameled rose, red and white, for England ; the second white, with a 
thistle, in its proper colors, for Scotland ; the third green, with a harp 
of gold, for Ireland; the fourth blue, with a golden lily-flower, for 
France ; the fifth gold, with the imperial black eagle, for Germany ; 
and the sixth gold, with the Belgic crowned red lion, for Holland. 
These denoted the countries from which America had been peopled. 
He proposed to place the shield within a red border, on which there 
should be thirteen white escutcheons, linked together by a gold chain, 
each bearing appropriate initials, in black, of the confederated States 
Supporters, the Goddess of Liberty on the right side, in a corslet of 
armor, in allusion to the then state of war, and holding the spear and 
cap in her right hand, while her left supported the shield. On the left, 
the Goddes3 of Justice, leaning on a sword in her right hand, and in 
her left a balance. The crest, the eye of Providence in a radiant tri- 
angle, whose glory should extend over the shield and beyond the 
figures Motto : E Pluribus Unum — " Many in one." Around the 
whole, " Seal of the United States of America, MDCCLXXVI." For 
the reverse, he proposed the device of Pharoah sitting in an open 
chariot, a crown on his head and a sword in his hand, passing through 
the divided waters of the Eed Sea in pursuit of the Israelites. Rays 
from a pillar of fire in a cloud, expressive of the Divine presence and 
command, beaming on Moses, who stands on the shore, and, extending 
his hand over the sea, causes it to overwhelm Pharoah and his follow- 
ers. Motto : " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." 

Jefferson's device was highly approved by his coadjutors, and the 
committee reported on the 10th of August, 1776 ; but, for some unac- 
countable reason, their report was neglected, not having been even 
placed on record ; and the affair was allowed to slumber until the 24th 
of March, 1779, when Messrs. Lovell, of Massachusetts, Scott, of Vir- 
ginia, and Houstoun, of Georgia, were appointed a committee to make 
another device. 

On the 10th of May following they reported in favor of a seal four 
inches in diameter, one side of which should be composed of a shield 
with thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate red and white. Supporters, a 
warrior, holding a sword, on one side, and on the other the figure of 
Peace, bearing an olive branch. The crest, a radiant constellation of 
thirteen stars. Motto : Bello vel Pace — " For War or Peace," and the 
legend, " Seal of the United States," On the reverse, the figure of 
Liberty, seated in a chair, holding the staff and cap. Motto : Semper — 
" Forever " — and underneath, MDCCLXXVI. This report was re-com- 
mitted, and again submitted with some slight modifications (substituting 
the figure of an Indian with bow and arrows in his right hand for that 
of a warrior) just a year afterward ; but it was not accepted, and the 
matter rest' d until April, 1782, when Henry Middleton, Elias Boudinofc 



SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 



103 



and Edward Rutledge were appointed a third committee to prepare a 
seal. They reported on the 9th of May following, substantially the 
same as the committee of 1779 and 1780 ; but, this not being satisfac- 
tory to Congress, on the 13th of June the whole matter was referred to 
Charles Thomson, its secretary. 

He in turn procured several devices, among which was one by "Wil- 
liam Barton, of Philadelphia, consisting of an escutcheon, with a blue 
border, spangled with thirteen stars, and divided in the centre, perpen- 
dicularly, by a gold bar. On each side of this division, within the 
l)lue border, thirteen bars or stripes, alternate red and white, like the 
American flag adopted on the 14th of June, 1777. Over the gold bar 
an eye surrounded with a glory, and in the gold bar a Doric column 
resting on the base of the escutcheon, having a displayed eagle on its 
summit. The crest, a helmet of burnished gold, damasked, grated with 
six bars, and surmounted by a red cap of dignity, such as dukes wear, 
with a black lining, and a cock armed with gaffs. Supporters, on one 
side the Genius of America, with loose Auburn tresses, having on her 
head a radiant crown of gold, encircled with a sky-blue fillet, spangled 
with silver stars, and clothed in a long, loose, white garment, bordered 
with green. From the right shoulder to the left side, a blue scarf with 
stars, the cinctures being the same as in the border. Around her waist 
a purple girdle, Iringed with gold, and the word Virtue embroidered 
in white. Her interior hand rested on the escutcheon, and the other held 
the American standard, on the top of which a white dove was perched. 
The supporter on the other side was a man in complete armor ; his 
sword-belt blue, fringed with gold ; his helmet encircled with a wreath 
of laurel, and crested with one white and two blue plumes ; his left 
hand supporting the escutcheon, and his right holding a lance with a 
bloody point. Upon an unfurled green banner was a golden harp with 
silver strings, a brilliant star, and two lily-flowers, with two crossed 
swords below. The two figures stood upon a scroll, on which was the 
motto Deo Favente — "With God's Favor" — in allusion to the eye of 
Providence in the arms. On the crest, in a scroll, was the motto Virtus 
sola Invicta — " Virtue alone is Invincible." 

After vainly striving to perfect a seal which should meet the approval 
of Congress, Thomson finally received from John Adams, then in Lon- 
don, an exceedingly simple and appropriate device, suggested by Sir 
John Prestwich, a baronet of the West of England, who was a warm 
friend of America, and an accomplished antiquarian. It consisted of 
an escutcheon bearing thirteen perpendicular stripes, white and red, 
with the chief blue, and spangled with thirteen stars ; and, to give it 
greater consequence, he proposed to place it on the breast of an Ameri- 
can eagle, displayed, without supporters, as emblematic of self-reliance. 
It met with general approbation, in and out of Congress, and was 
adopted in June, 1782 : so it is manifest, although the fact is not exten- 
sively known, that we are indebted for our national arms to a titled 
aristocrat of the country with which we were then at war. Eschewing all 
heraldic technicalities, it may be thus described in plain English : Thirteen 
perpendicular pieces, white and red ; a blue field ; the escutcheon on 
the breast of the American eagle displayed, proper, holding in his right 
talon an olive-branch, and in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, al} 



104 



SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 



proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with the motto E Pluribus 
Unum. For the crest, over the head of the eagle, which appears above 
the escutcheon, a golden glory breaking through a cloud, proper, and 
surrounding thirteen stars, forming a constellation of white stars on a 
blue field. 



Reverse. — A pyramid 
unfinished. In the zenith, 
an eye in a triangle, sur- 
rounded with a glory, pro- 
per. Over the eye, the 
words Annuit Cczptis — 
" God has favored the un- 
dertaking." On the base 
of the pyramid, are the 
numeral Roman letters 
MDCCLXXVI. ; and un- 
death the motto, Novus 
Or do Sector urn — "A new 
Series of Ages" — denot- 
ing that a new order of 
things had commenced in 
the Western hemisphere. 
Thus, after many fruitless 
efforts, for nearly six 
years, a very simple seal 
Was adopted, and yet remains the arms of the United States. 




SEALS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, 

ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, 



VIRGINIA. 




On a white or silver field the Goddess of 
Virtue, the genius of the commonwealth, 
is represented, dressed like an Amazon, 
resting on a spear with one hand, and 
holding a sword in the other. She is in 
the act of trampling on Tyranny, repre- 
sented by a man prostrate, a crown fallen 
from his head, a broken chain in his left 
hand, and a scourge in his right. On a 
label above the figure is the word " Vir- 
ginia ;" and beneath them is the motto, 
Sic semper tyrannis. — Thus ever to ty- 
rants. 



SETTLED BY THE ENGLISH, 1607. 



NEW-YORK 



A shield, or escutcheon, on which is re- 
presented the rising sun, with a range of 
hills and water in the foreground. Above 
the shield, for the crest, is a wreath sur- 
mounted by a half globe, on which rests 
a startled eagle, with wings outstretched. 
For the supporters of the shield, on the 
right is represented the figure of Justice, 
with the sword in one hand and the scales 
in the other ; and on the left the Goddess 
of Liberty, with the wand and cap in her 
left hand, and the olive branch of peace 
in her right. Below the shield is the 
motto, Excelsior — " More elevated " — de- 
noting that the course of the State is on- 
ward and higher. Around the border of the seal, between two plain 
lines, is the inscription, in Roman capitals, " The Great Seal of the State 




SETTLED BY THE DUTCH, 1684. 



of New-York. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 




SETTLED BY THE PURITANS, 1620. 



On the blue ground of an irregularly- 
formed shield an Indian is represented, 
dressed with belted hunting-shirt and moc- 
cassins. In his right hand is a golden 
bow, and in his left an arrow with the 
point downward. A silver star on the 
right denotes one of the United States of 
America. A wreath forms the crest of 
the escutcheon, from which extends a 
right arm, clothed and ruffed, the hard 
grasping a broad-sword, the pommel and 
hilt of which are of gold. Around the 
escutcheon, on a waving band or label, 
are the words, Ease petit placidam s ib 
libertate quietem — " By the sword she seeks 
peace under liberty " 



NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 




SETTLED BY THE PURITANS, 1623. 



A circular field, surrounded by a laurel 
wreath, encompassed by the words, in 
Roman capitals, " Sigillum Reipublica 
Neo Hantoniensis :" " The Seal of the 
State of New-Hampshire," with the date, 
1784, indicating the time of the adoption 
of the State Constitution. Land and 
water are represented in the foreground, 
with the trunk of a tree on which the 
hardy woodman is yet engaged, embracing 
a scene of busy life, significant of the in- 
dustrious habits of the people ; and a ship 
on the stocks, just ready for launching, 
with the American banner displayed, is 
figurative of readiness to embark on the 
sea of political existence. The sun, just emerging above the horizon, 
eymbolizes the rising destiny of the State. 

A white shield, or escutcheon, bearing new-jersey. 

three ploughs, indicating that the chief 
reliance of the people is upon agriculture. 
The crest is a horse's head, supported by 
a full-face, six-barred helmet, resting on a 
vase — the latter resting on the top of the 
escutcheon. The supporters are the God- 
dess of Liberty on the right, with her 
wand and cap, her left arm resting on the 
escutcheon ; and Ceres on the left, her 
right hand resting on the escutcheon and 
her left supporting a cornucopia, filled 
with fruits and flowers. Around the bor- 
der of the sea are the words, in Roman 
capitals, " The Great Seal of the State of 
New Jersey," and at the base the date of its adoption, in numeral let* 
ters, MDCCLXXVL, (1776.) 

An azure shield, or escutcheon, divided Delaware 

into two equal parts by a white band or 
girdle. A cow is represented in the lower 
part of the shield, and in the upper part 
are two symbols, designed probably to 
represent the agricultural productions of 
the State — gi'ain and tobacco. The crest 
(a wreath) supports a ship under full sail, 
displaying the American banner. On a 
white field around the escutcheon were 
formerly wreaths of flowers, branches of 
the olive, and other symbols, but these 
have been displaced for two figures, repre- 
senting a mariner and a hunter. At the 
bottom of the seal, in numeral letters, is 
the date of its adoption, MDCOXCIII. 

(1793), and around the border, in Roman capitals, are the words " Great 
Seal of the State of Delaware." 108 




SETTLED BY THE DUTCH, 1624. 




SETTLED BY SWEDES AND DANES. 
1627. 




SETTLED BY THE IRISH CATH0 
LICS, 1635. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Maryland. On a white or silver field the figure ol 

Justice is seen prominent in the centre 
of the foreground, grasping an olive 
branch, and a sword in her right hand, 
while her left is elevating her well-bal- 
lanced scales above her head. At her feet 
is a laurel wreath, the fasces and a cornu- 
copia, with an uninseribed white label 
waving loosely from their midst. In the 
distance, on the right, is a view of the 
ocean, with a ship under full sail in the 
perspective, bounded by a clear horizon 
On the left are some hogsheads of tobacco, 
symbolical of the principal products, and 
a ship with its sails partly unfurled, indi- 
cative of commercial enterprise. 

The original seal is of an oval form, 
without any ornamental devices, and on 
the field are delineated three grape-vines, 
each winding around and sustained by an 
upright support, the whole representing 
the three settlements (Hartford, Windsor, 
and Wethersfield) which formed the early 
colony. On a label waving around the 
lower vine is the motto Qui Transtulit 
Sustinet — " He who planted will sus- 
tain." Around the margin of the field 
are the words, " Sigillvm Reipublica Con- 
necticutensis :" " The Seal of the State of 
Connecticut." [The Colonial seal had 
fifteen grape-vines, with a hand protruding 
from the clouds on the right above them, grasping the label and motto, 
which was waving in the air ; but that seal has been broken, and the 
present seal used in its stead.] 

rhode island. A white or silver shield, on which is an 

anchor with two flukes, and a cable at- 
tached. Above the shield, in Roman 
capitals, is the word HOPE, and from 
each upper corner of the shield is sus- 
pended an unlettered label. The deviee 
symbolizes those principles of civil and 
religious liberty which led to the found- 
ing of this colony, and in which the faith 
of the citizens of the State is still deeply 
anchored. The motto, HOPE, above the 
shield, directs the mind to the uncertain 
future, anticipating the growing prosperity 
of the State, and the perpetuity of its free 
institutions ; while tbft unlettered label 
denotes that events are still progressing in the n>/>xch of Time, and 
await the completion of History, before the destiny o» the State shall be 
recorded thereon. 107 




SETTLED BY THE PURITANS. 1635. 




SETTLED BY ROGER WILLIAMS,1636 . 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



In the origi ial seal which differs some- 
what from the margin., on a white or silver 
field are represented the Goddess of Lib- 
erty on the right, and Ceres, the Goddess 
of corn and of harvests, on the left. In 
the right hand of the former is a scroll, 
representing the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and the left supports her wand, sur- 
mounted by the cap of liberty. Ceres 
has in her right hand three heads or ears 
of wheat, and in her left the cornucopia 
or horn of plenty, filled with the products 
of the earth. In the background is a 
marine view, indicative of the commercial , 

»., a , , . j ,, , SETTLED BY THE ENGLISH, 1650. 

resources ot the State. Around the outer 

circle, starting from a star on the top, are the words, in Roman capitals. 

" Great Seal of the ijtate of North Carolina." 




In the cei'Are of the white or silver field 
is the device of a palmetto-tree (a species 
of the date), with its topmost branches de- 
noting a vigorous growth, emblematical 
of the prosperous progress of the State. 
Near the base of the tree are two cross- 
pieces ; of.naposed of bundles of spears, 
at the cvossing of which is attached a 
scroll <?r label, with the motto, Animis 
opibusque parati — " Ready [to defend it] 
with out lives and property," which mot- 
to, by the way, in more generally put 
around the lower half of the outer circle, 
with the words " South Carolina" occupy- 
ing the upper half, preceded by a single 
star 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 




SETTLED BY THE HUGUENOTS, 

1670. 



On a white field is an escutcheon parted 
by a yellow or golden band or girdle, on 
which is represented a plough in its natu- 
ral color. In the upper part of the shield, 
a ship under full sail is gliding smoothly 
over the waves of the sea, which are sur- 
monuted by an azure sky. At the lower 
part, on a green ground, are three golden 
sheaves of wheat, denoting that agricul- 
ture as well as commerce, is one of the 
primary reliances of the State. On the 
right of the shield is a stalk of maize, and 
on the left an olive branch. For the 
crest, on a wreath of olive flowers, is 
perched a bald eagle, with wings extended, 
holding in its beak a label, with ths motto, 



PENNSYLVANIA. 




SETTLED BY WILLIAM PENS, 1682. 

Virtue, Liberty, and Inde- 



pendence." Around the margin of the seal aro the words, " Seal of the 



State of Pennsylvania." 



108 




SETTLED BY THE ENGLISH, 1733. 



In the centre of a circular white or sil- 
ver field are three pillars, supporting an 
arch, around which are emblazoned the 
word " Constitution." The pillars are 
symbolical of the three departments of 
the State government — the Legislative, 
the Judiciary, and the Executive : and on 
the one at the right, representing the Leg- 
islative, is the word "Wisdom;" on the 
second, representing the Judiciary, is the 
word "Justice ;" and on the third, repre- 
senting the Executive, is the word " Mode- 
ration." Near the right pillar is the 
figure of an officer with a drawn sword, 
denoting that the aid of the military is 
always ready to enforce respect and obedience to law. Around the 
margin of the circle are the words, " State of Georgia. 1799." 

Vermont. A circular field, in the middle of which 

is a tall evergreen with fourteen branches 
— thirteen representing the original States, 
and the fourteenth or topmost the State 
of Vermont, supported by the others. 
Beneath a cloudless firmament, the Green 
Mountains are seen towering in the dis- 
tance, and in the foreground are sheaves 
of wheat and a cow, indicative of an agri- 
cultural and grazing country, affording 
the true sources of thrift and independ- 
ence for an industrious population. The 
Green Mountains have ever been con- 
sidered characteristic of the hardy race 
which inhabits that region. Around the 

margin of the field, in Roman capitals, the word " Vermont" occupies 

the upper half circle, and the words " Freedom and Unity" occupy the 

lower half. 

Although the seal of this State is ap- 
parently and really among the most sim- 
ple in its design, yet it embodies a sig- 
nificance which should commend itself to 
the serious consideration of all who are 
disposed to place a slight value upon the 
union of the States. In the centre of a 
circular white or silver field, two friends 
are seen grasping one hand of each other 
in a firm and cordial embrace, while the 
other is extended to each other's back, 
significant of encouragement and support. 
Below them is the expressive motto, 
" United we stand ; divided we fall " Al, 
ornamented double circle encompasses the 

whole, with the words " Seal ©f Kentucky" between the lines of the 

upper half- circle. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. 1791. 



KENTUCKY. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1792. 




ADMITTED INTO THB UNION, 1796. 



A white or silver circular field, the up- Tennessee. 

per half of which is occupied on the right 
by a plough, in the centre by a sheaf of 
wheat, and on the left by a stalk of cotton. 
Underneath these emblems, extending 
across the entire middle of the field, is the 
word " Agriculture," denoting that the 
first reliance of the State should be upon 
the productions of the soil. The lower 
half is occupied by a loaded barge, with 
the word " Commerce" below the water, 
indicating that the prosperity of all may 
be promoted through this means. Over 
the sheaf of wheat are the numeral letters 
XVI., denoting that this was the sixeeenth 
State admitted into the Union. Around the border are the words, " The 
Great Seal of the State of Tennesee," with the date, 1796. 

In a circular field are several devices, ohio. 

significant of the general surface, busi- 
ness, and prospects of the State. The 
central portion represents a cultivated 
country, with the emblem of agriculture 
(a wheat-sheaf) on the right, and on the 
left a bundle of seventeen arrows, indica- 
ting the number of States then constitu- 
ting the Union. In the distance is a range 
of mountains, the base skirted by a tract 
of woodland. The rising sun, which is 
just becoming visible above the moun- 
tains, betokens the rising glory of the 
State. The foreground is an expanse of „ „„ , 0ft _ 

. .,, T fo , , , ., r c • ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1802. 

water, with a keel-boat on its surface, in- 
dicative of inland trade. Around the border are the words, " Tin) 
Great Seal of the State of Ohio," with the date, 1802. 

On a white or silver circular field is Louisiana. 

represented a pelican, standing by her nest 
filled with young ones, in the attitude of 
" protection and defence," and in the act 
of feeding them — all sharing alike her 
maternal assiduity. The mother-bird 
nymbolizes the general government of the 
Union ; while the birds in the nest repre- 
sent the several States. Above are the 
scales of Justice, which, taken in con- 
nection with the emblems beneath, sig- 
nify that " equal and exact justice" must 
be extended to all the members of the 
confederacy. The semi-circle of eighteen 
stars indicates the number of States at 
the time of admission. In the upper portion of the external circle are 
the words, " State of Louisiana," and in the lower, the words, " Union 
and Confidence " , - 





ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1812, 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1816. 



In the lower portion of a circular field 
is represented a scene of prairie and wood- 
land, with the surface gently undulating 
— descriptive of the predominant features 
of the State. In the foreground is a buf- 
falo, an animal once abounding in great 
numbers in this region, apparently star- 
tled by the axe of the woodman or pio- 
neer, who is seen on the left, felling the 
trees of the forest, denoting the march of 
civilization westward. In the distance, 
on the right, is seen the sun, just appear- 
ing above the verge of the horizon. In a 
half-circle, spanning the expressive scene 
beneath, are the words " Indiana (State 

Seal." Around the outer margin of the whole is a plain green border, 

lurrounded by a simple black line. 

Mississippi. In the centre of a white or silver circu- 

lar field is the American eagle, with wide- 
spread wings, occupying the entire sur- 
face ; which may be considered as deno- 
ting that all the people of the State, from 
whatever clime or country they may have 
come, are purely American in feeling, 
and are content to repose their trust under 
the broad wings of the "bird of liberty." 
In the right talon of the eagle is a bundle 
of four arrows, significant of power to sus- 
tain the principles of government, and to' 
repel the assaults of an enemy ; while an 
olive branch in the left betokens a dispo- 
sition to maintain peace. Around the 

outer circle, between parallel lines, are the words, in Roman capitals, 

" The Great Seal of the State of Mississippi." 

Illinois. In the centre of a white or silver es- 

cutcheon is a representation of the Ameri 
can eagle, its wings spread so as to touch 
the inner margin of the shield. In its 
right talon is the emblem of peace, an 
olive branch ; while three arrows are 
grasped in the left, denoting its readiness 
to sustain the three great branches of 
government. On its breast is an escutch- 
eon, the lower half of which is represented 
of a red color, and the upper half blue, 
the latter bearing three white or silver 
stars. From its beak extends a label, 
waving in the air above it, with the in- 
scription " State Sovereignty : National 

Union. " In the upper part of a circle enclosing the shield are the 

words, " Seal of the State of Illinois," and in the lower part the date, 

"Aug't26, 1818." lll 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1817. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1818. 



Nearly the entire of a circular field is 
occupied with the representation of a map, 
embracing the names and localities of the 
principal rivers and towns, as they ex- 
isted at the time when the territorial gov- 
ernment was established, 1817, A por- 
tion of East Florida, embracing the line 
of surface as far as Pensacola, is included 
in the map, as also a small portion of 
Tennessee, sufficient to show the bound- 
aries on either side. Around the circle, 
between two parallel lines, are the words, 
in Roman capitals, " Alabama. Execu- 
tive office." 



ALABAMA 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1819. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1820- 



A white or silver shield, on which is 
represented a pine-tree, with a moose-deer 
recumbent at its base — emblematical of 
the valuable timber of the State, and of 
the security and repose enjoyed by the 
animals which range its immense forests. 
The " supporters" are a mariner resting 
on his anchor, and a husbandman with 
his scythe — denoting that commerce and 
agriculture are each primary resources of 
the State. Above the shield is the North 
Star, beneath which is the motto, Dirigo 
— " I direct ;" and under the shield is the 
name of the State, in Roman capitals ; 
while sea and land compose the fore- 
ground. On the left, the tall masts of a ship are perceptible in the dis- 
tance, the sails spread, denoting a readiness for commercial enterprise. 

On a circular shield, equally divided by Missouri. 

a perpendicular line, is a red field on the 
right side, in which is the white or griz- 
zly bear of Missouri. Above, separated 
by a wavy or curved line, is a white or 
silver crescent, in an azure field. On the 
left, on a white field, are the arms of the 
United States. A band surrounds the 
escutcheon, on which are the words, 
" United we stand, divided we fall." 
For the crest, over a yellow or golden 
helmet, full faced and grated with six 
bars, is a silver star ; and above it, a 
constellation of twenty -three smaller 
stars. The supporters are twe grizzly 
bears, standing on a scroll inscribed, Salus populi svprema lex esto — " Let 
the public welfare be the supreme law." Underneath are the numerals 
MDCCCXX., and around the circle the words, " The Great Seal of the 

State of Missouri." 

11a 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 182L 




Occupying the lower part of a circle ib 
a shield, near the base of which is a white 
star on a blue field, representing the State. 
In the middle portion is a bee-hive, signi- 
fying industry, and a plough, denoting 
agriculture ; while a steamboat, emblem- 
atic of commerce, fills the upper part. 
For the crest, the goddess of liberty is 
represented with her wand and cap in one 
hand, and a wreath of laurel in the other, 
surrounded by a constellation of stars, 
indicating the States. The supporters 
two eagles, one grasping a bundle of ar- 
rows, and the other an olive branch ; a 
admitted into the unicn, 1836. labd extend ing from the claw of each, 
with the motto Regnant Populi — " The People rule." On either side, 
of the base is a cornucopia, and around the circle which encloses the 
the whole are the words, "Seal of the State of Arkansas." 

Michigan. On an escutcheon in the centre of a 

white field is the representation of a pen- 
insula extending into a lake, a man with 
his gun, and the rising sun. On the up- 
per part is the word Tuebor — " I will de- 
fend it ;" and on a label extending across 
the lower part is the motto, Si quveris 
peninsulam amanam circumspicc — " If you 
seek a delightful peninsula, look around 
you." The supporters are a common 
deer on the right, and a moose on the 
left, both abounding in the forests of 
^^^^jjr-s^^^ Michigan. For the crest, is the American 

^***— — — """^ eagle ; above which, on a label waving 

admitted into the union, 1837. above all> is the mott0j E pi ur ib us JJnum. 

Around the outer circle, between two parallel lines, are the words, 
» The Great Seal of the State of Michigan, A.D. MDCCCXXXVII." 

Florida. The seal which was originally used for 

the territory of Florida, although not 
formally adopted as that of the State, has 
been continued ever since, and of course 
retains all its legal force. In the centre 
of a circular white or silver field is repre- 
sented the American eagle, "the bird of 
liberty," grasping the emblem of peace, 
an olive branch, in its left talon ; and in 
its right a bundle of three arrows, signifi- 
cant of the three principal reliances of 
good government — the executive, the le- 
gislative, and the judicial. Above are 
arranged in a semi-circle thirteen stars, 
emblematic of the thirteen original states, 
and below, the ground is represented as covered with the prickly pear, 
a fruit common to the country, and for which an appropriate motto 
would be, " Let us live." 

113 





ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1845. 




Texas is the only State which enjoyed a 
literally independent or isolated existence 
previous to its admission into the Union. 
During its struggle with Mexico, it adopt- 
ed as an official seal a white or silver star 
of five points on an azure field, encircled 
by branches of the live oak and olive. 
Around the outer circle were the words, 
"Republic of Texas "in Roman capital 
letters. With the exception of the words 
around the margin, which is now blank, 
except the word "Texas" in the upper 
half-circle, the former seal has been adopt- 
ed since by the State. The live oak (quer- 
cus virens), which abounds in the forests admitted into the union, 1345. 
of Texas, is a strong and durable timber, much used in ship-building, 
and forming an important article of export. 

Like some of the other States which Inwi 

enjoyed a territorial existence for a length 
of time before they were invested with the 
dignity of States, Iowa still retains her 
original seal, the device of which is per- 
haps more simple and expressive than 
that of any other State. In the centre of 
a white or silver circular field is an eagle 
in the attitude of flight, grasping in his 
right talon a bow, its left talon just visible 
within the inner circle around the field, 
and holding in its beak a single arrow. 
The words, " Seal of the Territory of 
Iowa," form nearly a complete circle 
around the field, leaving a blank space at 
the lower part, aud these again are surrounded by white circular dots 
on a black ground. 

A large portion of the field is occupied 
by land and water scenery, denoting the 
agricultural, commercial, and mining in- 
terests of the State. In the foreground is 
a man ploughing with a span of horses ; 
in the middle is a pile of lead in bars, a 
barrel, a rake, a sheaf of wheat, an an- 
chor, and a cornucopia. Lakes Michigan 
and Superior are represented, with a sloop 
on the former, and a steamboat on the 
latter, towards which an Indian on the 
shore is pointing. In the distance is a 
level prairie, skirted by a range of wood- 
land — a light-house and school-house on 
the left, and the State-house in the centre. 
In a semi-circle above are the words, Civilitas succcssit Barharum — 
" Civilization has succeeded Barbarism." At the bottom is the date 
when a territorial government was formed, " Fourth of July, 1836 ;" 
and around the whole are the words " The Great Seal of tbe Territory of 
Wisconsin which has not yet been changed. -,-,* 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1846. 



WISCONSIN. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1847. 




California. In the foreground on the left, Minerva 

is seated on a rock, near the bank of an 
extensive bay or river, which winds its 
course among the majestic mountains on 
either side. Her spear is grasped in the 
right hand, while the left rests on the top 
of her shield by her side, near which is a 
grizzly bear, significant of the snwy re- 
gion round about. On the right is a hardy 
miner with his pick, seeking the golden 
treasures secreted among the rock6. 
Along the centre is seen a majestic bay , 
with two clippers in full view, indi- 
cating that commerce is one of the chief 
admitted into the union, 1850. re li a nces of the people Above the snow- 
covered mountains, which bound the view, is the Greek word Eureka — 
" I have found." 

Minnesota. The seal of this State represents the 

peculiar circumstances under which it 
was originally settled, when the white 
man first undertook to convert its com- 
parative deserts into productive agricul- 
tural fields. In the distance, an Indian is 
seen mounted on a swift steed, retreating 
from the haunts where he had long becv 
accustomed to enjoy unmolested the 
sports of the chase, and to roam unin- 
terruptedly amidst his native forests. In 
the foreground is seen the new settler, 
preparing for his future subsistence by 
turning up the furrow, preparatory to 
sowing seed for the harvest. His gun 
and ammunition are lying behind him ready to repel the assaults of 
savage foes, to which he is constantly exposed. The motto, VEtoile du 
Nord, (the Star of the North,) is expressive of the bright future which 
this State is destined to realize. 

Oregon. The emblems on the shield in the centre 

of the circular ground, are indicative oi 
the advantages to be derived from a wild 
and mountainous country, through the 
medium of commerce, which are symbol- 
ized by the range of mountains depicted 
in the lower, and by the ship occupying 
the upper portion of the escutcheon. The 
right supporter is a representative of that 
unfortunate race who once entirely pos- 
sessed the country, but who have been 
compelled to yield their heritage in part 
to the power of that enterprising people 
whose emblem is the eagle, here used as 
the left supporter. The crest, a beaver, 
denotes the sort of trade which formerly distinguished the inhabitants 
of this region. The motto, " Alis volat propriis " — She sails with her 
own wings. 

115 




admitted into the union, 1857. 




admitted into the union, 1858. 



In the background the Rocky Mountains 
with the sun setting beyond them and a 
single bright star above. Nearer, forests 
along the banks of the Missouri, on which a 
large steamer is plowing its way. Still 
nearer, a vast plain on which a party of hun- 
ters are pursuing the buifalo. Toward the 
foreground a log-cabin and a train of emi- 
grant wagons, and in the immediate fore- 
ground a farmer plowing with a two-horse 
team. The motto is Ad Astra per Aspera, 
Through rough ways to the Stars. 




Admitted into the Union 1S61. 



UTAH. 




The simple device adopted for this ter- 
ritory is sufficiently expressive, and re- 
quires no lengthened explanation of what 
it is intended to symbolize. The bee- 
hive, in all ages, has been regarded as the 
emblem of industry, and the position in 
which it is here represented, as resting on 
a substantial foundation, implies that it 
is the certain harbinger of success in every 
important undertaking. The representa- 
tions of vegetation in the background, 
imply that these productions of the soil 
are to be obtained by well-applied skill 
and industry, and upon these are the peo- 
ple to rely for a prosperous future. Perhaps, if we take into consider- 
ation the social condition of the original settlers of this territory, the 
bee-hive may be regarded as significant of the unity of interests at that 
iirne predominant. The dates at the top and bottom indicate the first 
formation of a territorial government. 

This seal displays the characteristics nebbaska. 

of the settlers who have adopted this ter- 
ritory as their future home. Representa- 
tives of the two principal classes of people 
(agricultural and mechanical) are seen 
in the act of upholding the Constitution, 
over which the American flag is gathered, 
in token of its care and protection. The 
steamboat, seen in the distance on the 
right, indicates that the State possesses 
many resources for extensive commerce, 
which may be materially aided by rail- 
roads and other internal improvements, 
which are shadowed out on the left The 
plow and the anvil aro emblems of the immense agricultural and 
mineral advantages which abound in every direction, and whose devel- 
opement is certain to secure for this territory un eminent degree oi 
wealth and prosperity. The motto, "Popular Sovereignty," expresses 
the will of the people to govern themselves, and is only the emboaimeu t 
of h sentiment almost universally prevalent. 

116 





The seal of West Virginia has in the WEST VIRGINIA. 

foreground tWO mUSketS CrOSSed, With Admitted to the Union June 20, 863. 

the cap of liberty lying upon them at 
the point of crossing. In the centre is 
a shield bearing the inscription June 20, 
1863 (the date of the admission of the 
State). The shield is supported on the 
right, by a miner with his pick on his 
shoulder indicative of the mineral wealth 
of the State, and on the left by an agri- 
culturist, who is a woodsman as well ; 
he has his axe resting on one arm, while 
the other hand grasps the plow. A stalk 
of maize, and a grape-vine, indicate the 
staple productions of the State, and on 
the right a blacksmith's anvil and hammer, and some hogsheads 
and bales, show its devotion to the mechanic arts and to commerce. 
A circlet surrounding the seal bears the legend, " State of West 
Virginia," and between two stars is the motto, Montani semper 
liberi, Mountaineers are always freemen. 

NEW MEXICO. 



A circle set in a square block. In the 
circlet a mythological salamander sur- 
rounded with rays and flames ; to which 
the eagle, with the arrows or darts in 
his claw, is offering a serpent which he 
holds firmly in his beak. Below on a 
ribbon the number MDCCCL. 



Above the shield the Masonic symbol 
of the eye in a triangle surrounded by 
rays. Below this, and couchant, the lie- 
tor's axe, the handle surrounded by fas- 
ces or rods bound around it, — an old 
Roman symbol. On the upper part of 
this shield mountains are represented ; 
below, and on a dotted ground, the pick- 
axe and mallet crossed. The motto on 
a ribbon surrounding the lower portion 
of the shield is Nil Sine Numine, "Noth 
ing without Divine aid." 
117 




MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES 

AND OF 

INDIVIDUAL STATES 



United States , E Pluribus Unum. One of many. 

Alabama [No motto.] 

Arkansas Regnant Populi. The people rule. 

California Eureka. I have found it. 

Connecticut i ® ui transtulii sustinet. 

' C, He who brought us hither will preserve us. 

Delaware Liberty and independence. 

Florida In God is our trust. 

Georgia Wisdom, justice, and moderation. 

Illinois State sovereignty and national union. 

Indiana [No motto.] 

Iowa Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain 

Kentucky United we stand, divided we fall. 

Louisiana Union and confidence. 

Maine Dirigo. I take the lead. 

Massachusetts!- Eme petit P lacidam sub ^^tate quietem. 

) By her sword she seeks the calm repose of liberty. 

Maryland Industry the means, and plenty the result. 

M r ttp an- i ^ quaeris peninsulam amcenam circumspice. 

) If thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here. 
»r I Salus populi suprema lex esto. 

) The welfare of the people is the first great law 

Mississippi [No motto.' 

N. Carolina. . . [No motto.' 
N. Hampshire . . [No motto. 
New Jersey. . . . Liberty and independence. 

New York Excelsior. Higher. 

Ohio Imperium in Irnperio. An empire within an empire. 

Pennsylvania. .Virtue, liberty, and Independence. 
Rhode Island. .In God we hope. 

S. Carolina... X Animus °P ihus 9™ Fa) 'f' .. 

) Ever ready with our lives and property. 

Tennessee [No motto." 

Texas [No motto/ 

Vermont Liberty and Independence. 

Virginia Sic semper iyrannis. So be it ever to tyrants. 

Minnesota LEtoile du Nord. The Star of the North. 

W <stn i Civilitas successit barbarum. 

* " ) Civilized life takes the place of savage. 

Kansas ) Ad astra per aspera. 

) By rugged ways (we ascend) to the stars. 

Oregon Alis volat propriis. She sails with her own wingn 

w Virginia i Montani semper liberi. 

WEST VIRGINIA, j- ^ mountains are alwavs f ree . 

Nebraska Popular sovereignty. 

Nevada. 

Colorado Nil sine Numine. Nothing without Divine aid. 



THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



119 



THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 



Consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, and must 
assemble at least once every year, on the first Monday of December, 
unless otherwise provided by law. 

The Vice-President of the United States is ex officio President of 
the Senate, and has a casting vote in case of an equal division. In 
his absence, a President pro tern, is chosen from among the members. 

The Senate comprises two members from each state, (now number- 
ing of course 62,) who are chosen by the state legislatures for the 
term of six years — one-third biennially. 

The members of the House of Representatives (limited by law to 
the number of 233) are elected by the people for the term of two 
years, and are apportioned among the different states, according to 
population, in the following manner : After each decennial enumera- 
tion, the aggregate representative population of the United States 
is ascertained by the Secretary of the Interior, by adding to the whole 
number of free persons in all the states, including those bound to 
service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. This aggregate is divided by 233, and 
the quotient, rejecting fractions, if any, is the rates of apportionment. 
The representative population of each state is then ascertained in 
the same manner, and is divided by the above-named ratio, the quo- 
tient giving the apportionment of representatives to each state. The 
loss by fractions is compensated for by assigning to as many states 
having the largest fractions as may be necessary to make the whole 
number of representatives 233, one additional member each for its 
fraction. If, after the apportionment, new states are admitted, repre- 
sentatives are assigned to such states on the above -basis, in addition 
to the limited number of 233 ; but such excess continues only until 
the next apportionment under the succeeding census. When the ap- 
portionment is completed, the Secretary sends a certificate thereof to 
the House of Representatives, and to the Governors of the states a 
certificate of the number apportioned to each state. 

The present number of representatives is 234, an additional one 
oeing assigned to California by the act of July 30, 1852. There are, 
besides, seven delegates — one each from Oregon, Minnesota, Utah, 
New Mexico, Washington, Kansas, and Nebraska — who have a right 
to speak, but no vote. 

Since the 4th of March, 1817, the compensation of senators and 
representatives has been $8 a-day duringthe period of attendance in 
Congress, without deduction in case of sickness ; and $8 for every 
twenty miles' travel, in the usual road, in going to or returning from 
the seat of government. The President of the S.enate, pro tern, and 
the Speaker of the House of Representatives, each receive double thip 
sum. At the first session of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, however, an 
act was passed, fixing the pay of members at $3,000 per annum, bui 
the rates of mileage were left undisturbed. 



120 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

The most exemplary character, perhaps, that ever adorned any era 
in history, and who received in his life-time the noble appellations of 
" the Founder of a Republic," and " the Father of his Country," was 
born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d day of 
February, 1732. His early instruction was domestic and scanty, bui 
full of good discipline and sound principles ; and as his father died 
when he was only ten years old, he had no subsequent opportunities 
for acquiring a thorough literary or scientific education. However 
a3 his mind was naturally mathematical and philosophical, he prepared 
himself to be useful to his fellow-citizens as a civil engineer ; and 
as the country was wild, and much of it then unsurveyed, he occasion 
ally found agreeable and profitable employment in surveying different 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



121 



parts of bis Dative state. He also directed much of bis attention 
to the science of arms, in the use of which every young man was 
instructed, in order to repel the incursions of the Indians, who were 
often led on by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen he 
was appointed one of the adjutant-generals of Virginia, which gave 
him the rank of major, and soon after he was advanced to a colonelcy 
and sent by Gov. Dinwiddie to the Ohio with despatches to the French 
commander, who was erecting fortifications from Canada to New 
Orleans, in violation of existing treaties. The Governor was so much 
pleased with the faithful discharge of this duty, that he ordered his 
journal, which extended to only eighty days, to be printed ; but, small 
as it was, it afforded evidence of great sagacity, fortitude, and a sound 
judgment, and firmly laid the foundation of his future fame. 

In the spring of 1755, Washington was persuaded to accompany 
General Braddock as an aid, with the rank of colonel, in his disastrous 
expedition against Fort Da Quesne ; and had his advice been fol- 
lowed on that occasion, the result would have been very different. 

Three years afterwards (1758) Washington commanded the Vir- 
ginians in another expedition against the fort, which terminated suc- 
cessfully. At the close of this campaign he left the army, and was 
soon after married to Mrs. Martha Custis, (the widow of Col. Daniel 
Parke Custis.) whose maiden name was Dandridge, and whose intelli- 
gent and patriotic conduct, as wife and widow, will ever be gratefully 
remembered in American annals. 

In 1759 he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued 
to be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals, 
until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental 
Congress. His well-tempered zeal and his military skill, which 
enabled him tc suggest the most proper means for national defence, if 
the country were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes upon him, as 
one well qualified to direct in the hour of peril ; and accordingly, after 
the first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington 
and Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, 
on the 15th of June, 1775, unanimously appointed commander-in-chief 
of the American forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his 
iuture course is too well known to require any elucidation. 

After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened 
to Annapolis, where Congress were then in session, and on the 23d of 
December, 1783, formally resigned his commission. 

In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at 
Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at 
once called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admira- 
ble instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously 
elected the first President of the United States for four years ; at the 
expiration of which, he was unanimously re-elected for a second term. 

On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflam- 
mation in the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated 
his life on the 14 th, in the 681 h year of his age. 

6 



122 



JOHN ADA Ms 




JOHN ADAMS, 

THE SECOND PRESIDENT OE THE UNITED STATES, 

And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was 
born at Braintree, Mass., October 19, 1735. He early displayed 
superior capacity for learning', and graduated at Cambridge college 
vrith proat credit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, 



JOHN ADAMS. 



123 



he was admitted to. practice in 1761, and soon attained that distinction 
to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the 
troubles with Great Britain, in 1769, he was among the most active 
in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first Con- 
tinental Congress, he took a prominent part in all the war measures 
that were then originated ; and subsequently suggested the appoint 
ment of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was 
one of the committee which reported the Declaration of Independence 
in 1776, and the next year visited France as commissioner to form 
a treaty of alliance and commerce with that country. Although the 
object had been accomplished before his arrival, his visit had other- 
wise a favorable effect on the existing position of affairs ; and he was 
afterwards appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Bri- 
tain, which, after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally 
accomplished in 1783. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first 
minister from this country, and on his return was elected first Vice- 
President, in which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, 
elected to succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences 
tended to embarrass his administration, and to render it unpopular ; 
but it is now generally admitted to have been characterized by patriot- 
ism and vigor equal to the emergencies which then existed. His poli- 
tical opponents, however, managed to defeat his re-election, and he was 
succeeded in the presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801 ; after which, 
he retired to his farm at Quincy, where his declining years were passed 
in the gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation, 
and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of friend- 
ship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence (July 4, 1826,) was remarkable, not merely for the event 
which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active 
participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. 
On that day, Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers, 
within about four hours of each other, " cheered by the benediction of 
their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame, and the 
memory of their bright example." 

As has been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in 
the early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with 
France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the com- 
mission of lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the army, 
which he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but 
tbrtunately never found it necessary to take the field. 



124 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON, 

THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born at ShadwcM, Albemarle county, Va., (near Monticello, tho 
seat where he died,) April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and 
Mary's college, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He 
was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy. 
With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law, 
and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished as 
an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



125 



the bar, he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and in 
that body was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business. 
He at once took fire at British oppression ; and in 1774, he employed his 
pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The work 
was admired, and made a text-book by his countrymen. In June, 
1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia. 
In this body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm 
friend to American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the 
committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instru- 
ment is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors with 
few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed ambassador to 
France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill health prevented 
his accepting of this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, 
as Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 
1781, he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783, he was sent to 
France, to join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. 
Franklin. In 1785, he succeeded Dr, Franklin as ambassador, and 
continued performing the duties of that office for two years, when he 
retired, and returned home. In 1789, he was made secretary of state, 
ander Washington, in which situation he was highly distinguished for 
his talents. This station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private 
life. In 1797, he was elected Vice-President of the United States, 
and took his seat as President of the Senate, on the following 4th of 
March. In 1801, he was elected President of the United States, 
which office he held for eight years. After completing his second 
term, he retired to private life, in which he spent his days in philoso- 
phical pursuits, until the 4th of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty 
years after penning the Declaration of Independence. His course was 
one of his own. Never lived there a politician, who did more thac 
Thomas Jeffersor., to bring his fellow-citizens to his own opinions. 



126 



JAMKS MADISON. 




JAMES MADISON, 

TIIK FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

"Was born in Orange county, Ya., March 16, 1751. His studies, 
preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the 
most favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accom- 
plished instructors, and he graduated with hi h honor in 1771. On 



JAMES MADISON. 127 

returning to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the law 
which he subsequently abandoned for political life. 

In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia; and 
from this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in 
office, serving his state and his country in various capacities, from that 
of a state legislator to that of President. 

In 1778, he was elected by the legislature to the executive council 
of the state, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, 
governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council ; 
and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty, 
and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great 
men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental 
Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as 
the journal of that body abundantly testifies. 

In 1784, '5, '6, he was a member of the legislature of Virginia. In 
1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, 
for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the government of the 
United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do 
with the formation of that noble instrument, the " Constitution of the 
United States of America," than Mr. Madison. 

It was during the recess between the proposition of the Constitu- 
tion by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the states, that 
that celebrated work, " The Federalist," made its appearance. This is 
known to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, 
and James Madison. This same year he was elected to Congress, and 
held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the 
things that were. He was a member of the state convention of Vir- 
ginia which met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment 
of the new Congress under the Constitution, he was chosen a member, 
retaining his seat until the close of Washington's administration. 

In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification 
of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately offered 
him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly he 
entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which duties 
he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson's adminis- 
tration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809, he 
succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms. 

Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where he 
passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the 
many and respected by all, until the 28th day of June, 1826, when the 
last survivor of the framers of our Constitution was gathered to his 
fathers, full )f years an d glory. 



128 



JAMKS MONROE 




JAMES MONROE, 

THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a 
civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Va., 
April 28, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary's college, 
whence he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. 
Anxious to aid in the struggle for independence, which had then jnst 
began, he abandoned his studies, and entered the array as a cadet — 
joining a corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distin- 
guished himself in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion 



JAMES MONROE 



129 



followed, until he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem 
Heights and White Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the 
distressing retreat of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the 
glory of the victory over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a 
musket-ball in the shoulder ; notwithstanding which, he valiantly 
•' fought out the fight." He subsequently accepted the post of an aid 
to Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, in which position he saw 
much hard service — being engaged in almost every conflict for the two 
succeeding campaigns, and displaying great courage and coolness at 
the bloody battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 

Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a 
regiment in his native state ; for which purpose he left the army, and 
returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and 
discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise, and 
resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson. 

In 1780 he was elected to the Virginia legislature, and in the 
following year was made one of Governor Jefferson's council, in which 
he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he 
became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three 
years in that body, he was again returned to the state legislature. 

In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the 
adoption of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against 
that instrument ; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity 
Two years afterwards he was elected United States' senator, and in 
1794 he was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to 
the court of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the 
United States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at 
the court of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing 
him in an uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, 
and, in 1810, was once more elected to the Virginia legislature. He 
was soon after chosen governor of that state, in which office be 
remained until Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secre- 
tary of State in his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the 
United States, and in 1821 was unanimously re-elected, with the 
exception of a single vote in New Hampshire. His administration 
was a prosperous and quiet one. 

He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the university of 
Virginia ; and when the convention was formed for the revision of 
the constitution of his state, he was called to preside over its action. 
Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the 
wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York city, where he lived 
until the anniversary of independence in 1831, when, " amidst th 
pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietlj 
and in glory away." 



130 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 




JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 

THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born at Quincy, Mass., July 11, 1767, and received the 
advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard 
college, which was not until the year 1786. After graduating with 
marked credit, he commenced the study of \&w at NTewburyport, in tlu 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 



131 



office of the Hen. Theophilus Parsons, fur many years afterwards 
chief justice of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found 
leisure to write several newspaper essays, which attracted much atten- 
tion, and displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained 
eo early in life. In 1794 Washington appointed him minister to the 
Netherlands, and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was 
afterwards, at different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and Eng- 
land ; and was one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of 
peace with Great Britain at Ghent in 1815. In 1817 he was 
ippointed Secretary of State, in which office he continued during Mr. 
Monroe's administration, eight years; when he was elected by the 
Bouse of Representatives President of the United States — the people 
eaving failed in making a choice. Like his father, he encountered 
strong opposition, and only served one term in this office, being 
defeated in a re-election by General Jackson. He then retired to his 
farm at Quincy, but did not long remain in private life ; for two years 
afterwards, he was chosen representative in Congress, and continued 
to be re-elected until his death, which occurred in the capitol at 
Washington, February 23, 1848. Two days previous to this sad event, 
while engaged in his duties in the House of Representatives, he 
received a paralytic stroke, which apparently deprived him of all con- 
sciousness. He was borne to the Speaker's room, where he received 
every attention that could be bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, 
but all in vain — his hour was come. The last words he was heard to 
utter were, " This is the last of earth !" 

Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A dili- 
gent student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amidst 
all his public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the 
sciences. He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars 
of his time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric aud Belles- 
Letires in Harvard college for several years. Even in his old age, h<s 
often astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and 
rhetorical tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own 
productions. 



132 



ANDREW JACKSON 




ANDREW JACKSON, 

THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THj£ UNITED STATES, 

A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill and 
courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster county, S. 0., in 1767, and 
while yet a mere lad, did something towards achieving the independ- 
ence of his country. It is said that he commenced his military career 
at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken prisoner, 
together with an elder brother. During his captivity, he was ordered 



ANDREW JACKSON 



133 



by a British officer to perform some menial service, which he promptij 



refused, and for this refusal he was 
which the Englishman disgraced." 
commenced practice at Nashville, 
pursuits to " gain a name in arms." 
1812, Congress having voted to 



severely wounded with the sword 
He was educated for the bar, and 
Tenn., but relinquished his legal 

In the early part of the war of 
accept fiftv thousand volunteers, 



General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty- 
five hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Con 
gress, with Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered 
to Natchez, to watch the operations of the British m lower Missis- 
sippi. Not long after, he received orders from head-quarters, to dis- 
band his men, and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, 
would be an act of great injustice tc his command, and reflect disgrace 
on the country, and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up 
his camp, and returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, 
whose wants on the way he relieved with his private means, and there 
disbanded his troops in the midst of their homes. 

He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission 
marked out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here 
for years he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most con- 
summate wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time 
that the treaty of the " Hickory Ground " occurred, which gave him 
the familiar sobriquet of " Old Hickory." 

The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of 
New Orleans ; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in 
American history. 

At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville ; but 
in 1818 was again called on by his country to render his military ser- 
vices in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this 
campaign has been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. 
An attempt in the House of Representatives to inflict a censure 
on the old hero for the irregularities of this campaign, after a long and 
bitter debate, was defeated by a large majority. 

In 1828, and again in 1832, Geueral Jackson was elected to fill the 
presidential .;hair ; thus occupying that elevated position for eight 
successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (" The 
Hermitage") near Nashville, " loaded with wealth and honors, bravely 
won," where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are insep- 
arable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those higher 
rewards, which " earth can neither give nor take away." He died 
Jure 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance oa 
the Saviour of the world for salvation. 



134 



MARTIN VAN BUREN. 




MARTIN VAN BUREN, 

THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF TnE UNITED STATES, 

Was born in the flourishing town of Kinderhook, New York, Sep- 
tember 5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then 
be obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having suffi- 
ciently prepared himself for the study of law, he enterod the office of 
Francis Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about sis 



MARTIN VAN BUREN. 



135 



years. But law did not engross his whole time : he found leisure 
occasionally to peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally 
arrired at the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were 
at least equal in the arena of politics to anything he might accomplish 
by a strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with thia 
idea, lie early set about cultivating what little popularity could be 
gained in his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of his 
neighbors and friends as to be appointed, while yet in his tiens, a 
delegate to a convention in his native county, in which important 
political measures were to be acted upon. 

In 1808 he was appointed surrogate of Columbia county, the first 
public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to 
the state senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of 
the Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters. 

In 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he 
held his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only 
for his close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the 
great principles of the democratic party. 

In 1828 he was elected Governor of his native state, and entered 
upon the duties of that office on the first of January, 1829 ; but 
he filled the gubernatorial chair for only a few weeks. In March fol- 
lowing, when General Jackson was elevated to the Presidency, he 
tendered Mr. Van Buren the post of Secretary of State, which was 
accepted. At the expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the 
Cabinet, and was immediately appointed minister to England ; but 
when his nomination was submitted to the Senate, (June 25, 1831,) it 
was rejected by the casting vote of the Vice-President, (Mr. Calhoun,) 
and of course he was recalled. As his friends attributed his rejection 
entirely to personal and political rancor, it only served to raise Mr. 
Van Buren in the estimation of his political adherents ; and the result 
was, that in May following he was nominated with great unanimity 
for the Vice-Presidency by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore. 
His triumphant election was regarded not merely as a high compli- 
ment to himself, but as a wholesome rebuke to his opponents. 

In 1836 he was put in nomination for the chief magistracy, to 
which he was elected by a large majority over General Harrison ; but 
at the next Presidential election, the tables were turned, and he only 
received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four. 

After his defeat, he returned to Kinderhook, where he remained 
gome time, and then visited Europe, with one of his sons, whose resto- 
ration to health was the principal object of his journey. 

Soon after his return, in 1848, he accepted the nomination of 
the Free Soil Party for the Presidency, but though he had a 
respectable popular vote, he was not in a majority in any State, 
and hence did not receive a single electoral vote. 

From this time onward he remained in retirement, enjoying 
the companionship of his friends and his books, and writing out 
a history of the political parties of the times which was pub- 
lished after his death. He died July 24, 1862, at the age of 
80 years. 



136 



WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, 

THE NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Was born in Charles City county, Va., February 9, 1773, and was 
educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sydney college. He 
graduated at a time when our north-western frontier was suffering 



WILLIAM HENRY ELARRTS0N. 



137 



much frora the neighboring Indians ; and believing- that he could be 
of greater service in repelling the savage invaders than in pursuing his 
studies, he accepted an ensign's commission from President Washing 
ton, and joined the army. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1792, 
and his skill and bravery were highly commended by General "Wayne, 
under whose command he was engaged in several actions. After the 
bloody battle of Miami Rapids, he was rewarded with the rank of 
captain, and immediately placed in command of Fort Washington. In 
1797 he resigned his commission, for the purpose of accepting the 
office of secretary of the North-west Territory, from which he was 
elected a delegate to Congress in 1799. 

When a territorial government was formed for Indiana, he was 
appointed the first governor, and continued in that office till 1813. 
To his civil and military duties he added those of commissioner and 
superintendent of Indian affairs ; and, in the course of his administra- 
tion, he concluded thirteen important treaties with the different tribes. 
On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained the celebrated battle of 
Tippecanoe, the news of which was received throughout the country 
with a burst of enthusiasm. During the war of 1812 he was made 
commander of the north-western army of the United States, and he 
bore a conspicuous part in the leading events in the campaign of 
1812-13, the defence of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. 
In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions in 
arms, Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians in 
the north-west, at Greenville ; and, in the following year, he was 
placed at the head of a commission to treat with various other 
important tribes. 

In 1816, he was elected a member of Congress from Ohio ; and, in 
1828, he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colom- 
bia. On his return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the 
Ohio, where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till 
1837, when he became a candidate for the Presidency ; and although 
defeated on the first trial, four years afterwards he was elected by a 
large majority, and inaugurated in 1841. But he did not long survive 
this crowning honor, as he died on the 4th of April, just one month 
after entering upon his duties. His funeral obsequies were performed 
on the 7th, and an immense concourse assembled to pay their testi- 
mony of respect. Funeral services and processions also took place in 
most of the principal cities throughout the country. As Genera] 
Harrison was the first President who died while in office, his successor 
Mr. Tyler, recommended that the 14th of May be observed as a day 
of fasting and prayer v an a?eo?xtingly it was so observed. 



138 



JOHN TYLER. 




JOHN TYLER, 

THE SUCCESSOR OF GEN. HARRISON AS PRESIDENT, 

Was bora at Williamsburg, Va., March 29, 1790, and at the age 
of twelve years entered William and Mary's college, where he gradu- 
ated with distinguished merit five years afterwards. Few have com- 
menced life at so early a period as Mr. Tyler — he having been admit- 
ted to the bar when only nineteen, and elected to the Virginia legisla- 
ture before attaining his twenty-second year. In 1816 he was sent to 
Congress ; in 1825, elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1827 became 
United States senator ; in which capacity he firmly supported tbe 
administration of General Jackson — voting against the tariff bill of 
1828, and against re-chartering the United States Bank. Notwith 



JOHN TYLER 



139 



standing this last vote, the friends of the bank, presuming upon hia 
well-known conservatism, at the special session of Congress called by 
his predecessor, introduced a bill for the establishment of the " Fiscal 
Bank of the United States," which passed both houses by small 
majorities, and which Mr. Tyler felt bound to veto. But this did not 
dishearten the friends of the measure, who modified and rechristened 
their financial plan, which, under the name of "Fiscal Corporation of 
the United States," again passed both houses of Congress, and wa3 
again vetoed by the President. Of course, a large portion of the 
party that elected him were greatly dissatisfied with his course, and 
their denunciations of his alleged faithlessness were " loud and deep." 
To add to the embarrassments which were accumulating around him, 
the members of his Cabinet, with the exception of Mr. Webster, 
resigned their places ; but even this implied rebuke did not shake his 
integrity of purpose. An equally efficient phalanx of talent was called 
to his aid, and he had the satisfaction of seeing that his views were 
endorsed by a large number of leading statesmen. It has been often 
asserted that Mr. T. had pledged himself to sustain the financial 
schemes of the bank and its friends ; but this has always been denied, 
and circumstances certainly warrant the conclusion that the assertion 
is unfounded. So gross and bitter were the assaults made upon him, 
that he felt called upon to defend himself from their violence ; and, 
after declaring his determination to do his duty, regardless of party 
ties, he said : " I appeal from the vituperation of the present day to 
the pen of impartial History, in confidence that neither my motives 
nor my acts will bear the interpretation which, for sinister motives, 
has been placed upon them." On the expiration of his official term, 
he retired to his estate at Williamsburg, where he still continues to 
reside, secure in the respect of a large circle of friends, and far aloof 
from the troublous vortex of political life. 

In the winter of 1860-61, Mr. Tyler took an active part in the 
calling and organization of the Peace Congress which met in 
Washington in February, 1861, and of which he was the presid- 
ing officer. Its recommendations not being accepted by Con- 
gress, he soon after avowed his sympathy with the Rebellion, 
but owing to his age took no active part in it, and died in Vir- 
ginia in 1862. 



140 



JAMES KNOX POLK 




JAMES KNOX POLK, 

THE TENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, November 2, 1795, and there 
received the rudiments of his early education. In 1806 his father 
removed to Nashville, Tenn., taking his family with him, and here it 
was that Mr. Polk pursued those preliminary studies which were 
requisite to qualify him for the legal profession. After due prepara- 
tion, he entered the office of the Hon. Felix Grundy, under whose able 
instruction he made such rapid progress, that he was admitted to 
practice in 1820. His duties at the bar did not prevent him from 
taking part in the political affairs of the day ; and in this sphere his 



JAMES KNOX POLK. 



141 



comprehensive views and zealous devotion to democracy soon secured 
him a widely-extended popularity, which resulted in his election to the 
legislature of Tennessee in 1823. In 1825, while yet in his thirtieth 
year, he was chosen a member of Congress, in which body he remained 
fourteen years — being honored with the Speakership for several 
sessions. So well satisfied were his constituents with his congres- 
sional course, that he was elected Governor by a large majority, but 
some questious of local policy subsequently defeated his re-election. 
i- In 1844 he was unexpectedly nominated for the office of President 
of the United States by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore 
and, having received sixty-five electoral votes more than his rival can- 
didate, Mr. Clay, he was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. 

Soon after Mr. Polk assumed the reins of government, the country 
became involved in a war with Mexico, which was little mare than 
a series of victories wherever the American banner was displayed, and 
which resulted in important territorial acquisitions. The ostensible 
ground for this war, on the part of Mexico, was the admission of Texas 
into the Union, which was one of the first acts of Mr. Polk's adminis- 
tration. The Mexicans, however, paid dearly for asserting their 
frivolous claims to Texas as a revolted province, and the prompt and 
energetic course pursued by Mr. Polk was sanctioned and sustained 
by a large majority of the people. 

But notwithstanding the advantageous issue of the war, the acquisi- 
tion of Texas, and the satisfactory settlement of several vexed ques- 
tions of long standing, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second 
term — various extraneous matters leading to the selection of another 
candidate. Perhap? it was fortunate for the country and for himself 
that he war permitted to retire to the more congenial enjoyment of 
private life ; for his health had become very much impaired, and he 
did not long survive after reaching his home in Nashville* He died 
June 15, 1849. 



142 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 




Z A CHARY TAYLOR, 

THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

Was born in Orange county, Va., November 24, 1790, and, after 
receiving an indifferent education, passed a considerable portion of his 
boyhood amid the stirring scenes which were being enacted at that 
time on our western border. In 1808 he was appointed a lieutenant 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



143 



in the United States infantry, and subsequently was promoted to a 
captaincy for his efficient services against the Indians. Soon after 
the declaration of war in 1812 he was placed in command of Fort 
Harrison, which he so gallantly defended with a handful of men 
against the attack of a large body of savages, as to win 1he brevet 
rank of major. So familiar did he become with the Indian character, 
and with the mode of warfare of that wily foe, that his services at the 
West and South were deemed indispensable in the subjugation and 
removal of several hostile tribes. While effecting these desirable 
objects, he was occasionally rewarded for his toils and sacrifices by 
gradual promotion, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. 
At the commencement of the troubles with Mexico, in 1845, he was 
ordered to occupy a position on the American side of the Rio Grande 
but not to cross that river unless attacked by the Mexicans. He was 
not, however, allowed to remain long in repose : the enemy, by attack- 
ing Fort Brown, which he had built on the Rio Grande, opposite 
Matamoras, soon afforded him an opportunity to display his skill and 
valor, and gloriously did he improve it. The brilliant battles of Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palma, where he contended successfully against 
fearful odds, were precursors to a series of victories which have few 
parallels in military annals. The attack on Matamoras, the storming 
of Monterey, the sanguinary contest at Buena Yista, and the numerous 
skirmishes in which he was engaged, excited universal admiration ; 
and on his return home, after so signally aiding to " conquer a peace" 
with Mexico, he was everywhere received with the most gratifying 
demonstrations of respect and affection. In 1848 General Taylor 
received the nomination of the whig party for the office of President 
of the United States, and, being elected, was inaugurated the year fol- 



lowing 



But the cares and responsibilities of this position were 



greater than his constitution could endure, hardened as it had been 
both in Indian and civilized warfare. After the lapse of little more 
than a year from the time he entered upon his new career, he sunk 
under its complicated trials, and his noble spirit sought refuge in a 
more congenial sphere, July 9, 1850. 



144 



MILLARD FILLMORE. 




MILLARD FILLMORE, 

THE SUCCESSOR OF GEN. TAYLOR, AS PRESIDENT, 

Was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga county, N.Y., January 7, 
1800, and did not enjoy the advantages of any other education than 
what he derived from the then inefficient common schools of the 
county. At an early age he was sent into the wilds of Livingston 
county to learn a trade, and here he soon attracted the attention of a 
friend, who placed him in a lawyer's office — thus opening a new, and 
what was destined to be a most honorable and distinguished career. 
In 1827 he was admitted as an attorney, and two years afterwards as 
counsellor in the Supreme Court Soon attracting attention, he 



MILLARD FILLMORE. 



145 



established himself at Buffalo, where his talents and business habits 
secured him an extended practice. 

His first entrance into public life was in January, 1829, when he 
took his eeat as a member of the Assembly from Erie county. At 
this time he distinguished himself for his untiring opposition to 
imprisonment for debt, and to this are the people indebted in a great 
degree for the expungiug of this relic of barbarism from the statute 
book. Having gained a high reputation for legislative capacity, in 
1 833 he was elected a member of the national House of Kepresenta 
lives : aud on the assembling of the Twenty-seventh Congress, to 
which he was re-elected by a larger majority than was ever given 
to any person in his district, he was placed in the arduous position of 
Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. The measures he 
brought forward and sustained with matchless ability, speedily relieved 
the government from its existing pecuniary embarrassments. In 1847 
he was elected Comptroller of the state of New York by a larger 
majority than had been given to any state office for many years. In 
1848 he was selected as caudidate for' Vice- President, General Taylor 
heading the ticket. On his election to that high office, he resigned his 
position as Comptroller, and entered upon his duties as President of 
the Uuited States Senate. The courtesy, ability, and dignity exhib- 
ited by him, while presiding over the deliberations of that body, 
received general commendation. Upon the sudden death of General 
Taylor, he became President, and promptly selected a cabinet, distin- 
guished for Hs ability, patriotism, and devotion to the Union, and 
possessing in an eminent degree the confidence of the country. 

After serving out the constitutional term, Mr. Fillmore returned to 
Buffalo, and again resumed those pursuits which had prepared the 
way to the elevated position from which he had just retired. He was 
welcomed home by troops of friends, with whom he still continues to 
enjoy an unabated popularity. 

It should be borne in mind by every aspiring young man, that Mr. 
Fillmore h entirely indebted to his own exertions for his success in 
life. From a very humble origin, he attained the highest office in the 
world, climbing the rugged steep of fame step by step, with indefati- 
gable industry and untiring perseverance, until he at length gained 
the summit, where he is long likely to enjoy his well-earned position. 



146 



FRANKLIN PIERCE. 




FRANKLIN PIERCE, 

THE TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

"Was born at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804, and early 
received the advantage of a liberal education. After going through a 
regular collegiate course at Bowdoin college, which he entered at the 
age of sixteen, he became a law student in the office of Judge Wood- 
bury at Portsmouth, whence he was transferred to the law school at 



FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



147 



Northampton, where he remained two years, and then finished hia 
studies with Judge Parker at Amherst. Although his rise at the bar 
was not rapid, by degrees he attained the highest rank as a lawyer 
and advocate. 

In 1829 he was elected to represent his native town in the state 
legislature, where he served four years, during the two last of which ho 
held the speakership, and discharged the duties with universal satis- 
faction. 

From 1833 to 1837 he represented his state in Congress, and was 
then elected to the United States Senate, having barely reached 
the requisite age to qualify him for a seat in that body. 

In 1834 he married Miss Jane Means, daughter of the Rev. Di 
Appleton, formerly President of Bowdoin college — soon after which 
he removed to Concord, where he still holds a residence. He was 
re-elected at the expiration of his senatorial term, but resigned his seat 
the year following, for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively 
to his legal business, which had become so extensive as to require 
all his attention. 

In 1846 he declined the office of Attorney-General, tendered to him 
by President Polk ; but when the war with Mexico broke out, he wag 
active in raising the New England regiment of volunteers ; and after, 
wards accepted the commission of brigadier-general, with which he at 
once repaired to the field of operations, where he distinguished himself 
in several hard-fought battles. At Cerro-G-ordo and at Chapultapec 
he displayed an ardor in his country's cause which extorted praise 
from his most inveterate political opponents ; and on his return home 
he was everywhere received with gratifying evidences that his services 
were held in grateful remembrance by the people. 

At the Democratic Convention held in Baltimore in 1852, after 
trying in vain to concentrate their votes on a more prominent candi- 
date, that body unexpectedly nominated General Pierce for the office 
of President of the United States, to which he was elected by an 
unprecedented majority over his rival, General Scott — receiving 254 
votes out of 296. He was duly inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1853 r and at the expiration of his term, 4tb of March, 1857, he re- 
turned to his home in New Hampshire, and has since remained 
in private life. 



148 



JAMJiS BUCHANAN. 




JAMES BU CHAN AN, 

THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

For the high position he has so long maintained in the political 
affairs of this country, Mr. Buchanan is not alone indebted to his early 
and thorough education, but his entire devotion to whatever he under- 
takes, and his perseverance in surmounting obstacles which would 



JAMES BUCHANAN 



149 



intimidate less determined minds, has had a large share in promoting 
his advancement. He is of Irish parentage, and was born at Stony 
Batter, Franklin county, Pa., April 23, 1791. At the age of seven 
years he removed with his father's family to Mercersburg, and there 
received an education that fitted him for entering Dickinson college in 
1805, where he graduated two years afterwards with the highest 
honors. He then studied law with James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and 
in 1812 was admitted to the bar, at which he attained a high rank 
and commanded an extensive practice. 

In 1814 he commenced political life as a member of the Pennsyl- 
vania state legislature, and in 1820 was sent as representative to Con- 
gress, where he remained for ten years — at the expiration of which, he 
declined a re-nomination. 

In 1831 he was appointed minister to Russia by President Jack- 
son, of whom he was always the consistent frieud and supporter, and 
he negotiated a commercial treaty which proved of great advantage to 
American commerce. 

In December, 1834, having been elected to the United States 
'Senate, he took his seat in that body, and continued one of its most 
efficient members until 1845, when he accepted the office of Secretary 
of State under Mr. Polk. He held this responsible place until the 
expiration of Mr. Polk's term of service, when he returned home 
to repose awhile. But he did not by any means become an idle spec- 
tator in passing events : his letters and speeches show that he was no 
less vigilant as a private citizen, than as a counsellor in the Cabinet, 
or a representative and senator in Congress. 

On the accession of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency, in 1853, Mr 
Buchanan was appointed minister to England, with which country 
questions were then pending that required great prudence and dis- 
crimination for their satisfactory adjustment. In his intercourse with 
the British diplomatists he was uot only discreet, but displayed sound 
sense, courtly forbearance, a just assertion of our rights, and the true 
dignity of the American character. So entirely unexceptionable was 
his whole course while abroad, that on his return to this country last 
April — he landed in New York on the sixty-fifth anniversary of his 
t>irth-day — he was received with an almost universal enthusiasm, 
seldom accorded to political men. 

In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic 
Convention at Cincinnati as a candidate for the Presidency ; and 
although there were powerful political elements arrayed against him 
in the succeeding campaign, he was triumphantly elected to thai 
responsible and honorable office. 

Mr. Buchanan's administration was an eventful one; the settlement of the 
Kansas difficulties occurred in it, and the last eight or nine months of it were 
months of preparation for the coming civil war, on the part of the South. In 
December, 1860, occurred the secession of the first of the Southern States. Others 
followed, and while payment of customs was refused, the United States flag dis- 
honored, government property seized, and the crisis was fast approaching, Mr. 
Buchanan held that he had no power to coerce a State even if in rebellion. 

After the close of his administration, Mr. Buchanan returned to his home at 
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Penn., where his remaining years were spent in quiet 
retirement. In 1865 he published a defence of his course as President, with the 
title " Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion." He died at 
Wheatland, June 1, 1S68. 



150 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 

FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1809. 
The record of his boyhood and youth, so far as we have been 
able to trace it, is not distinguished by anything more remarka- 
ble than the usual experience of children of pioneers in a new 
country. In 1816 he removed with his parents to what is now 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 151 

Spencer County, Indiana. Here he enjoyed the advantages of a 
little schooling — less than a year, however, in all. Whatever 
3lse he afterward learned from books was without the aid of the 
schoolmaster — the result of his own energy and indomitable per- 
severence. 

In 1832 he served in the Blackhawk war, and on his return 
from that service, was nominated for the Illinois Legislature from 
the County of Macon. In 1834 he was elected to the Legisla- 
ture, and re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840. While in the Legis- 
lature he placed himself on record, regarding the questions that 
have since continued to excite the political world, and it is but 
just to say that the principles which actuated him then are the 
moving principles of the great party he to-day represents, as the 
Executive of the Nation. 

For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the 
Whig party in Illinois, and was on the electoral ticket in several 
Presidential campaigns. In 1844 he canvassed the entire State 
for Henry Clay, of whom he was a sincere and enthusiastic 
friend, and exerted himself powerfully for the favorite of his 
party, In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and took his seat on 
the first Monday in December, 1847, the only Whig representa- 
tive from his State. 

Mr. Lincoln has not been in public life as much as most of his 
predecessors, but his public acts are in strict accordance with 
his professions, and he has never disappointed his constituents. 

In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United 
States by the party known as Republicans, and took his seat on 
the 4th of March, 1861. 

Soon after his inauguration the rebellion, which had been 
threatening for some months, commenced with the attack of the 
Southern forces on Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, and its sur- 
render after three days siege. On the 15th of April, 1861, Presi- 
dent Lincoln issued his first call for seventy-five thousand men 
for the defence of the Government and the restoration of the au- 
thority of the Republic in the States in insurrection. This was 
followed by other calls for troops, and during his first adminis- 
tration an army numbering in all nearly two millions of men was 
brought into the field by successive levies, and over three thou- 
sand millions of dollars expended in the maintenance of the 
Government, the conducting of the war and the suppression of 
the rebellion. 

In the summer of 1864 Mr. Lincoln was again nominated by 
the Republican party for the Presidency, and at the instance of 
the border State men, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, at that 
time military governor of that State (then in insurrection) was 
substituted for Mr. Hamlin as candidate for Vice-President. 
The Presidential contest was more than usually fierce and ex- 
citing, but on the 8th of November Messrs. Lincoln and Johnson 
were elected as President and Vice-President. 



152 ABRAHAM LINCOLN". 

They were inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1865. The rebel- 
lion, which had been waning for some months, was virtually 
brought to a close by the surrender on the 9th of April, 1865, of 
General Lee and the Confederate army of Northern Virginia at 
Appomattox Court House. 

On the evening of April 14th, 1865, President Lincoln was 
shot in Ford's theatre, Washington, by an assassin named John 
Wilkes Booth, and died on the morning of the 15th of April. 

On the 15th of April, 1865, by the death of Mr. Lincoln, An- 
drew Johnson, the Vice-President of the United States, succeeded 
to the Presidency and took the oath of office. 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 



153 




ANDKEW JOHNSON, 



SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES. 



Was born in Kaleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808. 
When ten years of age he was apprenticed to a tailor, and worked 
at that business, in South Carolina, until his seventeenth year ; 
he never attended school, but acquired a good common educa- 
tion by studying alone. Having removed to Greenville, Tennes- 
see, he was chosen mayor of that place in 1830; was elected to 
the State Legislature in 1835 ; to the State Senate in 1841 ; and 
was a Representative in Congress from Tennessee from 1843 to 



154 ANDEEW JOHNSON, 

1853. During the latter year he was elected Governor of Tennes- 
see, and re-elected in 1855. He was chosen United States Senator 
in 1857, for the term ending in 1863, and served on the commit- 
tees on Public Lands and on the District of Columbia. He was 
a Democrat in politics, and in the Presidential election of 1860 
supported Breckinridge and Lane. But at the outbreak of the 
rebellion he avowed himself in favor of the Union and supported 
the measures of the administration. In 1862, he was appointed 
by President Lincoln, Military Governor of Tennessee; and, as 
already stated, was nominated by the Republican National Con- 
vention in session at Baltimore for the Vice-Presidency, and 
duly elected. A variety of editions of his life and speeches have 
been published. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni- 
versity of North Carolina in 1868. 

On his accession to the Presidency, in consequence of the as- 
sassination of Mr. Lincoln, the war was substantially closed, and 
the work of restoration and reconstruction, and the reduction of 
the great military and naval force then employed were the prob- 
lems of his administration. His views on these subjects have 
not coincided with those of the majority in Congress, and his 
administration has been for a part of its duration a stormy one. 
In February, 1868, articles of impeachment against him passed 
the House of Representatives by a large majority, and were pre- 
sented to the Senate. That body, after due deliberation, resolved 
itself into a High Court of Impeachment, and tried the President 
on these articles. The trial was protracted, and in May, 1868, 
the votes of the Court were taken on three of the eleven articles, 
and resulted in an affirmative vote of thirty-five Senators, and a 
negative of nineteen. As two-thirds were required to convict, 
he w T as acquitted on these, and the vote on the remainder indefi- 
nitely postponed. 



STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



155 



STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES- 



The UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, with its Territo- 
ries, extends from the Atlantic west to the Pacific Ocean, occu- 
pying the middle division of North America; being bounded on 
the north by the British Possessions, and on the south by the 
Gulf of Mexico and the Repul-lic of Mexico. It lies between 
25° and 49° of north latitude, and between 66° 59' and 125° west 
longitude from Greenwich ; or between 10° V east and 48° west 
longitude from Washington City. Its greatest length from east 
to west is estimated at 3,000 miles, and its greatest breadth from 
north to south 1,700 miles ; containing an estimated area of 
3,250,000 square miles. It has a frontier line of about 10,000 
miles, of which 3,500 miles is along the Atlantic coast and Gulf 
of Mexico, and 1,620 miles on the Pacific Ocean and Straits of 
Juan de Fuca. Its surface embraces about one third of North 
America, including the West India Islands, being about one- 
twentieth of the land of the whole earth. It was first discov- 
ered to the inhabitants of the Old World by John Cabot, a.d, 
1497, being five years after the landing of Columbus at St. 
Salvador. 

The first permanent English settlement in the United States 
was at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607,* which continued an Eng- 
lish colony till the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 
After a war of seven years' duration, peace was made, and inde- 
pendence acknowledged by treaty with England in 1783. 

The articles of confederation were adopted in 1777. The 
23 resent United States Constitution, framed in 1787, went into 
operation March 1st, 1789, after being approved of by the thir- 
teen original States of the Union. Louisiana, comprising the 
States and Territories now belonging to the United States west 
of the Mississippi, was purchased from France in 1803, and 
Florida from Spain in 1819. Texas was admitted into the Union 
by "Joint Resolutions" of Congress, passed March 1, 1845. 
New Mexico and Upper California, including Utah, were ac- 
quired by treaty with Mexico, ratified in 1848. Arizona was 
acquired by treaty with Mexico, ratified in June, 1854. 

In the District of Columbia, originally formed by cessions 
from Maryland and Virginia,! is situated Washington City, the 
United States seat of Government, being first occupied in "i800. 
The District and Capital are exclusively under the jurisdiction 
of the Federal Government. 

The slave trade was prohibited by act of Congress after Janu- 
ary 1, 1808. In 1818, Congress declared the traffic to be piracy. 

* St Augustine, Florida, was settled in 1565 by the Spaniards, 
t The Virginia part, constituting the County of Alexandria, has been re- 
annexed to the above State. 



156 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Slavery was abolished in the D. of Columbia in 1862 by act of 
Congress ; in the U. S., by Proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863. 

Maine, Vermont, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, 
Texas, and fourteen Territorial Governments have been organized 
and converted into States since the Revolution, making in all (in 
1867) thirty-seven States,* together with nine organized Ter- 
ritories. 

Alaska, or Northwestern America, ceded to the United 
States by the Emperor of Russia, in consideration of $7,200,000, 
was taken possession of Oct. 18, 1867. It contains an estimated 
area of 400,000 sq. mis.- Pop. about 75,000. Capital, New 
Archangel. 

STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

The State Governments are very similar to the Federal 
Government in their organization, being each composed of an 
executive, legislative, and judicial department. 

Maine.— Settled in 1625 by English ; belonged to Massachu- 
setts till 1820, when it was admitted into the Union as a State ; 
The elective franchise rests on a residence in the State of three 
months next preceding any election, for any citizen of the 
United States, except paupers and persons under guardianship. 

New Hampshire. — Settled in 1023 by English ; acceded to 
the Union, June, 1788, being one of the original thirteen States. 
Every male citizen of 21 years of age, except paupers, has the 
right to vote. 

Yermont. — Settled in 1763 by English chiefly from Connecti- 
cut, under grants from New Hampshire ; admitted into the 
Union in 1791 ; One year's residence gives the right to vote to 
any citizen of the United States who will take an oath of 
allegiance. 

Massachusetts.— Settled in 1620 by English Puritans, who 
landed at Plymouth; acceded to the Union in February, 1788. 
One year's ivsidence in the State, and payment of a State or 
county tax, gives the right to vote to every male citizen of 21 
years and upward, excepting paupers and persons under guard- 
ianship. 

Rhode Island.— Settled in 1631 by English from Massachusetts ; 
acceded to the Union in May, 1790. Qualification— a freehold 
possession of $13 or, if in reversion, renting for $7, together with 
a year's residence in the State and six months in the town ; or, if 
no freehold, then ; two years' residence in the State and six mon'hs 
in the town, and payment of a dollar of tax, or militia service 
instead. 

* West Vir;p'nia was organized by act of Congress, approved December 21, 
1802. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



157 



Connecticut. — Settled in 1633 by English from Massachusetts ; 
acceded to the Union in January, 1788 ; residence for six months, 
or militia duty for a year, or payment of State tax, or a freehold 
of the yearly value of $7, gives the right to vote. 

New York. — Settled in 1613 by Dutch ; submitted to the En- 
glish in 1664 ; retaken by the Dutch in 1673 ; restored to the 
English in 1674; acceded to the Union in July, 1788 ; being the 
most populous, wealthy, and commercial State of the Union. 
One year's residence in the State and six months in the county 
gives the right to vote ; but every man of color must have a 
residence of three years, and have owned and paid taxes on a 
freehold assessed at $250 for a year. 

New Jersey. — Settled in 1627 by Swedes; conquered by the 
Dutch in 1655; submitted to the English in 1664 ; acceded to 
the Union in December, 1787; One year's residence in the State 
gives the right to vote, except to paupers, etc. 

Pennsylvania. — Settled in 1682 by English ; acceded to the 
Union in December, 1787 ; one year's residence in the State and 
ten days in the election district, and payment of a State or 
county tax, assessed ten days prior to an election gives the right 
to vote, except that- citizens between 21 and 22 years of age need 
not have paid a tax. 

Deleware. — Settled in 1627 by Swedes; granted to William 
Penn in 1682; separated in 1703; acceded to the Union in 
December, 1787; Qualification of voters same as in Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Maryland. — Settled in 1634 by English; acceded to the 
Union* in April, 1788. One year's residence in the State and 
six months in the county gives the right to vote to every white 
male citizen. 

West Yirg-inia. — This new State, detached from the old State 
of Virginia by popular will, was admitted into the Union by 
act of Congress, approved December 31, 1862, "upon the condi- 
tion that certain changes should be duly made in the proposed 
constitution for that State," which changes being approved by 
popular vote of the people, the President of the United States, 
by proclamation, dated the 20th April, 1863, in pursuance of 
the act of Congress aforesaid, declared and proclaimed that the 
said act shall take effect and be in force on the 20th day of 
June, 1863. An election for State officers was held on Thursday, 
May 28th, and on the" 20th June following the Governor and 
State officers were duly inaugurated. The new State comprises 
forty-eight counties, lying west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
It is rich in iron, coal, salt-springs, etc., and has a large amount 
of fertile and arable lands lying on the east bank of the Ohio 
River and in the valleys of the Alleghany Mountains, together 



158 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

with a mild and salubrious climate, well adapted to free white 
labor. 

Virginia.* — Settled in 1607 by English, being one of the 
most important of the thirteen original States ; acceded to the 
Union in June, 1788. A freehold in possession, or in the occu- 
pancy of only a tenant-at-will or sufferance, worth $25 ; or the 
reversion of a freehold, to vest on the termination of a life 
estate, and worth $50 ; or a leasehold of the yearly value of $20 
for a term of not less than five years ; or the payment of State 
tax within the year by a housekeeper who is the head of a 
family, and has a year's residence, gives the right of voting to 
every citizen, except paupers, felons, and persons in the army 
and navy not having commissions. 

North Carolina.* — Settled in 1650 by English; acceded to 
the Union November 21, 1789. Every freeman of the age of 21 
years and upward who has resided one year in any county with- 
in the State, may vote for a member of the House of Commons, 
but must own fifty acres of land to vote for a senator. 

South Carolina.* — Settled in 1689 by English ; acceded to 
the Union May 23, 1788. Voters, residents of the State two 
years, who have paid a State tax, and resided six months in the 
district where voting. 

Georgia.* — Settled in 1733 by English ; acceded to the Union 
January 2, 1788. Voters, citizens of the State and six months 
resident of the county where voting, and have paid taxes the 
year preceding the election. 

Florida.* (East and West). — Settled early by the Spaniards, 
being more than 200 years under Spain; was ceded to the 
United States in 1819 ; it was admitted into the Union March 3, 
1845. This State is tropical in its climate and products. 

Alabama.* — Settled in 1713 by French; admitted into the 
Union in 1819, and is the chief cotton-growing State of the 
country. Voters, white male citizens of the United States, one 
year resident of the State, and three months in the county 
where they shall offer to vote. 

Mississippi.* — Settled in 1716, by French ; admitted into the 
Union in 1817. Voters, citizens of the United States, one year 
resident in the State, and in the county four months, and have 
done military duty, or paid taxes. 

Louisiana.* — Settled in 1699, by French; purchased of 
France in 1803; admitted into the Union in 1812. This is the 
greatest sugar-producing region of the country. Voters to re- 
side two years in the State and one in the parish where they 
offer to vote. 

Texas.* — Early settled by Spaniards, and more recently by 
emigrants from the United States ; formed a part of the Repub- 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



159 



lie of Mexico until 1838, when it declared its independence, and 
existed as a separate government until 1845, when it was admit- 
ted into the Union by " Joint Resolutions for annexing Texas 
with the United States." Every free white male, 21 years old, a 
citizen of the United States or Texas, who has resided in the 
State one year, and six months in the district where he offers to 
vote, shall have the right of suffrage. According to the late 
act of Congress, "the boundary of Texas on the north shall 
commence at the point at which the meridian of 100° west from 
Greenwich is intersected by the parallel of 36° 30' north, and 
shall run from said point due west to the meridian of 103° west 
from Greenwich, thence her boundary shall run due south to 
the 32° north latitude ; thence, on the said parallel of 32° north, 
to the Rio Bravo del Norte, and thence with the channel of said 
river to the Gulf of Mexico." 

Arkansas.* — Settled by French emigrants from Louisiana; 
admitted into the Union in 1836. Voters, citizens of the United 
States and resident in the State for six months, are entitled to 
vote in the county or district where they reside. Slavery abol- 
ished March, 1864. 

Tennessee.* — Settled in 1765, by emigrants from North Caro- 
lina and Virginia; admitted into the Union in 1796. Voters, 
citizens of the United States, and six months resident in the 
county where voting. Slavery abolished March, 1864. 

Kentucky. — Settled in 1775, by Virginians ; admitted into 
the Union in 1792. Voters, two years resident in the State, and 
in the county where offering to vote, one year preceding the 
election. 

Ohio. — Settled in 1788, by emigrants from Virginia and New 
England, being formed out of the Northwestern Territory ceded 
to the United States by Virginia ; admitted into the Union 
1802. Voters, one year resident in the State preceding the elec- 
tion, having paid or been charged with State or county tax. 

Indiana. — Settled in 1730, by French ; admitted into the 
Union in 1816. Voters, one year resident of the State preceding 
the election, entitled to vote in county of residence. 

Illinois. — Settled in 1740, by French; admitted into the 
Union in 1718, having rapidly increased in wealth and popula- 
tion. Voters, all white male inhabitants resident in the State 
six months but can only vote in the county where actually re- 
siding. 

Missouri. — Settled in 1763, by French; admitted into the 
Union in 1821. Voters, citizens of the United States, one year 

* The States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Tennessee seceded 
from the Union by resolution of their respective conventions during the years 
1860 and '61. Rebellion ceased, April, 1865. 



160 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

resident in the State next preceding the election, and three 
months in the county. Slavery abolished in 1864. 

Michigan. — Settled in 1670, by French ; admitted into the 
Union in 1837. Voters, all white male citizens 21 years of age, 
and resident in the State six months preceding election. Area 
56,243 square miles, including the Upper Peninsula, bounded 
by Lakes Michigan and Superior, where are extensive mines of 
copper and iron. 

Iowa. — Settled by emigrants chiefly from the Northern and 
Eastern States ; was formed into a territorial government by act 
of Congress in June, 1838, and admitted into the Union in De- 
cember, 1846. Every white male citizen of the United States 
21 years old, having resided in the State six months, and in the 
county where he claims to vote, twenty days, shall have the 
right of suffrage. 

Wisconsin. — First settled by emigrants chiefly from the 
Northern and Eastern States, since largely augmented by emi- 
grants from Europe ; it was formed into a territorial govern- 
ment in 1836, and admitted into the Union in 1848. All males, 
21 years old, residents of the State for one year next before the 
election, who are white citizens of the United States, or white 
foreigners who have declared their intention to become citizens, 
or persons of Indian blood, once declared by the laws of the 
United States to be citizens, subsequent laws to the contrary 
notwithstanding, may vote. 

Minnesota. — Organized as a Territory by act of Congress, 
passed March 3, 1849; was settled by emigrants chiefly from 
the Northern and Western States ; also inhabited by several 
tribes of Indians of a warlike character. Admitted into the 
Union February 26, 1857. Voters, every male person, aged 
twenty-one, of either of the following classes, to wit: white 
citizens of the United States ; white persons of foreign birth, 
who have duly declared their intentions to become citizens ; 
persons of mixed white and Indian blood, who have adopted 
the customs and habits of civilization ; and persons of Indian 
blood residing in the State, who have adopted the language, 
customs, and habits of civilization, when pronounced capable 
by any District Court in the State, may vote, if they have re- 
sided in the United States one year, in the State four months, 
and in the election district ten days next preceding the election. 

Kansas. — Organized as a Territory by act of Congress, passed 
May, 1854 ; settled by emigrants from the Eastern, Northern, and 
Southern States. Admitted into the Union January 29, 1861. 
It lies between 37° and 40° north latitude, being bounded on 
the east by the State of Missouri, and on the west by the twenty- 
fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington. For several 
years a fierce contest raged in this Territory on the subject of 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



161 



slavery, but the strife was finally adjusted by its being admitted 
as a free State, that being the declared will of the majority of 
its inhabitants. 

California, — Settled by Spaniards in 1769, the early establish- 
ments being of a missionary and military character. The 
boundary of this large region of country was considered rather 
indefinite while under Mexican authority, in regard to its east- 
ern limits. By treaty of peace with Mexico, ratified March 16, 
1848, this Territory, together with New Mexico, was ceded to 
the United States. Admitted into the Union September, 1850. 
The gold mines of this State are the most valuable and exten- 
sive of the known world. Every white male citizen of the 
United States, and every white male citizen of Mexico who 
shall have elected to become a citizen of the United States, 
under the treaty of peace exchanged and ratified at Queretaro 
on the 30th of May, 1848, of the age of 21 years, who shall 
have been a resident of the State six months next preceding the 
election, and the county or district in which he claims his vote, 
thirty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are 
now, or hereafter may be, authorized by law. 

Oregon. — This extensive region, including Washington Ter- 
ritory, was discovered by Captain Robert Gray, May 7, 1762, 
who entered the Columbia River, to which he gave the name of 
his vessel. Settled by British, belonging to the Hudson Bay 
Company, and American emigrants ; also, inhabited by numer- 
ous tribes of Indians. Organized as a Territory August 4, 
1848 ; admitted into the Union February 14, 1859. This is a 
fertile and healthy region of country. 

Nebraska. — Organized by Act of Congress, May, 1854 ; ad- 
mitted into the Union, 1866; was mostly settled by emigrants 
from the northern and Western States. It lies between 40° and 
43° north latitude, being bounded on the east by the Missouri 
River, which separates it from the State of Iowa, and on the 
west by the 104th parallel of longitude, dividing it from the 
territoiy of Idaho. The Nebraska or Platte River runs cen- 
trally nearly its entire length from east to west, its head waters 
rising near the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. The 
Union Pacific Railroad, extends from Omaha City, westward, 
along the north bank of the Platte River, to the base of the 
Rocky Mountains, a distance of more than 650 miles. 



TEREITOEIES. 



New Mexico. — This large Territory as defined by Spanish or 
American authorities, extended from 32° 30' to 42° north lati- 
tude, and from 23° to about 30° longitude west of the city of 



162 TERRITORIES. 

Washington. It was early settled by Spaniards, and formed a 
territory of the Republic of Mexico until 1848, when it was 
ceded to the United States. In September, 1850, this Territory 
was defined by act of Congress, and provision made for its 
organization. Eight of Suffrage. — Every free white male in- 
habitant, above the age of 21 years, who shall have been a resi- 
dent of said Territory at the time of the passage of this act, 
shall be entitled to vote at the first election, and shall be eligible 
to any office within the said Territory ; but the qualifications of 
voters and of holding office, at all subsequent elections, shall be 
such as shall be prescribed by the Legislative Assembly. Within 
the bounds of this Territory and Arizona, are residing large 
tribes of Indians, many of a warlike character, roaming over 
this region and western Texas, as well as the northern part of 
Mexico. 

Utah. — Organized by act of Congress, passed September 9, 
1850, comprises a large extent of country lying in the " Great 
Basin of North America," west of the Rocky mountains. It 
originally included a portion of the new Territories of Colorado 
on the east, and Nevada on the west. Altitude of Great Salt 
Lake City, the capital, 4,300 feet above the level of the sea, 
being in the valley of the Great Salt Lake. 

Washing-ton Territory. — Organized by act of Congress, 
passed March 2, 1853, settled by emigrants from the Northern 
and Western States. It was taken from the northern part of 
Oregon, " being all that portion of territory lying and being 
south of the 49th degree of north latitude, and north of the 
middle of the main channel of the Columbia River, from its 
mouth to where the 46th degree of north latitude crosses said 
river, near Fort Wallah Wallah, thence east to Snake River ; 
thence north to the 49th parallel of latitude, being bounded on 
the east by the Territory of Idaho, and on the north by the Brit- 
tish Possessions. Lying on Puget's Sound, in north latitude 
47° ; west longitude from Greenwich 120° 25', having a mean 
annual temperature of 50° Fahrenheit.* 

Dakota Territory. — Organized by act of Congress, passed 
March 2, 1861, comprised a large extent of country, being 
bounded on the east by Minnesota, south by Nebraska, west by 
the 27th degree of longitude west of Washington, separating it 
from the Territory of Idaho, and on the north by the British 
Possessions, ruuning along the 49th parallel of latitude. It is 
drained by the Missouri River on the south, and by the Red 
River of the North emptying into Hudson Bay, possessing, for 

* The climate of Washington Territory is much milder than in the same par- 
allels of Latitude east of the Rocky Mountains, while the soil is mostly rich and 
very fertile, producing a large growth of forest trees. Gold and other valuable 
minerals also abound in many parts of the Territory. 



TERRITORIES. 



163 



the most part, a fine healthy climate and good soil ; first settled 
on the north by emigrants in the employ of the Hudson Bay 
Company, and now being people by a hardy race of men from the 
Northern and Western States. In this Territory the buffalo and 
other wild animals are found in great abundance. 

Colorado Territory.— Organized March 2, 1861, is included 
within the following limits, viz. : " Commencing on the 37th 
parallel of north latitude where the 25th meridian of longitude 
west from Washington crosses the same ; thence north on said 
meridian to the4lst parallel of north latitude ; thence along said 
parallel west to the 32d meridian of longitude west from Wash- 
ington ; thence south on said meridian to the northern line of 
New Mexico ; thence along the 37th parallel of north latitude to 
the x^lace of beginning," embraciug " Pike's Peak and the gold 
region in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains." The climate of 
this elevated country is remarkably healthy and invigorating, 
while " the soil is rich and productive, being capable of produc- 
ing corn, wheat, barley, potatoes, oats, turnips, and every kind 
of vegetable in profusion, and of most superior quality. The 
climate of the South Platte Valley, and of the mountain region, 
is mild and regular, and from its altitude very dry and of sur- 
prising purity. 

Nevada. — Organized March 2, 1861, was admitted into the 
Union, Oct. 3, 1864, by act of Congress. It lies east of the Sierra 
Nevada range of mountains, and mostly within the Great Ba- 
sin of North America. Gold and silver mines of great value are 
found along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, while 
the climate and soil- produces grasses, cereals, and vegetables of 
almost every description when properly cultivated. 

Arizona. — Organized by act of Congress, approved February 
24, 1863, embraces " all that part of the present Territory of 
New Mexico situate west of a line running due south from the 
point where the southwest corner of the Territory of Colorado 
joins the northern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico, to 
the southern boundary of said Territory," containing an estimated 
area of 131,000 square miles. It is thinly settled by natives of 
Mexico and emigrants from different States of the Union, besides 
containing a large number of Indians of a warlike character. 
The right of suffrage and territorial organization is similar to that 
of New Mexico, with the provision, " that there shall neither be 
slaves nor involuntary servitude in said Territory." This Terri- 
tory is rich in gold, silver, copper and other minerals, while the 
soil is mostly sterile except in the few valleys susceptible of 
irrigation, Arizona, proper, was acquired by treaty with Mexico 
known as the " Gadsden Treaty," and ratified in June, 1864. 

Idaho.— ^This new Territory, lying on the west side of the 
Rocky Mountains, was organized by act of Congress, approved 



164 TERRITORIES. 

March 3, .860. Its boundary is as follows ; " Beginning at a point 
in the middle channel of Snake River where the northern bound- 
ary of Oregon intersects the same; then follow down the said 
channel of Snake River to a point opposite the mouth of the 
Kooskooskia, or Clear-water River; thence due north to the 
49th parallel of latitude ; thence east to the new Territory of 
Montana; thence west along the 42d parallel of latitude to the 
eastern boundary of the State of Oregon ; thence north along 
said boundary to the place of beginning." A great portion of this 
extensive region is susceptible of cultivation, the climate being 
comparatively mild and healthy. Gold is found in numerous lo- 
calities along the different ranges of mountains, as well as in the 
beds of streams flowing into the Columbia river, by which this 
Territory is drained. By late authority the Territory is found to 
contain 60,000 white inhabitants. The delegate to Congress and 
members of the Legislature are elected in October. 

Montana. — This new Territory, lying between the 45th and 
49th_degree of north latitude and the 27th and 39th degree of 
longitude west from Washington, was organized by act of Con- 
gress, approved May 20, 1864. It may be said to form the north- 
ern half of the Territory of Idaho, as organized March 3, 1863. 
This extensive territory embraces the head sources of the Miss- 
ouri river, lying east of the Rocky Mountains, and the head 
sources of the north branch of the Columbia river, lying west of 
the above Mountains and north of the Bitter Root Mountains. A 
great portion of this region is susceptible of cultivation, although 
forming, in part, the northern limit of the United States, the cli- 
mate being comparatively mild and remarkably healthy. Gold is 
found in numerous localities along the different ranges of moun- 
tains, as well as in the beds of streams flowing into the Columbia 
and Missouri rivers, by which this Territory is drained. The Indian 
tribes are numerous, but generally peaceably inclined. The pro- 
posed line of the Northern Pacific Railroad will, no doubt, pass 
Fort Benton, and cross the Rocky Mountains through one of the 
several mountain passes explored by authority of the United 
States Government. 

Indian Territory. — Situated west of the States of Arkansas 
and Missouri, and south of the 37th degree of north latitude, is 
bounded on the south and west by the State of Texas, This is a 
fruitful region inhabited by many tribes of civilized Indians, 
mostly Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Seminoles, amounting 
to 60 or 70,000 souls. Capital, Tah-le-quah, Est. area, 70,000 
square miles. 

THE NATIONAL DOMAIN. 

What are called the 4% Lind States and Territories " contain 
one billion and nearly five hundred million acres. The last report 



THE NATIONAL DOMAIN. 



165 



of the Commissioner of the General Land Office gives the number 
of acres of public lands surveyed up to June 38th, 1866, as 
474,160,551, and the number of acres not yet surveyed as 
991,308,249. Only the merest fraction of our public lands is set- 
tled upon, and the whole vast area is open for free homesteads. 
The following table gives the area of the Land States and 
Territories : 





Acres. 


Sq. miles. 


Wisconsin, 


34,511,360 


53,924 


Iowa, 


35,228,800 


55,045 


Minnesota, . 


53,459,840 


83,531 


Kansas, 


52,043,520 


81,318 


Nebraska, 


48,636,800 


75,995 


California, 


. 120,947,840 


188,981 


Nevada, . 


52,184,960 


81,539 


Oregon, 


60,975,360 


95,274 


Washington Territory, 


44,796,160 


69,994 


Colorado Territory, 


66,880,000 


104,500 


Utah, 


68,084,480 


106,382 



STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE- 

The Earth is inhabited by about 1,300 millions of inhabitants 
viz: 

360,000,000 of the Caucasian race ; 
550,000,000 of the Mongolian ; 
190,000,000 of the Ethiopian ; 
200,000,000 of the Malay races, and 
1,000,000 of the American Indian. 
All these respectively speak 3,064 languages, and possess 1,000 
different religions. 

The amount of deaths per annum is 33,333,333, or 91,954 per 
day, 3,730 per hour, 60 per minute or one per second. This loss 
is compensated by an equal number of births. 

The average duration of life throughout the globe is thirty- 
three years. One-fourth of its population dies before the seventh 
year, and one half before the seventeeth. Out of 10,000 persons 
only one reaches his hundreth year ; only one in 500 his eight- 
ieth ; and only one in 100 his sixty-fifth. 

Married people live longer than unmarried ones, and a tall 
man is likely to live longer than a short one. Until l>he fiftieth 
year, women have a better chance of life than men ; but beyond 
that period the chances are equal. 

Sixty-five persons out of one thousand marry. The months of 
June and December are those in which marriages are most 
frequent. > 



STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE, 



Children born in spring are generally stronger than those born 
in other seasons. 

Births and deaths chiefly occur in the night. 

The number of men able to bear arms is but one-eighth of the 
population. 

ESTIMATED POLTJLATION OF THE OLD AND NEW "WOULD. 



Europe, 

Asia, including Islands 

Africa, estimated from, 

America, 

Australia, and Islands 

Polynesia, estimate 



100 to 



280,000,000 

750,000,000 

200,000,000 

69,000,000 

2,000.000 

1,500,000 



NEGKOES IN AMEKICA. 



It is estimated that there are some 14,000,000 persons of African 
descent on this continent. In the United States they number 
4,500,000 ; Brazil 4,000,000 ; Cuba and Porto Rico, 1,500,000 ; 
South and Central American Republics, 1,200,000 : Hayti, 
1,350,000; British Possessions, 800,000; French, 250,000 ; Dutch 
and Mexican, 400,000. 



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FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Table showing State, Area in square Miles, Population, name of Ruler, Title, Year of Accession, Forms of Government, &c. 



STATE. 



Square 
Miles. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Name of Rtjleb. 



Title. 



£8 



Forms of Govern- 
ment. 



AMERICA. 
Argentine Repub 

Bolivia , 

Brazil 

Chili 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Ecuador 

Guatemala 

Hayti 

Honduras 

Mexico 

Nicaragua 

Paraguay 

Peru 

San Domingo 

San Salvador 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 



EUROPE. 

Anhaltt 

Austria 

Baden 

Bavaria 

Belgium, 

Brement 

Brunswickt 

Denmark 

France 

Great Britain 

Greece 

Hamburgt. 

Hesse-Darmst'dtt 

Holland.... 

Italy 

Lippe-Detmoldt . . 
Lippe-Scbaumbg t 

Lichtenstein 

Lubeckt 

Meck-Schwerint. . 
Meck-Strelitzt.... 

Oldenburgt 

Portugal 

Prussiat 

Reuss-Elder linet 
Reuss-Young " j 
Russia 

San Marino . . . 



Saxonyt 

Saxe-Altenburgt. . 
Saxe-Co. Gothaf.. 
Saxe-Meiningenf. 
Saxe-W'r. Eisent. 
Schwzb'g-RudHt . 
Hchwzb'g-Sond'gt 

Spain 

States of Church . 
Sweden & Norvv'y 
Switzerland.... 

Turkey 

"W'urtemburg . . 
Waldeckt1[.... 



820,000 

374,000 
3,004,460 

170,000 

480,SOO 
16,250 

240,000 
44,500 
10,031 
3:3,0:0 

833,000 
39,000 
84,000 

379,000 
22,000 
7,500 
75,000 

426,712 

1,017 

249,04S 

5,712 

23,435 

11,313 

112 

1.525 

21,856 

213,241 

122,190 

19,250 

4,430 

8,761 

13,890 

118,356 

445 

170 

53 

142 

4,701 

997 

2,470 

84,500 

135,662 

j- 558 

9,000,000 

22 

5,705 

491 

790 

96S 

1,403 

40. 

858 

176,480 

4,502 

292,440 

15,161 

1,S95,194 

7,568 



1,171 
1,987 
9,106 

2,034 
2,794 

126 
1,040 
1,000 

700 

350 
8,218. 

400. 
1,337. 
2,500. 

200. 

600. 

240, 
1,565 

193, 

32,572, 

1,434 

4,774 

4,393 

104. 

292, 

1,608, 

33,067, 

29,591 

1,096 

229, 

790 

S,699, 

24,550, 

111, 

81 

7. 

50 

552 

99 

301 

4,349 

23,59H 

4* 

86 

80,255 



B. Mitre 

M. Melgarejo 

Don Pedro II 

Jose Josq'n Perez 

Santos Gutierrez. 

J. M. Castro 

Geron. Carrion.. . 

Vincente Cerna. . 

Sylvain Salnave.. 

Jose Medina 

Benito Juarez 

Fenian' o Guzman 

Franc. Sol. Lopez 

Mariano Ig. Prado 

Gen. Cabral 

Franc. Duenas.... 
965Venancio Flores. 
000 Juan Falcon 



President 

President 

Emperor.. 

President . 

President . 

President 

President 

President 

President . 

President 

President . 

President 

President . 

President 

President 

President . 

President 

President 



Leopold — 

Francis Joseph I 

Frederic . 

Ludwig EC 

Leopold II 



William 

Christian IX. 
Napoleon III. 

Victoria 

George I .. . 



Louis III 

William III 

Victor Emanu'i II 

Leopold 

Adolphus 

John II 



Fred. Francis. 
Fred. William . 

Peter 

Luis I 

William I . . . . 
Henry XXH.. 
Henry XIV. . . . 
Alexander II. . . 



Duke 

Emperor.. .. 
Grand Duke. 

King 

King". — 

Burgomaster. 

Duke 

King 

Emperor 

Queen 

King , 

Burgomaster. 
'Grand Duke. 

|King , 

King 

Prince 

Prince 

Prince 

Burgomaster. 
Grand Duke . 
Grand Duke. 
Grand Duke. 

King 

King 

Prince 

Prince 

Czar 



7,600 



2,343. 

141, 

164. 

178. 

280, 

73. 

66. 

16,302. 

690. 

5.814. 

2,510. 

37,43 1. 

1,748; 

59. 



John 

Ernest 

Ernest II 

George 

Chas. Alexander. 
Fred. Gunther. . . 

Albert 

Isabella 

Pius IX 

Charles XV 



Abdul Azis 

Charles I 

George Victor 



1S62 
1865 
1840 
1866 

1867 
1866 
1865 

1S65 
1S67 
1366 
1867 
1867 
1S62 
1867 
1866 
1S65 
1865 
1S65 

1817 
1S48 
1852 
1864 
1865 
1S63 
1331 
1863 
1852 
1337 
1863 
1S65 
1849 
1849 
1861 
1851 
I860 



Republic. 

Republic. 

Hered'y monarchy. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Lim. monarchy. 
Const 1 !, monarchy. 
Lim.sov., 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Free city. 
Lim.sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Con.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon.2 houses. 
Lim. monarchy. 
Free city. 
Lim. sov. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 1 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 1 chamb. 
lSSSjConst'l. monarchy. 



1863 
1342 
1860 
1353 
1861 
1S61 
1359 
1S6' 
1855 



Two Regents. 

King 

Duke 

Duke 

Duke 

Grand Dnke.. 

Prince 

Prince 

Queen 

Pope 

King 

Pres. Fred. Co 

Sultan 

King 

Prince 



1854 
1853 
1844 
1866 
1853 
1814 
1367 
1833 
1846 
1859 
1867 
1861 
1864 
1352 



Free city. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 cliamb. 
Absol. monarchy. 
J Republic, senate, 
j and exec. council. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb, 
Lim. sov. 1 chamb. 
Lim.mon. 2 chamb. 
Absol. sovereignty. 
Lim.mon.w.legis e. 
Republic. 
Absol. monarchy. 
Lim mon. 2 chamb. 
Lira. sov. 1 chamb. 



In lSfifi, t.lie Kingdom of Hanover, the Electorate of I Iesse-Cassel, the Duchies of Sehleswig-Holstein and Nassau, the Free 
City of Frankfort, and portions of Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt, together with a population of 4,iW6,7Ul> I were annexed to 
Prussia. 

+ The States marked f belong to the North Gorman Confederation, which embraces an aggregate population of 23,220,- 
862. Of Hesse-Darmstadt only one province belongs to the Confederation. 

1f In 18(J7, in virtue of a treaty between Prussia and Waldeck, the a Iministration of Waldeek was assumed by Prussia. 



POPULATION, REVENUE, ETC. 



169 



Population, Revenue, Debt and Military Force 

OF THE UNITED STATES, AND OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF EUROPE, COMPILED 
FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES. 



Countries. 



P S! a - »™™. 



Debt. 



Military 
Force. 



Austria... , 

Bavaria 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Saxony 

Great Britain and Ireland. . 

Greece 

Wurtemburg 

Holland or Netherlands. . . 

Italy 

Portugal 

Prussia. *. , 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden and Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Baden 



Total. 



Mexico 

Brazil 

Peru 

Chili 

Argentine Republic. . 
Dominion of Canada . 
United States 



44,670,577 
4,774,464 
4,984,451 
1,6d8,551 

38,192.094 
2,225,240 

29 321, 28S 
1,332,508 
1,748,328 
3,552,665 

24.231,860 
3,986,553 

23,590,543 

77,008,518 

16,302,850 
5,862,155 
2,534,242 

35,350,000 
1,429,199 



$187 
22. 



5,701, 



8,218,080 
11,780,000 
2,065,000 
2,0S4,945 
1,374,80 
3,754,081 
31,445,089 



356,620 $1 

425,887 

209,25S 

896,004 

905,049 

243,238 

063,308 

845,024 

613,392 

932,466 



572,861 
896,409 
806,265 
540,885 
461,270 
020,657 
125,120 
157,516 



16,500,000 

31,860,000 

21,245,842 

6,299,843 

9,763,895 

13,023, - 

417,161,929 



,343,070.137 
160,514,472 
133,510,053 

70,802,824 
426,553,749 

|763,0S9,37i 

31,964,660 

49,171, S35 

407,169,383 

,046,941,326 

214,120.933 

241,499,194 

.300,475,239 

,029,206,708 

74,069.000 



345,711,350 
24,718,692 



760,634 
96,572 
86,272 
44,750 

757,793 
24.143 

204,450 
31,300 
29,392 
88,835 

494,800 

70,858 

*952,752 

79S,651 

236.301 

124,S07 
87,537 

100,496 
18,402 



317,357,250 
129,516,824 
50,140,621 
29,962,889 
32,483,711 
73,193,554 
2,491,504,450 



89, n 00 
74,318 
16,003 
35,600 
10,700 
45,000 



* The army of the North German Confederation. 



Table showing the population of the principal cities and towns in the 
United States, according to the Seventh Census (1850), and the 
Eighth Census (1860), respectively ; also the numerical increase and 
increase per cent., and distance from Washington, D. C. 



Cities and towns. 



States. 



Popula- 
tion in 
1850. 



Popula- 
tion in 



Increase 
per cent, 



Miles 

from 

Wash'n 



Albany 

Alleghany City 

Augusta 

Augusta 

Auburn 

Alexandria 

Ann Arbor 

Annapolis .... 

Alton 

Austin 

Baltimore 

Buffalo 

Boston 

Bangor 

Bath 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Brooklyn 

Baton Rouge.. 

Charleston 

Cincinnati , 

Columbus 

Cleaveland , 

Concord 

Chicago 

Cambridge 

Canandaigua.... 

Columbia 

Columbus , 

Chilicothe 

Cairo 

Carson City. , 

Detroit 

Dover 

Dayton 

Davenport 

Dubuque , 

Des Moines. . . , 

Elmira 

Erie 

Fall River 

Frederick 

Fayetteville 

Fredericksburg 

Freeport 

Fort Wayne 

Gardiner 

Gloucester 

Georgetown .... 

Galveston 

Galena 

Golden City.. 
Green Bay 



New York 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Maine 

New York 

Virginia 

Michigan 

Maryland 

Illinois . 

Texas 

Maryland 

New York 

Massachusetts 

Maine 

Maine 

Vermont 

New Jersey 

Iowa 

New York , 

Louisiana , 

South Carolina.... 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Ohio 

New Hampshire. . 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

New York 

South Carolina — 

Georgia 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Nevada. 

Michigan. 

New Hampshire... 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Iowa . 

Iowa 

New York 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Maryland 

North Carolina 

Virginia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Dist. of Columbia. 

Texas 

Illinois 

Colorado 

Wisconsin 



50,763 

21,261 

11,753 

8,225 

9,548 

8,734 

4.'" 

3,011 

3, 

3,000 

169,054 

42,261 

136,881 

14,432 

8,020 

6,110 

4,536 

4,062 

96,838 

5,000 

42,985 

115.436 

17,882 

17,034 

8,576 

20,!).'8 

15,215 

6,143 

6,060 

5,94 

7,100 



21,019 

10,970 
1,S48 
3,108 
986 
8.166 
5,85S 

11,524 
6,028 
4,646 
4,061 
1,436 
4,2S2 
6,486 
7,786 
8,366 
4,177 
6,004 



2,275 



62,367 

28,702 

12, 
7,609 

10, 

12,652 
4,483 
4,529 
7,388 
3,494 

212,418 

81, 

177,812 

16,407 
8,076 
7,713 
5,19? 
6,706 
266,661 
5,428 

40,578 
161,044 

18,554 

43,417 

30,896 
109,260 

26,060 
7,075 
8,059 
9,621 
7,626 
2,188 
2,500 

45,619 
8,502 

20,081 

11,267 

13,000 
3,965 
8,882 
9,419 

14,026 
8,143 
4,790 
5,022 
5,376 

10,38S 
4.4S7 

10,904 
8,733 
7,307 



11,604 

7,441 

740 

' 1,438 

3,918 

"i,518 
3.753 



22.86 

35.00 

( 

I. 7.49 
15.06 
44.86 

1.1 
50.42 

104.69 



43,364 

38,868 

40,931 

1,975 

56 

1,6 

657 

2,624 

169,823 



25.65 
91.97 
29,90 
13,6S 
0.70 
26.24 
14.48 
64.28 
175.37 



45,608 

672 

26, 

2, 

79,297 

10.845 

932 

1,999 

3,679 

526 



1.5 

39.51 

3.76 

154,S8 

35.00 
264.65 

71 

15.17 

32 

61.91 
7.40 



4,000 



9,111 

9,419 

9,892 

2,979 

51s 

3,561 

2,502 

2,115 

144 

961 

2,093 

6,106 

3,118 

367 
3,130 
2,189 
1,014 
1,725 



117J 
3.73 

83,05 

509.68 

318.27 

302.12 

6.00 

61.40 

21.71 

35.08 

3.09 

23.66 

145.75 

142,59 

I. 30.82 

40.04 

4.3S 

74.93 

36.4{ 



76.01 



373 
374 
667 
631 

537 



39 
952 



456 

464 

709 

607 

530 

158 

1,033 

228 

1,230 

587 

587 

530 

524 

537 

842 

367 

408 

574 

910 

485 

983 

2,800 

644 

532 

616 

1,025 

1,031 

1,183 

296 

420 

408 

80 

860 

70 

963 

694 

624 

496 

3 

1,750 

1,013 

1,854 

1,084 







POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


17] 






Population of the principal cities and towns, &c. — Continued. 






Cities and towns. 


States. 


Popula- 
tion in 
1850. 


Popula- 
tion in 
I860. 


Increase. 


Increase 
per cent. 


Miles 

from 

Wash'n. 




Hartford 


Connecticut 


13,555 

6,286 

7,834 

4,000 

6,909 

8,034 

1,582 

8,500 

6,856 

3,000 

600 

2,478 

3,690 

33,383 

43,194 

14,257 

12,323 

12,369 

8,071 

9,180 

1,215 

1,229 

1,824 

2,167 

13,932 

20,515 

4,935 

20,061 

6,167 

5,836 

8,839 

2,54ii 

8,012 

57,715 

3,400 

20,845 

515,547 

38,894 

14,326 

10,478 

116,375 

5,820 

8,452 

9,572 

9,563 

8,991 

11.415 

4,681 

4,434 

16,443 


29,154 

7,187 

13,405 

3,634 

6,S43 

18,611 

5,214 

3,199 

29,226 

3,082 

4,418 

8,136 

6,000 

36,827 

68,033 

19,083 

13,533 

17,C03 

6.853 

9,321 

9,3S7 

3,074 

5,028 

3,727 

20,109 

29,258 

35,902 

45,246 

7,647 

6,272 

22,623 

5,324 

9,068 

70,323 

6,611 

89,267 

805,651 

71,914 

15,611 

16,98S 

168,675 

10,065 

6,094 

13,401 

10,508 

10,115 

15,196 

5,432 

6,612 

22,300 

7,409 

350 

1,883 

16,817 

14,669 

3,467 

26,341 

9,335 


15,599 

901 

5,571 


115.08 
14.33 
71.11 


340 
334 
125 

717 

697 
760 

1,000 
227 
980 

1,140 

1,038 
510 
489 
725 
473 
481 
110 
176 
6S6 
763 
754 
784 

1,070 
519 

1,177 
997 
927 
482 
430 
930 
999 
681 
624 
957 
304 
228 
220 
232 
910 

1,272 
504 
463 
500 
390 
8£4 
288 
420 

1,200 
438 
573 

3,500 

1,310 
523 
180 
926 
571 
520 




Harrisburg 

Huntsville. ... 

Ithaca 

Indianapolis 

Iowa City.. 

Jackson 






New York 


'10,577 

3,632 

500 

22,370 


i. 0.95 

131.65 

229.5S 

1.41 

326.28 












Jefferson City 










Keokuk 


Iowa 

Tennessee 

Massachusetts. 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts 


5.658 
2,310 
3,444 
24,839 
4,826 
1,200 
5,234 

""m 

8,172 
1,845 
3,204 
1,650 
6,177 
8,743 

30,967 

25,185 

1.480 

'936 

13,784 

2,784 

118 

32,608 


228.32 

6.28 

10.31 

57.50 

33.85 

9.73 

42.31 

L 15.09 

1.53 

672.59 

150.12 

175.65 

76.39 

44.33 

42.61 

627.49 

125.54 

23.99 

17.54 

155.94 

109.60 

1.47 

56.22 


Lowell 




Lynn, 


Lockport. 












La Fayette 

Lansing 






La Porte 




Lutts' Rock 

Manchester 




New Hampshire 


Mobile 


Montgomery 

Milwaukie 


Alabama 

Wisconsin 

Massachusetts 

Massachusetts 


Marblehead. 


Middleboro 1 


Memphis 




Iowa 






Montreal 


Dom. of Canada 

Wisconsin. a 

Connecticut 




18,922 
290,104 

83,020 
1,285 
6,510 

52,* 
4,245 

' 8,829 

945 

1,124 

3,781 

751 

2,178 
5,857 


93.00 
56.27 
84.89 

8.96 
62.13 
44.94 
72.93 
I. 27.89 
40.00 

9.88 
12.50 
33.12 
16.04 
49.12 
36.60 




New York 






Norfolk 














New Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 






Newport 


Connecticut 






North Carolina 

Mississippi 


Natchez 

New Bedford 


Massachusetts 

New York 




Washington Territory 
Nebraska 








Omaha City 








New York 


12,2 5 
7,760 
1,678 

20,815 
9,73S 


4,612 
6,909 
1,789 
5,526 


33.00 
89.00 

106.61 
26.54 

I. 4.13 


Ottawa City 


Dom. of Canada 


Portland 

Portsmouth 


Maine 

New Hampshire 

















172 



POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES. 



Population of the principal cities and towns, &c. — Continued. 



Cities and towns. 



Portsmouth 

Pkovidence... 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburg 

Petersburg 

Plymouth 

Poughkeepsie. . 

Paterson .. 

Peoria 

Pensacola 

Quincy 

Quebec 

Rochester 

Richmond 

Roxbury 

Reading 

Raleigh 

Richmond 

Rock Island 

Springfield 

Salem 

Syracuse 

Savannah 

St. Louis 

San Francisco. . 

Schenectady 

Steubenville 

Thomaston 

Troy 

Taunton 

Utica 

Vicksburg 

Washington 

Wilmington 

Worcester 

West Troy 

Wilmington 

Wheeling 

Zanesville 



Siates. 



Virginia 

Rhode Island 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania, 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

New York 

New Jersey 

Illinois 

Florida 

Illinois 

Dom. of Canada . 

New York 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Pennsylvania 

North Carolina. . . 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Massachusetts 

Massachusetts 

New York 

Georgia 

Missouri 

California 

New York 

Ohio 

Maine 

New York 

Massachusetts 

New York 

Mississippi 

Dist. of Columbia. 
North Carolina... 

Massachusetts 

New York 

Delaware 

Virginia 

Ohio 



Popula- 
tion ii 
1850, 



8,122 

41,513 

340,045 

40,601 

14,010 

6,024 

13,944 

11,334 

5,095 

2,164 

6,902 

42,052 

36,403 

27,570 

18,364 

15,743 

4,518 

1,413 

1,711 

11,766 

20,261 

22,271 

15,312 

77,S60 

34,776 

8,921 

6,144 

2.723 

28,785 

10,441 

17,565 

8,678 

40,001 

7,264 

17,049 

7,564 

13,979 

11,435 

10,355 



Popula- 
tion in 



Increase 
per cent. 



9,502 

50,666 

562,5: 

49,217 

18,266 

6,272 
14,726 
19,588 
14,045 

2,866 
13,632 
51,109 
48,204 
37,9 
25,137 
23,161 

4,780 

6,603 

5,130 
15,199 
22,252 
28,119 
22,292 
160,773 
56,802 

9,579 

6,154 

3,21S 
89,232 
15,8' 
22,529 

4.591 
61,122 

9,f52 
24,960 

8,S20 
21,508 
14,083 

0,229 



1.3S0 

9,153 

222,484 

2,616 

4,256 

248 

7S2 

8,254 

8,950 



6, 

9,057 
11,801 
10,340 

6,773 

7,41 S 

262 

5,1 

8,419 

3,433 

1, 

5,84S 

6,980 

82,913 

22,026 

658 

K 

495 

10,447 

4,935 

4, 

913 
21,121 
2,288 
7,911 
1,256 
7,529 
2,648 



16.99 
22.04 
65.43 
5.61 
30.38 
4.12 
5.61 
72.83 
175.66 



57.51 
21.56 
32.42 
37.50 
36.8S 
47.12 

5.S0 

357.51 

199.82 

29.18 

9.81 

26.26 

45.59 

106,49 

63.34 

7.38 

0.16 
18.18 
36.29 
47.27 
28.26 
24.82 
52.78 
31.50 
46.40 
16.60 
53.86 
23.16 
I. 10.S7 



Miles 

from 

Wash'n. 



133 
374 

152 



1,157 

1,006 
794 
450 
97 
466 
196 
200 
651 

9,023 
361 
478 
420 
533 
711 

2,461 
8S9 
409 
651 
879 
448 
383 
872 

258 
414 
877 
98 
894 
478 



I indicates loss. 



THE CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS. 



173 



THE CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS. 

The following exhibits a correct statement of the number, capacity and value 
of the churches of the leading Christian denominations in the United States. The 
figures have been prepared from the latest and most authentic records, and will 
prove of great interest to statisticians : 



Denomination. 



Methodists 

Baptists, 

Presbyterians, 

Roman Catholics, 

Congregationalists,- 

Episcopalians, , 

Lutherans, 

Christians, 

Union 

Cum. Presbyterians, 

German Reformed, 

Universalis, 

Freewill Baptists 

Friends, 

Reformed Church, 

Dunkards 

Reformed Presbyterians 

Mennonites, 

Jews, 

Adventists, 

Winnebrennerians 

Swedenborgians, 

Seventh day Baptists 

Moravians, 

Spiritualists, 

Shakers 

Six Principle Baptists, . . 
Minor sects, 

Total 



Ohnrrhps Accommo 
aurcnes. dationg# 



19,883 
11,211 
5,081 
2,559 
2,384 
2,145 
2,138 
2,066 

820 

676 

664 

520 

76c 

440 

163 

136 

108 

77 

70 

65 

58 

53 

49 

17 

12 

9 

20 



6,259,799 

3,749,553 

2,088,138 

1,404,437 

956,354 

847,296 

757,633 

6S1,016 

371,899 

2n2,987 

273,697 

235,249 

14S,693 

209,084 

211,068 

67,995 

48,897 

36,435 

34,412 

17,120 

27,700 

15,395 

17,864 

20,816 

6,275 

5,200 

1,990 

14,150 



54,009 19,128.751 $171,398,432 



Value. 



$33,003,371 

19,799,378 

24,227.359 

25,774,119 

13,327,551 

21,665,698 

5,315,179 

2,51S,045 

1,370,212 

9i;,256 

2,432,670 

2,356,095 

2,789,295 

2,544,507 

4,388,816 

172,596 

386,635 

138,960 

1,135,300 

101,170 

74,176 

321,200 

107,000 

227,450 

7,500 

1,000 

8,150 

395,100 



IMMIGEATION. 



The following Table exhibits the total number of passengers that have arrived 
at Castle Garden, New York, under emigration regulations, for the past 20 years, 
and the totol arrivals for each year , 



1847 129,062 

1848 189,176 

1849 220,603 

1850 212,796 

1851 289,601 

1852 300,992 

1S53 .284,945 

1854 319,223 

1855 136,233 

1856 142,342 



1857 183,773 

1858 78,589 

1869. 79,322 

I860 105,162 

1861 65,529 

1862 76,306 

1863 156,844 

1864 182,916 

1865 206,031 

1866 231,829 



Grand total 3,478,374 





174 PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

THE PAELIAMENTS OF THE WOKLD. 


STATE. 


CD OB 

!-? 
Ill 


II 
S p 

SI 


P so 

9 9> o 

U OtsS u 


o a> <v> a 

. . • SO i - * 
W.SP3 


0> 

a 

*£ ^ 
r cd 

S £ . 

moo) 

o <o o 
S a 
Eh 


r <o 

CD P< . 

so p,o> i 

O CD O ' 

£W i 

CD 


Constitute. Monarchies. 


203 
148 
116 
122 
101 
376 
658 
493 

72 
280 
111 
154 
432 
350 
1-5 

94 

54 
98 
86 
100 
128 
243 

181 
72 
53 
26 
36 
30 
60 


122 

62 

58 

60 

50 

169 

462 

283 

39 

43 

115 

255 
396 
119 

33 

28 
20 
36 
38 
44 
76 

73 
28 
54 
23 
18 
15 
80 


98,000 
35,000 
42,000 
62,000 
14,000 

100,000 
45,006 
40,000 
51,000 

100,000 
15.090 
28,000 
52,000 
35,000 
22,000 
18,000 

22,000 
20,000 
33,000 
80,000 
20,000 
124,000 

2,000 
4,800 
8,200 
2,400 
4,200 
3,100 
10,000 


0.60 
0.42 
0.50 
0.49 
0.58 
0.45 
0.70 
0.57 
0.54 
0.16 

0.75 
0.59 
1.13 
0.64 
0.40 

0.52 
0.20 
0.42 
0.38 
0.84 
0.31 

0.43 
0.39 
0.45 
0.81 
0.50 
0.50 
0.50 


Indefinite 

3 years . . . 

4 years . . . 

4 years . . . 

3 years . . . 
6 years . . . 
Indefinite 

5 years . . . 

4 years . . . 
3 years . . . 

3 ysars . . . 

4 years . . . 
3 years . . . 
o years . . . 
3 years . . . 

6 years . . . 

3 years . . . 
3 years . . . 
2 years . . . 

2 years . . . 

3 years... 

2 years... 

4 years . . . 

5 years . . . 
5 years . . . 
5 years . . . 

3 years... 
3 years . . . 
3 years . . . 


Life. 

Life. 1 

8 years. 

Life. 

8 years. 
Life. 
Life. 
Life. 

9 years. 
Life. 

Life. 
Life. 
Life. 
9 years. 
Life. 

6 years. j 

9 years. 

6 years. 

6 years. 

3 years. 

6 years. I 

Life. 
5 years. 
Life. 

Life&5y. 
12 years. 
12 years. 
12 years. 












Great Britain and Ireland. . . 
Italy 




N. German Confederation . . 












Republics. 

Argentine Republic. 

Chili 






Switzerland 

United States 

British Colonies. 
Canada 




Queensland. . 

South Australia 

Tasmania 

Victoria 










-3- ■■■■■■■ ..JU-M. ,... B = a = m .... ■ 3 _.-^ gJ ^rr-rr^ ! 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



175 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



[The unsettled condition of a portion of the States of the Union, and the uncor 
tainty which generally prevails as to the position which they now hold, and the 
action of the President and Congress in relation to them, as well as the action of 
these States themselves in reference to reconstruction, have impressed the com- 
piler with the necessity of preparing the following brief and condensed statement 
of the action of the General Government and of the several Southern States in re- 
lation to reconstruction, and the dispositions and rights of the freedmen.] 

One obvious effect of the late war, was the derangement and in- 
terruption of the normal relation of the Southern States engaged 
in it, to the General Government. As the various States passed or- 
dinances of secession, their representatives in Congress at Washing- 
ton, resigned their seats and returned to their homes, thus leaving 
those States without any delegation at the National Capitol. After 
the outbreak of hostilities, the seceded States were declared to be 
insurrectionary, and while in that condition, were of course, not en- 
titled to representation. But as the war was waged on the part of 
the Government, with the avowed object of maintaining and restor- 
ing the Union, a practicable method of reconstruction claimed the 
attention of the authorities at a very early date. The States, acting 
in opposition to the Government, were urged in various proclama- 
tions of President Lincoln to return to their allegiance, and as slav 
ery was one of the great issues of the contest, a gradual emancipa- 
tion was recommended, together with compensation for the slaves 
thus set free. All such measures failed in producing any practical 
effect. The Confederacy was determined to establish its permanency 
by force of arms, and the Union resolved to maintain its integrity by 
the same means ; while at the same time it left the way open for the 
return of any disaffected State upon certain well-defined conditions. 

THE PRESIDENT'S AMNESTY PROCLAMATION. 

On the 8th of December, 1863, the President issued a proclama- 
tion of amnesty to all persons participating in the rebellion, with 
the exception of those who held civil or diplomatic positions under 
the so-called Confederate Government ; all who had left judicial sta- 
tions under the United States Government to aid the rebellion ; all 
military or naval officers of the so-called Confederate Government 



176 EECONSTE UCTION. 

above the rank of colonel in the army or of lieutenant in the navy ; 
all who left seats in the United States Congress to aid the rebellion ; 
granting them a full pardon, with restoration of all rights of prop 
erty, except as to slaves, upon condition that they should subscribe 
to an oath that they would henceforth faithfully support, protect, 
and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Union of 
the States thereunder, and in like manner abide by and support all 
acts of Congress passed during the rebellion with reference to slaves, 
and likewise all proclamations of the President made during the 
same time with the same reference. The proclamation also declared, 
that whenever in any of the eleven seceded States, a number of per- 
sons, not less than one-tenth in number of the votes cast in such 
State at the Presidential election of the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty, each having taken the oath afore- 
said, and not having since violated it, and being a qualified voter 
by the election law of the State existing immediately before the so- 
called act of secession, and excluding all others, shall re-establish a 
State government which shall be republican, and in nowise contra- 
vening said oath ; such shall be recognized as the true government 
of the State, and the State shall receive thereunder the benefits of 
the Constitutional provision which declares that " the United States 
shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of 
government, and shall protect them against invasion ; and on appli- 
cation of the legislature, or the Executive (when the legislature can- 
not be convened) against domestic violence." 

This was the first practical movement toward reconstruction dur- 
ing President Lincoln's Administration, but no immediate result fol- 
lowed the proclamation. Indeed, the military power at the South 
would not permit a return to allegiance on the part of any of her 
people, so that until the Union armies took possession of the terri- 
tory of the seceded States, any recognition of the Federal authority 
was simply impossible. 

MEASURES TO INAUGURATE CIVIL AUTHORITY. 

Early in 1864 conventions of delegates duly elected in their sev- 
eral districts, were held in the States of Arkansas and Louisiana for 
the purpose of remodeling the State Constitution, and bringing it 
into entire harmony with the Constitution of the United States. 

The Arkansas Convention assembled at Little Rock, in January. 
The result of its deliberations was the appointment of a provisiona 1 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



177 



governor, lieutenant-governor, and secretary of sta e, the amending 
of the State Constitution, and the formal inauguration of the State 
Government, which, though it encountered difficulties for a time, 
yet maintained its position without interruption. 

After the occupation of Louisiana by the Federal army in 1862, the 
State was governed for a time by military power. Steps were soon 
taken, however, under its sanction, and in part by its direction, for 
the reorganization of a State government, loyal to the Governmenl 
of the United States. The result of this action was the election oi 
a legislature by the votes of those parishes of the State reclaimed 
from insurgent control, and a State government put in active oper- 
ation, after the establishment of which the local affairs of the State 
remained under its jurisdiction until the return to military rule in 
1806. 

CLOSING UP OP THE WAR. 

During the year 1864, no considerable portion of the insurgent 
States was brought under Federal control, and the work of recon- 
struction made no apparent progress. In November of that year 
the Presidential election was held, and Abraham Lincoln was chosen 
President for a second term of office. Soon after this second inaugu- 
ration on the 4th of March, 1865, the army under General Grant 
commenced active operations, which culminated in the surrender of 
General Lee with the forces under his command, on the 9th of 
April, and the virtual end of the war. The various Confederate forces 
surrendered shortly afterwards, and the war was brought to a final 
close. 

April 6th, President Lincoln sent the following order to General 
Weitzel, commanding at Richmond : 

" It has been intimated to me that the gentlemen who have acted 
as the Legislature of Virginia, in support of the rebellion, may now 
desire to assemble at Richmond, and take measures to withdraw 
the Virginia troops and other support from resistance to the Gen- 
eral Government. If they attempt it, give them permission and 
protection, until, if at all, they attempt some action hostile to the 
United States, in which case you will notify them, 'give them rea 
sonable time to leave, and at the end of which time arrest any who 
remain.'' 

On the 12th of April, the Wltig, a newspaper issued at Richmond 
contained an address " to the people of Virginia," signed by a num 
ber of prominent citizens and members of the Legislature, and repre 
senting that the exigencies of the situation called for an immediate 



178 RECONSTRUCTION. 

meeting of the General Assembly J>f the State, and that the matters 
to be submitted to the Legislature were the restoration of peace to 
the State, and the adjustment of questions involving life, liberty 
and property, that had arisen in the State as a consequence of the 
war. 

The 25th was named as the day on which the Legislature should 
assemble. General Weitzel approved the publication of this address. 
No meeting, however, took place, the President having recalled his 
order. 

On the 14th of April, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated, 
when Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, became his successor in the 
Presidency. Hostilities having ceased, the President promptly di- 
rected his attention and efforts to the restoration of the normal con- 
dition of affairs. 

REMOVAL OP COMMERCIAL RESTRICTIONS. 

On April 29th, President Johnson issued his proclamation order- 
ing that all restrictions upon internal, domestic, and coast-wise com- 
mercial intercourse be discontinued with such ports of the insurrec- 
tionary States as were east of the Mississippi River. All articles 
contraband of war, however, were excepted. On May 9th, the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury issued a series of restrictions, based upon this 
order of the President, for the purpose of putting it in operation. 

May 22d, the President isssued another proclamation, raising 
the blockade of the Atlantic coast, and of the Gulf coast, except a 
few ports in Texas, and relaxing the restrictions to all ports east of 
the Mississippi. 

Again, on June 13th, and also on June 24th, the President issued 
proclamations, enlarging the privileges of commercial intercourse 
between the several States, and giving to the officers of customs 
all needful supervision to prevent the shipment of prohibited articles. 

August 29th, the President issued his final proclamation remov- 
ing all restrictions of every kind, and restoring the commercial 
intercourse between the several States to the freedom which existed 
before the war. 

MEASURES TO REDUCE THE ARMIES. 

Four days after the surrender of General Lee's army, notice was 
given by the War Department that orders would speedily be issued 
to stop all recruiting and drafting, and to reduce the number of 
general and staff officers to the actual necessities of the service. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



179 



Arrangements for the care of discharged troops were at onc« 
completed, and orders to muster out ana discharge the troops from 
service were issued in rapid succession. Regiments commenced 
leaving the Army of the Potomac, from the rendezvous near Wash- 
ington, on the 29th of May, and about six months thereafter the 
last regiment started for home. By the 14th of September, the 
mass of the forces were mustered out and discharged. 

MEASURES TO ESTABLISH CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

May 29, 1865, President Johnson issued his proclamation stating 
the terms by which the people of the Southern States could be 
restored to their civil rights as citizens of the United States, thus : 

Whereas, The President of the United States, on 8th day of De- 
cember, A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and on the 26th 
day of March, A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-four, did, with the 
object of suppressing the existing rebellion, to induce all persons 
to return to their loyalty, and to restore the authority of the United 
States, issue proclamations offering amnesty and pardon to certain 
persons who had directly, or by implication, participated in the said 
rebellion ; and, 

Whereas, Many persons who had so engaged in said rebellion 
have, since the issuance of said proclamations, failed or neglected 
to take the benefits offered thereby ; and, 

Whereas, Many persons who have been justly deprived of all 
claim to amnesty and pardon thereunder, by reason of their par- 
ticipation, directly or by implication, in said rebellion, and continued 
in hostility to the Government of the United States since the date 
of said proclamation, now desire to apply for and obtain amnesty 
and pardon : 

To the end, therefore, that the authority of the Government of 
the United States may be restored, and that peace, order and free- 
dom may be re-established, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the 
United States, do proclaim and declare, that I hereby grant to all 
persons who have directly, or indirectly, participated in the existing 
rebellion, except as hereinafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with 
restoration of all rights of property, except as to slaves, and except 
in cases where legal proceedings under the laws of the United 
States providing for the confiscation of property of persons engaged 
in rebellion, have been instituted ; but on the condition, nevertheless 
that every such person shall take and subscribe the following oath 
or affirmation, and thenceforward keep and maintain such oath 
inviolate, and which oath shall be registered for permanent preser- 
vation, and shall be of the tenor and effect following, to wit : 

I, , do solemnly swear, or affirm, in presence of Almighty 

God, that I will henceforth faithfully support and defend the Con- 
stitution of the United States and the union of the States there- 
under j and that I will in like manner abide by and faithfully sup- 



180 RECONSTRUCTION. 

port all laws and proclamations which have been made during the 
existing rebellion, with reference to the emancipation of slaves, so 
help me God. 

The following classes of persons are excepted *rom the benefits 
of this proclamation : 

1. All who are, or shall have been, pretended civil or diplomatic 
officers, or otherwise domestic or foreign agents of the pretended 
Confederate Government. 

2. All who left judicial stations under the United States to aid 
the rebellion. 

3. All who shall have been military or naval officers of said 
pretended Confederate Government, above the rank of colonel in 
the army, or lieutenant in the navy. 

4. All who left seats in the Congress of the United States to aid 
the rebellion. 

5. All who resigned or tendered resignations of their commissions 
in the army or navy of the United States, to evade duty in resisting 
the rebellion. 

6. All who have engaged, in any way, in treating otherwise than 
lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States 
service as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities. 

7. All persons who have been or are absentees from the United 
States, for the purpose of aiding the rebellion. 

8. All military and naval officers in the rebel service who were 
educated by the Government in the Military Academy of West 
Point, or the United States Naval Academy. 

9. All persons who held the pretended offices of governors of 
States in insurrection against the United States. 

10. All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and 
protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal 
military lines, into the so-called Confederate States, for the purpose 
of aiding the rebellion. 

11. All persons who have been engaged in the destruction of the 
commerce of the United States upon the high seas, and all per- 
sons who have made raids into the United States from Canada, or 
been engaged in destroying the commerce of the United States 
upon the lakes and rivers that separate the British Provinces from 
the United States. 

12. All persons who, at the time when they seek to obtain the 
benefits hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in mili- 
tary, naval or civil confinement or custody, or under bonds of the 
civil, military or naval authorities or agents of the United States 
as prisoners of war, or persons detained for offences of any kind, 
either before or after conviction. 

13. All persons who have voluntarily participated in said rebel- 
lion, and the estimated value of whose taxable property is over 
twenty thousand dollars. 

13. All persons who have taken the oath of amnesty as pre- 
scribed in the President's proclamation of December 8, A. D. 1863, 
or an oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



181 



since the date of said proclamation, and 'who nave not thencefor 
ward kept and maintained the same inviolate— provided that special 
application may be made to the President for pardon by any person 
belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be liber- 
ally extended as may be consistent with the facts of the case and 
the power and dignity of the United States. The Secretary of 
State will establish rules and regulations for administering and 
recording the said amnesty oath, so as to insure its benefit to the 
people, and guard the Government against fraud. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, the twenty-ninth day of May, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, 
and of the independence of the United States the eighty-ninth. 

Andrew Johnson. 

At the same time, an order issued from the State Department 
saying that the oath prescribed in the proclamation might be taken 
and subscribed to before any commissioned officer, civil, military or 
naval, in the service of the United States, or any military or civil 
officer of a loyal State or Territory, who, by the laws thereof, might 
be qualified for administer] ng oaths. All officers who received such 
oaths were required to transmit the original to the department, 
where they were deposited. 



APPOINTMENT OP PROVISIONAL GOVERNORS. 

President Johnson soon afterward appointed Provisional Govern- 
ors for the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas, with authority to assemble in 
the State delegates elected by the people who had taken the am- 
nesty oath, or who had opposed secession in convention, and amend 
and alter the State constitution, reappoint or designate local officers, 
and secure the election of State officers and a legislature and mem- 
bers of Congress, under the amended constitutions. If this reor- 
ganization was sustained and approved by the mass of the people, 
the State civil government became established in unison with the 
Federal Union. If it was not so sustained, a military force was at 
hand to lend the necessary support. 

The plan of the President was not peacefully acquiesced in by 
those States. 

For the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and I«ouisiana, 
no provisional governors were appointed. The measures taken for 
their reorganization during President Lincoln's administration 



182 RECONSTRUCTION. 

were regarded by Ms successor as having placed chose States in 
their normal condition. The President approved of the restoration 
of the Southern States into their former position in the Union, 
without any surrender of their constitutional rights of local self- 
government, and without requiring them, with respect to the blacks, 
to do anything more than to acknowledge and respect the freedom 
which has resulted from the exercise of force during a condition of 
civil war. 

At the same time the civil authority was required to be in the 
hands of men who could take and would observe the amnesty oath, 
or who had been steadfast Unionists. 

July 2, 1862, Congress passed an act requiring every person who 
might subsequently be elected or appointed to any office of honor 
or profit under the Government of the United States, either in the 
civil, military or naval departments, except the President, to take 
the following oath before entering upon the duties of such office : 

OATH. 

I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never volun 
tarily borne arms against the United States, since I have been a 
citizen thereof ; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, 
counsel or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility 
thereto • that I have neither sought nor accepted, nor attempted to 
exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority 
or pretended authority, in hostility to the United States ; that I 
have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, 
authority, power, or constitution within the United States inimical 
thereto. And I do further swear (or affirm) that to the best of my 
knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution 
of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic ; 
that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take 
this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose 
of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties 
of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God. 

By this oath all persons in the Southern States who had eithei 
directly or indirectly been engaged in hostilities, were excluded 
from holding judicial, revenue, legislative, military, or naval Fede- 
ral offices. 

CONDITION OF AFFAIES IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. 

On the 12th of December 1865, the Senate of the Federal Con- 
gress adopted a resolution calling upon the President for informa- 
tion respecting the condition of affairs in the Southern States. Tc 
this request the President made the following reply : 



RECONSTRUCTION-, 



183 



" In reply to the resolution of the Senate I have the honor tc state, 
that the rebellion waged by a portion of the people against the 
constituted authorities of the Government of the United States has 
been suppressed ; that the United States are in possession of every 
State in which the insurrection existed, and that as far as could be 
done, the courts of the United States have been restored, post offices 
re-established, and steps taken to put into effective operation the 
revenue laws of the country. 

" As the result of the measures instituted by the Executive with 
the view of inducing a resumption of the functions of the State, 
comprehended in the inquiry of the Senate, the people in North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Arkansas and Tennessee, have reorganized their respective State 
governments, and are yielding obedience to the laws and Govern- 
ment of the United States, with more willingness and greater 
promptitude than under the circumstances could reasonably have 
been anticipated. The proposed amendment to the Constitution 
providing for the abolition of slavery forever within the limits of 
the country, has been ratified by each one of those States, with the 
exception of Mississippi, from which no official information has 
been received ; and in nearly all of them measures have been 
adopted, or are now pending, to confer upon the freedmen the privi- 
leges which are essential to their comfort, protection and security." 

AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION ABOLISHING SLAVERY. 

On the 18th of December, the Secretary of State, Mr. Seward, 
officially announced from the State Department that the 13th amend- 
ment of the Federal Constitution, abolishing slavery, had been 
adopted. The amendment was ratified by the Legislatures of the 
States of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, 
West "Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New 
Hampshire, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia — in all 
twenty-seven States, constituting three-fourths of the whole num- 
ber of States in the United States, and, therefore, became valid to 
all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution of the United 
States. Several other States subsequently ratified it. 

On February 20, 1866, the following resolution was reported from 
the Committee on Reconstruction : 

Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), 
That, in order to close agitation upon a question which seems likely 
to disturb the action of the Government, as well as to quiet the 
uncertainty which is agitating the minds of the people of the 
eleven States which have been declared to be in insurrection, no 
senator or representative shall be admitted into either branch of 



181 RECONSTRUCTION. 

Congress from any of said States, until Congress shall have declared 
such State entitled to such representation. 

"Which was agreed to— yeas, 109 ; nays, 40. 

March 2d, the Senate passed the resolution— yeas, 29 ; nays, 18. 

On the 13th of March, the following bill, popularly known as the 
Civil Rights Bill, was passed by the House of Representatives, and 
concurred in by the Senate on the 15th. 

An act to 'protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights 
and furnish the means of their vindication : 

Be it enacted, etc., That all persons born in the United States, and 
not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians, not taxed, are 
hereby declared to be citizens of the United ; and such citizens of 
every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of 
slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, 
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the 
same right in every State and Territory in the United States to 
make and enforce contracts ; to sue, be parties, and give evidence ; 
to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal 
property ; and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings 
for the security of person and property as it is enjoyed by white 
citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains and penal- 
ties, and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or 
custom, to the contrary notwithstanding. - 

Sec. 2. That any person who under color of any law, statute, 
ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be sub- 
jected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation 
of any right secured or protected by this act, or to different punish- 
ment, pains, or penalties, on account of such person having at any 
time been held in a condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have 
been duly convicted, or by reason of his color or race, than is pre- 
scribed for the punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine 
not exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding 
one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 3. That the district courts of the United States, within their 
respective districts, shall have, exclusively of the courts of the sev- 
eral States, cognizance of all crimes and offenses committed against 
the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently, with the circuit 
courts of the United States, of all causes, civil and criminal, affect- 
ing persons who are denied or cannot enforce in the courts or 
judicial tribunals of the State or locality where they may be, any 
of the rights secured to them by the first section of this act ; and 
if any suit or prosecution, civil or criminal, has been, or shall be, 
commenced in any State court against any such person, for any 
cause whatsoever, or against any officer, civil or military, or other 
person, for any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses or wrongs., done 
or comnrtted by virtue or under color of authority derived from 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



185 



this act, or the act establishing a bureau for the relief of freedmen 
and refugees, and all acts amendatory therecf, 01 for refusing to do 
any act upon the ground that it would be inconsistent with thia 
act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such cause for 
trial to the proper district or circuit court in the manner prescribed 
by the "Act relating to habeas corpus, and regulating judicial pro- 
ceedings in certain cases," approved March third, eighteen hundred 
and sixty-three, and all acts amendatory thereof. The jurisdiction 
in civil and criminal matters, hereby conferred on the district and 
circuit courts of the United States, shall be exercised and enforced 
in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as such 
laws are suitable to carry the same into effect ; but in all cases 
where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in 
the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish 
offences against law, the common law as modified and changed by 
the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having 
jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the 
same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the 
United States, shall be extended to, and govern said courts in the 
trial and disposition of such cause, and, if of a criminal nature, in 
the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty. 

Sec. 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy mar- 
shals of the United States, the commissioners appointed by the 
circuit court and territorial courts of the United States, with powers 
of arresting, imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of 
the United States, the officers and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, 
and every other officer who may be specially empowered by the 
President of the United States, shall be, and they are hereby, 
specially authorized and required, at the expense of the United 
States, to institute proceedings against all and every person who 
shall violate the provisions of this act, and cause him or them to 
be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial 
lefore such court of the United States or territorial court as by this 
act has cognizance of the offence. And with a view to affording 
reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights of 
equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or 
previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
victed, and to the prompt discharge of the duties of this act, it 
shall be the duty of the circuit courts of the United States, and the 
superior courts of the Territories of the United States, from time 
to time, to increase the number of commissioners, so as to afford a 
speedy and convenient means for the arrest and examination of 
persons charged with a violation of this act. And such commis 
si oners are hereby authorized and required to exercise and discharge 
all the powers and duties conferred upon them by this act, and the 
Bame duties with regard to offences created by this act, as they are 
duly authorized by law to exercise with regard to othei offences 
against the laws of the United States. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy mar 



186 RECONSTRUCTION. 

Bhals, to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under 
the provisions of this act., when to them directed ; and should any 
marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant or other 
process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to 
execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the 
sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the person on whom the 
accused is alleged to have committed the offence. And the better to 
enable the said commissioners to execute their duties faithfully and 
efficiently in conformity with the Constitution of the United States 
and the requirements of this act they are hereby authorized and 
empowered within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing 
under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to 
time, to execute all such warrants and other processes that may be 
issued by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties ; 
and the persons so appointed to execute any warrant or process as 
aforesaid, shall have authority to summon and call to their aid the 
bystanders, or the posse comitatus of the proper county, or such 
portion of the land and naval forces of the United States, or of the 
militia, as may necessary to the performance of the duty with which 
they are charged, and to insure a faithful observance of the clause 
of the Constitution which prohibits slavery, in conformity with the 

Erovisions of this act ; and said warrants shall run and be executed 
y said officers, anywhere in the State or Territory within which 
they are issued. 

Sec. 6. That any person who shall knowingly and wilfully ob- 
struct, hinder, or prevent any officer, or other person charged with 
the execution of any warrant or process issued under the provisions 
of this act, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him or them, 
from arresting any person for whose apprehension such warrant or 
process may have been issued, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue 
such person from the custody of the officer, other person or persons, 
or those lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant 
to the authority herein given and declared, or shall aid, abet, or 
assist any person so arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to 
escape from the custody of the officer or other person legally author- 
ized as aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal any person for whose 
arrest a warrant or process shall have been issued as aforesaid, so 
as to prevent his discovery and arrest after notice or knowledge of 
the fact that a warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such 
person, shall, for either of said offenses, be subject to a fine not 
exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding 
six months, by indictment and conviction before the district court 
of the United States for the district in which said offence may have 
been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, 
if committed within any one of the organized Territories of the 
United States. 

Sec. 7. That the district attorneys, the marshals, their deputies 
and the clerks of the said district and territorial courts, shall be 
paid for theii services the like fees as may be allowed to them for 
similar services in other cases ; and in all cases, when the proceed- 



RECONSTRUCTION 



187 



ings are before a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of teo 
dollars in full for his services in each case, inclusive of all services 
incident to such arrest and examination. The person or persons 
authorized to execute the process to be issued by such commissioner 
for the arrest of offenders against the provisions of this act, shall 
be entitled to a fee of five dollars for each person he or they may 
arrest and take before any such commissioner as aforesaid, with 
such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by such commissioner 
*br such other additional services as may be necessarily performed 
by him or them ; such as attending at the examination, keeping the 
prisoner in custody, and providing him with food and lodging dur- 
ing his detention, and until the final determination of such com- 
missioner, and in general, for performing such other duties as may 
be required in the premises ; such fees to be made up in conformity 
with the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of j ustice 
within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States on the certificate 
of the judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and 
to be recoverable from the defendant as part of the judgment in 
case of conviction. 

Sec. 8. That whenever the President of the United States shall 
have reason to believe that offences have been, or are likely to be, 
committed against the provisions of this act within any judicial 
district, it shall be lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the 
judge, marshal and district attorney of such district, to attend at 
such place within the district, and for such time as he may desig- 
nate, for the purpose of the more speedy arrest and trial of persons 
charged with a violation of this act ; and it shall be the duty of 
'every judge or other officer, when any such requisition shall be 
received by him, to attend at the place and for the time therein 
designated. 

Sec. 9. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United 
States, or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to 
employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United Stat*«, 
or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and 
enforce the due execution of this act. 

Sec. 10. That upon all questions of law arising in any cause 
under the provisions of this act, a final appeal may be taken to the 
Supreme Court of the United States. 

This bill was vetoed by the President, March 27th. 

April 6th, the Senate passed the bill, notwithstanding the objec- 
tions of the President by a vote of 33 yeas to 15 nays ; and April 
9th, the House op Representatives again passed it— yeas, 122 . 
nays, 41. 

Whereupon the Speaker of the House declared the bill a law. 

On the 13th of June, Congress passed the following concuirent 
resolution respecting citizenship, disqualification for office, and 
validity of the public debt of the United States, as an amendment 



188 KECONSTRTJCTTON. 

to the Constitution of the United States, requesting the President 
to transmit to the executives of the several States, copies of the 
article of amendment proposed by Congress to the State legislatures, 
to the end that the said States may proceed to act upon the said 
article of amendment. 

Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment. 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of 
both Houses concurring), that the following article be proposed to 
the legislatures of the several States, as an amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths 
of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of said Constitution, 
namely : 

Art. 14. § 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 
of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any 
person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor 
deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of 
the laws. 

§ 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives 
in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male 
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citi- 
zens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for par- 
ticipation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, 
or elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having 
previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer 
of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as 
an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitu- 
tion of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re- 
bellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House 
remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



189 



shall not be questioned. But neither the United States, nor any 
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of 
insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for 
the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations 
and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Up to February, 1867, the amendment had received the sanction of 
but twenty-one State Legislatures ; but in consequence of the calling 
of conventions and the reorganization of the Southern States under 
the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, it was taken up in the spring 
and summer of 1868, and ratified by a sufficient number of State 
Legislatures to make with these twenty-one, more than the constitu- 
tional number required for its adoption as a part of the Constitution. 

The President disclaimed any approval or recommendation of the 
amendment to the State Legislatures or to the people. On the con- 
trary, he declared that a proper appreciation of the letter and spirit 
of the Constitution, as well as of the interests of national order, har- 
mony and union, and a due deference for an enlightened public judg- 
ment might well suggest a doubt whether any amendment to the 
Constitution ought to be proposed by Congress, and pressed upon 
the legislatures of the several States for final decision, until after 
the admission of such loyal senators and rex>resentatives of the un- 
represented States as have been, or may hereafter be chosen, in con- 
formity with the Constitution and laws of the United States. 

ORDERS AND LAWS CONCERNING THE FREEDMEN. 

The war in its progress, practically emancipated large numbers 
of slaves, who, deprived of any supervision, were left in a state of 
great destitution. In December, 1863, a communication was ad- 
dressed to President Lincoln by a committee of gentlemen repre 
senting the Freedmen's Aid Societies in Boston, New York, Phila- 
delphia and Cincinnati, urging the creation of a bureau of emanci- 
pation, charged with the execution of measures for guiding and 
aiding the emancipated blacks from their old condition of forced 
labor, to their new state of voluntary industry. The President sub- 
mitted this communication to Congress, with the statement that 
their attention thereto was imperatively demanded. March 1, 1864, 
the House passed a bill to establish a Bureau of Freedmen's Affairs. 
The bill created in the War Department a Bureau of Freedmen's 
Affairs, with a Commissioner, to whom shall be referred the adjust- 
ment and determination of all questions concerning persons of Afri- 
can descent, and persons who are, or shall become free daring the 



190 KECONSTKUCTKXN. 

present rebellion. The Commissioner is authorized to make all need- 
ftu regulations for the management of all such persons, assistant 
commissioners are to be appointed in the rebellious States, when 
brought under military authority, with power to permit freedmen 
to cultivate lands in those districts which are, or may be abandoned 
by their former owners. The bill was amended in the Senate, and 
then referred to the Select Committee in the House, who recom- 
mended a non-concurrence in the Senate amendments ; when the 
bill was postponed to December. 

On the 16th of January, 1865, General W. T. Sherman issued an 
order, setting apart the islands from Charleston, S. C, the aban- 
doned rice-fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, 
and the country bordering the St. John's River, Florida, for the set- 
tlement of the negroes made free by the acts of war and the procla- 
mation of its. President of the United States. 

No white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers 
detailed for duty was to be permitted to reside upon the islands, 
and the sole management of affairs was left to the freed people 
themselves, subject only to the United States military authority 
and the acts of Congress. 

Whenever three respectable negroes, heads of families, desired 
to settle upon lands and selected a locality within the desig- 
nated limits, the Inspector of Settlements was to give them license 
to settle such district, and afford them such assistance as he could to 
enable them to establish a peaceable agricultural settlement. 

This order, which was sanctioned by the Government, conveyed 
only a possessory title to these lands to the freedmen, during the 
continuance of the war, or until the Government should, after the 
conclusion of the war, define its policy in regard to the restoration 
of forfeited lands to political offenders. 

February 2d, the Committee of Conference, to whom the bill of 
the previous session was referred, reported another bill, which was 
adopted by the House, but rejected in the Senate. 

February 28th, a new Conference Committee, made a report to 
establish in the War Department, for the war and one year there 
after, a Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, for 
the supervision and management of all abandoned lands, and the 
control of all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from rebel 
States, or from any district of country within the territory embraced 
in the operations of the army, under rules to be approved by the 
President. The Bureau to have a Commissioner, with an assistant 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



191 



commissioner for each rebel State, not exceeding ten. The assist 
ants to make quarterly reports to the Commissioner, and he a re- 
port at each session of Congress. 

Section 2 authorizes the Secretary of War to direct such issuea 
of provisions, clothing and fuel, as he may deem needful for the 
immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suf- 
fering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children, under 
such rules and regulations as he may direct. 

The bill also gives the Commissioner, under the direction of the 
President, authority to set apart for the use of loyal refugees and 
freedmen, such tracts of land within the insurrectionary States, as 
Bhall have been abandoned, or to which the "United States shall 
have acquired by confiscation or sale, or otherwise. And to every 
male citizen, whether refugee or freedman, as aforesaid, there shall 
be assigned not more than forty acres of such lands and the person 
to whom it is so assigned shall be protected in the use and enjoy- 
ment of the land for the term of three years, at an annual rent not 
exceeding six per cent, upon the value of said land as it was 
appraised by the State authorities in 1860, for the purpose of taxa 
tion ; and in case no such appraisal can be found, then the rental 
shall be based upon the estimated value of the land in said year, to 
be ascertained in such manner as the Commissioner may, by regula- 
tion, prescribe. At the end of said term, or at any time during 
said term, the occupants of any parcels so assigned may purchase 
the lands, and receive such title thereto as the United States can 
convey, upon paying therefor the value of the land, as ascertained 
and fixed for the purpose of determining the annual rent as afore 
said, 

The bill was adopted by the Senate. 

March 3d it was adopted in the House. 

Early in May, the President appointed Major-General 0. 0. How- 
ard to be the Commissioner or head of this bureau. In entering 
upon his duties, General Howard first appointed the ten assistant 
commissioners to whose aid he was entitled by the provisions of 
the act. With one exception, they were all army officers in actual 
service, and several of them of the rank of brigadier-general. He 
organized the Bureau into four divisions, viz. : 1. Lands, embracing 
abandoned, confiscated, and those acquired by sale or otherwise. 
2. Records ; embracing official acts of the commissioner, touching 
labor, schools and commissary supplies. 3. Financial affairs ; and 



192 RECOXSTBTTCTIOtf. 

4. The medical department. Under General Howard's prudent 
administration the Bureau accomplished the object of its institu- 
tion, and afforded great relief to the destitute. 

A Freedman's Bureau Bill passed the Senate, January 25th, 
1868, and the house on the 6th of February. 

This bill was vetoed by the President, February 19th, 1866, and, 
after the veto, passed the House by 137 yeas to 33 nays, and in the 
Senate received 30 yeas to 18 nays, not two-thirds, so the bill was 
lost. 

On the 3rd of July, 1886, a second Freedman's Bureau Bill was 
passed in Congress, providing for the continuance in force of the 
act for the organization of the Freedmen's Bureau, for two years 
from the passage of this act, and explaining its provisions, and pro- 
viding more definitely and carefully for the needs of suffering loyal 
white refugees and freedmen, and for the payment of the salaries 
of the assistant commissioners and their deputies, and granting 
them judicial powers in certain cases. This bill was vetoed by the 
President July 16th, but was immediately passed over the veto, re- 
ceiving in the House 103 yeas to 33 nays, and in the Senate 33 
yeas to 12 nays. 

At its second session, Dec. 1866 to March 4, 1867, the XXXIXth 
Congress dissatisfied with the results of President Johnson's efforts 
in the way of reconstruction, and regarding the work as apper- 
taining to them, rather than to the Executive, under the provision 
of the Constitution, (Section 3, Art. IV.), which gives Congress the 
power to admit new States into the Union, and to make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- 
longing to the United States, — proceeded to prepare measures of 
reconstruction in accordance with their own views. 

The first of these acts passed at this session was one regulating 
the elective franchise in the District of Columbia, conferring it on 
male citizens of the United States, twenty-one years old and up- 
wards, without distinction on account of race or color, who should 
have resided in the District one year next preceding any election 
therein, excepting paupers, persons under guardianship, those con- 
victed of any infamous crime or offence, and those who may vol un- 
tarily have given aid and comfort to the Rebels in the late Rebellion; 
suitable provisions were made for the execution of this law in the 
latter section of it. This bill was vetoed by President Johnson, 
January 7, 1867, but was passed over the veto in the Senate by yeas 
29, nays 10 ; and in the House by yeas 113, nays 38. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



193 



A bill was passed June Htli, 1887, forbidding the denial of the 
elective franchise in any of the Territories on account of race or 
color. This was retained by the President ten days, and finally be- 
came a law without his approval. 

On the 9th of January 186*7, an act was passed repealing the au- 
thority of the President to proclaim amnesty and pardon, conferred 
on him by Section 13 of the "Act to suppress Insurrection," &c, 
approved July 17, 1862. This the President retained beyond the 
legal limit, and suffered it to become a law without his approval. 

The next measure of Congress was an Act for the admission of 
Nebraska into the Union as a State, which while accepting and rati- 
fying the Constitution and State government of Nebraska required 
it as a condition precedent to admission that there should be no de- 
nial of the elective franchise, or of any other right, to any person, 
by reason of race or color, excepting Indians not taxed. This was 
passed over the President's veto, February, 9th 1867. 

The Joint Committee of the two Houses of Congress on Recon- 
struction had made a report on the subject during the previous ses- 
sion, but it was not satisfactory and the matter was re-committed to 
them. Several substitutes were offered for the Committee's bill, 
but they were eventually withdrawn, and a new bill from Mr. 
Stevens of the Reconstruction Committee reported. After some 
modifications in the Senate and an amendment in the House, the 
bill quickly passed both Houses, was returned with a veto by Presi- 
dent Johnson, March 2d, and passed over the veto the same day. It 
was as follows : 

Whereas, No legal State governments or adequate protection for 
life or property now exist in the rebel States of Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Florida, Texas, and Arkansas ; and whereas it is necessary that 
peace and good order should be enforced in said States until loyal 
and republican State governments can be legally established ; 
therefore 

Be it enacted, &c, That said rebel States shall be divided into 
military districts and made subject to the military authority of the 
United States, as hereinafter mentioned ; and for that purpose Vir- 
ginia shall constitute the First District ; North Carolina and South 
Carolina the Second District ; Georgia, Alabama and Florida the 
Third District ; Mississippi and Arkansas the Fourth District ; and 
Louisiana and Texas the Fifth District 

Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the President to assign to the 
command of each of said districts an officer of the army not below 
the rank of Brigadier-General, and to detail a sufficient military 
force to enable such officer to perform his duties and enforce his au- 
thority within the district to which he is assigned. 
9 



194 KECO^STKUCTIOIN". 

Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of each officer assigned as 
aforesaid to protect all persons in their rights of person aDd proper- 
ty, to suppress insurrection, disorder and violence, and to punish or 
cause to be punished all disturbers of the public peace and crimi- 
nals ; and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take juris- 
diction of and try offenders, or, when in his judgment it may be 
necessary for the trial of offenders, he shall have power to organ- 
ize military committees or tribunals for that purpose; and all inter- 
ference under color of State authority with the exercise of military 
authority under this act shall be null and void. 

Sec. 4. That all persons put under military arrest by virtue of 
this act shall be tried without unnecessary delay, and no cruel or 
unusual punishment shall be inflicted, and no sentence of any mili- 
tary commission or tribunal hereby authorized affecting the life or 
liberty of any person shall be executed until it is approved by the 
officer in command of the district ; and the laws and regulations for 
the government of the army shall not be affected by this act, except 
in so far as they may conflict with its provisions. Provided, That 
no sentence of death under this act shall be carried into execution 
without the approval of the President. 

Sec. 5. When the people of any one of said rebel States shall 
have formed a constitution and government in conformity with 
the Constitution of the United States in all respects, framed by a 
convention of delegates elected by the male citizens of said State 
twenty-one years old and upward, of whatever race, color, or pre- 
vious condition, who have been resident in said State for one year 
previous to the day of such election, except such as may be disfran- 
chised for participation in the Rebellion, or for felony at common 
iaw, and when such constitution shall provide that the elective fran- 
chise shall be enjoyed by all such persons as have the qualifications 
herein stated for electors of delegates, and when such constitution 
shall be ratified by a majority of the persons voting on the question 
of ratification who are qualified as electors for delegates, and when 
such constitution shall have been submitted to Congress for exam- 
ination and approval, and Congress shall have approved the same, 
and when said State by a vote of its Legislature elected under said 
constitution shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States proposed by the XXXIXth Congress, and 
known as Art 14, and when said article shall have become part of 
the Constitution of the United States, said State shall be declared 
entitled to representation in Congress, and Senators and Representa- 
tives shall be admitted therefrom on their taking the oath pre- 
scribed by law, and then and thereafter the preceding sections of 
this act shall be inoperative in said State. Provided, That no per- 
son excluded from the privilege of holding office by said proposed 
amendment to the Constitution of the United States shall be eligi- 
ble to election as a member of the convention to frame a constitu- 
tion for any of said rebel States, nor shall any such person vote for 
members of such convention. 

Ssc. 6 And be it further enacted, That until the people of the said 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



195 



rebel States shall by law be admitted to representation to the Con- 
gress of the United States, all civil governments that may exist 
therein shall be deemed provisional only, and shall be in all respects 
subject to the paramount authority of the United States, at any 
time to abolish, modify, control, and supersede the same, and in all 
elections to any office under such provisional governments all per- 
sons shall be entitled to vote under the provisions of the fifth sec- 
tion of this act. And no person shall be eligible to any office under 
such provisional governments who would be disqualified from hold- 
ing office under the provisions of the third article of said Constitu- 
tional Amendment. 

The bill having thus become a law, the President appointed the 
following military commanders of the five Districts: 

First District — Virginia : Gen. J. M. Schofield; headquarters, 
Richmond, Va. 

Second District — North Carolina and South Carolina : Gen. D. 
E. Sickles ; headquarters, Columbia, S. C. 

Third District— Georgia, Florida and Alabama ; Headquarters, 
Montgomery, Ala. Gen. Thomas was at first assigned to this com- 
mand, but at his suggestion Gen. Pope was finally sent thither. 

Fourth District — Mississippi and Arkansas : Gen. E. 0. C. Ord; 
headquarters, Vicksburg, Miss. 

Fifth District — Louisiana and Texas : Gen. P. H. Sheridan; 
headquarters, New Orleans. Gen. Sheridan was already on the 
ground, and the other generals repaired promptly to their several 
districts. 

The Fortieth Congress which met on the 4th of March, 1867, found 
that some provisions were needful for carrying out the details of 
this act, and accordingly passed a supplemental act, March 18th, 
which was vetoed March, 23d, 1866, and passed again the same day. 



Supplemental Reconstruction Act of Fortieth Congress. 

AN ACT supplementary to an act entitled " An act to provide for 
the more efficient government of the rebel States," passed March 
2d, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and to facilitate restora- 
tion. 

Be it enacted, <&c, That before the first day of September, eight- 
een hundred and sixty-seven, the commanding general in each 
district defined by an act entitled " An act to provide for the more 
efficient government of the rebel States," passed March 2d, eighteen 
hundred and sixty-seven, shall cause a registration to be made of 
the male citizens of the United States, twenty-one years of age and 
upwards, resident in each county or parish in the State or States in- 
cluded in his district, which registration shall include only those 



196 RECONSTRUCTION. 

persons who are qualified to vote for delegates by the act aforesaid, 
and who shall have taken and subscribed the following, oath or af- 
firmation : 

I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm), in the presence of Al- 
mighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of ; that I have 

resided in said State for months next preceding this day 

and now reside in the county of , or the parish of , in 

said State (as the case may be) ; that I am twenty-one years old ; 
that I have not been disfranchised for participating in any rebellion 
or civil war against the United States ; that I have never been a 
member of any State Legislature, nor held any executive or judi- 
cial office in any State, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the United States or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of 
Congress of the United States, or as an officer of the United States, 
or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or ju- 
dicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United 
States, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the United States or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; 
that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of 
the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, encourage 
others so to do, so help me God ;" which oath or affirmation may be 
administered by any registering officer. 

Sec. 2. That after the completion of the registration hereby pro- 
vided for in any State, at such time and places therein as the com- 
manding general shall appoint and direct, of which at least thirty 
days' public notice shall be given, an election shall be held of dele- 
gates to a convention for the purpose of establishing a constitution 
and civil government for such State loyal to the Union, said con- 
vention in each State, except Virginia, to consist of the same num- 
ber of members as the most numerous branch of the State legislature 
of such State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be appor- 
tioned among the several districts, counties, or parishes of such 
States by the commanding general, giving to each representation 
in the ratio of voters registered as aforesaid as nearly as may be. 
The convention in Virginia shall consist of the same number of 
members as represented the territory now constituting Virginia in 
the most numerous branch of the legislature of said State in the 
year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned as aforesaid. 

Sec. 3. That at said election the registered voters of each State 
shall vote for or against a convention to form a constitution therefor 
under this act. Those voting in favor of such a convention shall 
have written or printed on the ballots by which they vote for dele- 
gates, as aforesaid, the words " For a convention," and those voting 
against such a convention shall have written or printed on such bal- 
lots the words " Against a convention." The persons appointed to 
superintend said election, and to make return of the votes given 
thereat, as herein provided, shall count and make return of the 
votes given for and against a convention ; and the commanding 
general to whom the same shall have been returned shall ascertain 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



197 



and declare the total vote in each State for and against a conven- 
tion. If a majority of the votes given on that question shall be for 
a convention, then such convention shall be held as hereinafter pro- 
vided ; but if a majority of said votes shall be against a convention, 
then no such convention shall be held under this act : Provided, 
That such convention shall not be held unless a majority of all such 
registered voters shall have voted on the question of holding such 
convention. 

Sec. 4. That the commanding general of each district shall ap- 
point as many boards of registration as may be necessary, consist- 
ing of three loyal officers or persons, to make and complete the reg- 
istration, superintend the election, and make return to him of the 
votes, lists of voters, and of the persons elected as delegates by a 
plurality of the votes cast at said election ; and upon receiving said 
returns he shall open the same, ascertain the persons elected as 
delegates according to the returns of the officers who conducted 
said election, and make proclamation thereof; and if a majority of 
the votes given on that question shall be for a convention, the com- 
manding general, within sixty days from the date of election, shall 
notify the delegates to assemble in convention, at a time and place 
to be mentioned in the notification, and said convention, when or- 
ganized, shall proceed to frame a constitution and civil government 
according to the provisions of this act and the act to which it is 
supplementary ; and when the same shall have been so framed, said 
constitution shall be submitted by the convention for ratification 
to the persons registered under the provisions under this act at 
an election to be conducted by the officers or persons appointed or 
to be appointed by the commanding general as hereinbefore provi- 
ded, and to be held after the expiration of thirty days from the date 
of notice thereof, to be given by said convention ; and the returns 
thereof shall be made to the commanding general of the dis- 
trict. 

Sec. 5. That if, according to said returns, the constitution shall 
be ratified by a majority of the votes of the registered electors 
qualified as herein specified, cast at said election (at least one-half of 
all the registered voters voting upon the question of such ratifica- 
tion), the president of the convention shall transmit a copy of the 
same, duly certified, to the President of the United States, who 
shall forthwith transmit the same to Congress, if then in session, 
and if not in session, then immediately upon its next assembling ; 
and if it shall, moreover, appear to Congress that the election was 
one at which all the registered and qualified electors in the State 
had an opportunity to vote freely and without restraint, fear, or the 
influence of fraud, and if Congress shall be satisfied that such 
constitution meets the approval of a majority of all the qualified 
electors in the State, and if the said constitution shall be declared 
by Congress to be in conformity with the provisions of the act to 
which this is supplementary, and the other provisions of said act 
shall have been complied with, and the said constitution shall be 
approved by Congress, the State shall be declared entitled to repre- 



198 RECONSTRUCTION. 

sentation, and senators and representatives shall be admitted there* 
from as therein provided. 

Sec. 6. That all elections in the States mentioned in the said "Act 
to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States," 
shall, during the operation of said act be by ballot ; and all officers 
making the said registration of voters and conducting said elec- 
tions shall, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, take 
and subscribe the oath prescribed by the act approved July second, 
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled " An act to prescribe an 
oath of office :" Provided, That if any person shall knowingly and 
falsely take and subscribe any oath in 'this act prescribed, such per- 
son so' offending and being thereof duly convicted, shall be subject 
to the pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law are provided 
for the punishment of the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury. 

Sec. 7. That all expenses incurred by the several commanding 
generals, or by virtue of any orders issued, or appointments made, 
by them, under or by virtue of this act, shall be paid out of any 
money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. 

Sec. 8. That the convention for each State shall prescribe the 
fees, salary, and compensation to be paid to all delegates and other 
officers and agents herein authorized or necessary to carry into ef- 
fect the purposes of this act not herein otherwise provided for, and 
shall provide for the levy and collection of such taxes on the prop- 
erty in such State as may be necessary to pay the same. 

i^EC. 9. That the word article in the sixth section of the act to 
which this is supplementary, shall be construed to mean section. 

During the early summer months, the President procured from his 
Attorney-general, Hon. H. S. Stanberry, an opinion on the interpre- 
tation of this act which placed it in the light of a mere police provis- 
ion, and if accepted would have practically nullified the intentions 
of its framers. To obviate this difficulty, Congress, which had pro- 
vided for a summer session if called by its presiding officers, assem- 
bled July 4, 18G7, and on the 13th of July passed the following ex- 
planatory act, which was vetoed on the 19th of July, and at once 
passed over the veto : 

Additional Explanatory Act. 

AN ACT supplementary to an act entitled " An act to provide for 
the more efficient government of the rebel States," passed on the 
second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and the 
act supplementary thereto, passed on the twenty-third day of 
March, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. 

Be it enacted, <&c., That it is hereby declared to have been the true 
intent and meaning of the act of second day of March, one thous- 
and eight hundred and sixty-seven, entitled, " An act to provide 
for the more efficient government of the rebel States," and of the 
act supplementary thereto, passed on the twenty-third day of Mazch. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



199 



in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, that the 
governments then existing in the rebel States of Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, 
Florida, Texas and Arkansas, were not legal State Governments ; 
and that thereafter said governments, if continued, were to be con- 
tinued subject in all respects to the military commanders of the re- 
spective districts, and to the paramount authority of Congress. 

Sec. 2. That the commander of any district named in said act 
shall have power, subject to the disapproval of the General of the 
Army of the United States, and to have effect, till disapproved, 
whenever in the opinion of such commander the proper adminis- 
tration of said act shall require it, to suspend or remove from office, 
or from the performance of official duties and the exercise of official 
powers, any officer or person holding or exercising, or professing to 
hold or exercise, any civil or military office or duty in such district 
under any power, election, appointment, or authority derived from, 
or granted by, or claimed under, any so-called State or the govern- 
ment thereof, or any municipal or other division thereof; and upon 
such suspension or removal such commander, subject to the disap- 
proval of the General as aforesaid, shall have power to provide 
from time to time for the performance of the said duties of such of- 
ficer or person so suspended or removed, by the detail of some com- 
petent officer or soldier of the army, or by the appointment of some 
other person, to perform the same, and to fill vacancies occasioned 
by death, resignation, or otherwise. 

Sec. 3. That the General of the Army of the United States shall 
be invested with all the powers of suspension, removal, appoint- 
ment, and detail granted in the preceding section to district com- 
manders. 

Sec. 4. That the acts of the officers of the army already done in 
removing in said districts persons exercising the functions of civil 
officers, and appointing others in their stead, are hereby confirmed: 
Provided, That any person heretofore or hereafter appointed by any 
district commander to exercise the functions of any civil officer may 
be removed either by the military officer in command of the district, 
or by the General of the Army. And it shall be the duty of such 
commander to remove from office, as aforesaid, all persons who are 
disloyal to the government of the United States, or who use their 
official influence in any manner to hinder, delay, prevent, or obstruct 
the due and proper administration of this act and the acts to which 
it is supplementary. 

Sec. 5. That the boards of registration provided for in the act 
entitled "An act supplementary to an act entitled ' An act to pro- 
vide for the more efficient government of the rebel States/ passed 
March two, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and to facilitate res- 
toration," passed March twenty-three, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
seven, shall have power, and it shall be their duty before allowing 
the registration of any person, to ascertain, upon such facts or in- 
formation as they can obtain, whether such person is entitled to be 
registered under said act, and the oath required by said act shall 



200 RECONSTRUCTION. 

not be conclusive on such, question, and no person shall be regis 
tered unless such board shall decide that he is entitled thereto ; and 
such board shall also have power to examine, under oath, (to be ad- 
ministered by any member of such board,) any one touching the 
qualification of any person claiming registration ; but in every 
case of refusal by the board to register an applicant, and in every 
case of striking his name from the list as hereinafter provided, the 
board shall make a note or memorandum, which shall be returned 
with the registration list to the commanding general of the district, 
setting forth the grounds of such refusal or such striking from the 
list : Provided, That no person shall be disqualified as member of 
any board of registration by reason of race or color. 

Sec. 6. That the true intent and meaning of the oath prescribed 
in said supplementary act is, (among other things,) that no person 
who has been a member of the legislature of any State, or who has 
held any executive or judicial office in any State, whether he has 
taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States or 
not, and whether He was holding such office at the commencement 
of the rebellion, or had held it before and who has afterwards en- 
gaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or 
given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof, is entitled to be regis- 
tered or to vote ; and the words " executive or judicial office in 
any State " in said oath mentioned shall be construed to include all 
civil offices created by law for the administration of any general law 
of a State, or for the administration of justice. 

Sec. 7. That the time for completing the original registration 
provided for in said act may, in the discretion of the commander of 
any district, be extended to the first day of October, eighteen hun- 
dred and sixty-seven ; and the boards of registration shall have pow- 
er, and it shall be their duty, commencing fourteen days prior to 
any election under said act, and upon reasonable public notice ot 
the time and place thereof, to revise, for a period of five days, the 
registration lists,and upon being satisfied that any person not entitled 
thereto hag been registered, to strike the name of such person 
from the list, and such person shall not be allowed to vote. And 
such board shall also, during the same period, add to such registry 
the names of all such persons who at that time possess qualifica- 
tions required by said act who have not been already registered : 
and no person shall, at any time, be entitled to be registered or to 
vote by reason of any executive pardon or amnesty for any act or 
thing which, without such pardon or amnesty, would disqualify him 
from registering or voting. 

Sec. 8. That section four of said last named act shall be construed 
to authorize the commanding general named therein, whenever he 
shall deem it needful, to remove any member of a board of regis- 
tration and to appoint another in his stead, and to fill any vacancy 
in such board. 

Sec. 9. That all members of said boards of registration, and all 
persons hereafter elected or appointed to office in said military dis- 
tricts, under any so-called State or municipal authority, or by detail 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



201 



or app( intnient of the district commanders, shall be required to 
take and to subscribe the oath of office prescribed by law for officers 
of the United States. 

Sec. 10. That no district commander or member of the board of 
registration, or any of the officers or appointees acting under them, 
shall be bound in his action by any opinion of any civil officer of 
the United States. 

Sec. 11. That all the provisions of this act and of the acts to 
which this is supplementary shall be construed liberally, to the end 
that all the intents thereof may be fully and perfectly carried 
out. 

Under these three acts, registrations were made by direction of the 
military authorities, a popular vote taken in each State on the 
question of a convention to frame a constitution,the convention called 
a constitution adopted, and in all the States, except Virginia and 
Texas, submitted to the people for ratification before July 1, 1868. 
Legislatures were also chosen and State officers elected. 

The XLth Congress in June, 1833, passed a bill admitting Arkan- 
sas into the Union with her new constitution and receiving her 
Senators and Representatives, and soon after the so-called Omnibus 
Bill by which North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Al- 
abama and Louisiana were received. These bills were both vetoed 
but passed over the President's veto by a majority of more than 
two-thirds. In the case of Alabama, her total vote on the adoption 
of her constitution, was less than one-half of her registered number 
of voters, and here according to the provisions of the Reconstruction 
Act, her constitution was not adopted. As it appeared, however^ 
that the vote was very nearly one half of the registration, that 
twenty thousand or more voters had been kept from the polls by 
threats of being discharged if they vote for the constitution, that a 
large number were registered, who had no intention of voting, but 
only desired to thwart the adoption of the constitution, and as 
eleven-twelfths of the votes actually polled were in favor of the con- 
stitution, the majority in Congress thought it best to waive this 
irregularity and admit the State and recognize its constitution with 
the others. The three remaining States, Virginia, Mississippi and 
Texas will probably be admitted before the close of the summer. 

The following, is the text of the so-called " Omnibus Bill : " 
An Act to admit the /States of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida to representation in Con- 
gress. Whereas the people of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida have, in pursuance of the 
provisions of an act entitled " An act tor the more efficient govern- 
ment of the Rebel States," passed March 2, 1887, and the acts sup- 
9* 



202 RECONSTRUCTION. 

plemental thereto, framed constitutions of a State government, 
which are Republican, and have adopted said constitutions by large 
majorities of the votes cast at the elections held for the ratification 
or repealing of the same. 

Therefore, be it enacted, that each of the States of North Caroli- 
na, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida shall 
be entitled and admitted to representation in Congress as a State of 
the Union, when the Legislature of each State shall have duly rati- 
fied the amendment to the Constitution of the United States, pro- 
posed by the XXXIX Congress, and known as Article 14, upon the 
following fundamental conditions : 

Sec. 1. That the constitution of neither of said States shall 
ever be so amended or changed as to deprive any citizen or class of 
citizens of the United States of the right to vote in said State 
who are entitled to vote by the constitution thereof herein recog- 
nized, except as a punishment of such crimes as are now felonies 
at common law, where they shall have been duly convicted under 
laws eq ually applicable to all the inhabitants of said State ; provi- 
ded, that any alteration of said constitutions, prospective in its ef- 
fect, may be made with regard to the time and place of residence 
of voters ; and the State of Georgia shall only be entitled and 
admitted to representation upon this further fundamental condition : 
That the first and third sub-divisions of section 17 of the fifth arti- 
cle of the constitution of said State, except the proviso to the first 
sub-division, shall be null and void, and that the General Assembly 
of said State by solemn public act shall declare the assent of the 
State to the foregoing fundamental condition. 

Sec. 2. That if the day fixed for the first meeting of the Legis- 
lature of either of said States by the constitution or ordinance there- 
of shall have passed, or so nearly arrived, before the passage of this 
act that there shall not be time for the Legislature to assemble at 
the period fixed, such Legislature shall convene at the end of 
twenty clays from the time this act takes effect unless the Governor 
elect shall sooner convene the same. 

Sec. 3. That the first section of this act shall take effect as to 
each State, except Georgia, when such State shall, by its Legisla- 
ture, duly ratify Article 14 of the amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress ; and as 
to the State of Georgia, when it shall, in addition, give the assent of 
said State to the fundamental condition hereinbefore imposed upon 
the same, thereupon the officers of each State duly elected and 
qualified under the constitution thereof shall be inaugurated with- 
out delay ; but no person prohibited from holding office under the 
United States, or under any State, by section 3 of the proposed 
amendment to the Constitution of the United States, known as Ar- 
ticle 14, shall be deemed eligible to any office in cither of said 
States, unless relieved from disabilify as provided in said amend- 
ment ; and it is hereby made ihe duty of the President, within ten 
days after receiving official information of the ra'ification of said 
amendment by the Legislature of either of said Slates, to issue a 
proclamation announcing that, fact. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



203 



Virginia. 

April 17, 1861. Convention passed an ordinance of secession, sub 
niitting it to the vote of the people, who ratified it June 25th by a 
vote of four to one. In the meantime measures were taken in the 
western part of the State for the organization of a loyal government. 
A Convention met at Wheeling, May 13th, and made provision for a 
convention of delegates from the people of the Western Counties 
on the 11th of June. 

This second convention organized a government for the State to 
take the place of that which had joined the Confederacy, and called 
an election for members of the Legislature, which met at Wheeling 
July 2, 1861. This Legislature also elected senators to Congress. 
The result of this action was the formation of the new State of 
West Virginia which was admitted into the Union December 18, 



Governor Pierpont, who had been elected in 1862, instituted a loyal 
State government at Alexandria in 1863. A Legislature and other 
officers were also elected. The Legislature called a Convention to 
meet on February 13, 1864, which met and abolished slavery. As 
jurisdiction was exercised by this government in only a few coun- 
ties, it was not much respected by the military authorities. 

On the 12th of April, 1865, a call was issued in the Richmond papers 
for the assembling of the old Virginia Legislature on the 28th of 
April ensuing, for the purpose of devising measures for the restora 
tion of Virginia to the Union under the new order of affairs. This 
measure was sanctioned by President Lincoln, on the representation 
of General Weitzel and others, that the Legislature was disposed 
to act in a conciliatory spirit, and with a wise reference to the exist 
ing position. Evidence, moreover, came to the President which sat 
isfied him that this assembling of the legislature would be the sig 
nal for action in hostility to the government, and tiw call was a& 
cordingly countermanded on the 14th, the day of his assassina- 
tion. 

After the close of the Rebellion, President Johnson on May 9th 
issued a proclamation recognizing the Pierpont administration as 
that of Virginia. An extra session of the Legislature was held June 
19th, the next day a bill passed providing that persons otherwise 
qualified as voters, who take the amnesty oath, and an oath to up- 
hold the executive government of Virginia, shall be qualified as vot- 



204 RECONSTRUCTION. 

ers. October 12th, an election was held for Representatives in Con* 
gress. 

December 4th the Legislature assembled. 

A bill was passed providing that all qualified voters, identified 
with the rebellion and not excluded from the amnesty proclamation, 
can appear before any person authorized to administer oaths under 
the restored government, and recover the right of suffrage, by tak 
ing the amnesty oath of the 29th of May, 1865, an oath to support 
the restored government of Virginia, and to protect and defend the 
Constitution of the United States. The marital relation between 
colored persons was established bv law, and placed on the same ba 
sis as that observed by whites. Without reservation or reluctance 
the State assumed all the responsibilities, burdens and other dutie* 
imposed on her by the new situation. 

On the passage of the first Reconstruction Act, March 2nd, 1867, 
Gov. Pierpoint called an extra session of the Legislature (elected 
under the existing provisional government) and recommended to 
provide for calling a convention in accordance with the act. The 
Legislature accordingly appointed a joint committee on the sub- 
ject who reported a bill for an election for a convention which 
passed the Senate, but the supplementary Reconstruction Act hav- 
ing put the whole matter of registration and calling the convention 
in the hands of the military commanders, further action was 
dropped. The registration was completed under the direction of 
Boards of Registrars appointed by General Schofield, by the 15th 
of September, 1867, and the whole number registered was 221,754, 
of whom 116, 982 were whites, and 104,772 colored. 

The 22d of October was appointed as the day for taking a vote 
on the question of a convention, and on that day 169,229 votes were 
cast, of which 76,084 were by whites, and 93,145 by blacks. The 
number of votes for a convention was 107,342 (14,835 whites, and 
92,507 blacks). Against a convention, 61,887 (61,249 whites, and 638 
blacks). One hundred and five delegates were chosen, 80 whites and 
25 blacks, and of these 70 were Republicans and 35 Conservatives. 
The convention met on the 3rd of December, 1867, and chose Hon. 
J. C. Underwood for its presiding officer. Its deliberations were 
protracted, but the constitution framed was a very able document. 
The election for the adoption of the constitution was held in July, 
1868. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 205 

Tennessee. 

May 7, 1861. The legislature passed an ordinance of secession, and 
an ordinance adopting the Confederate Constitution,, both to be rati- 
fied by the people June 8th. 

June 24th, Governor Harris declared Tennessee out of the Union 
the vote for separation being 104,019 against 47, 238. 

March 5, 1862, Andrew Johnson was appointed military Governo* 
of the State. May 12th, pursuant to a call of many prominent 
Union men, requesting their " fellow citizens of the State of Tennes 
see who are in favor of the restoration of the former relations of the 
State to tha Federal Union, to meet at Nashville, a large gathering 
took place. 

During the year 1863 meetings were held at various times ana 
places throughout the State, to adopt measures for restoration but no 
practical steps were taken. On the 26th of January, 1864, Governoi 
Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the election of certain 
State and county officers. No person could be a voter who in addi- 
tion to the amnesty oath, would not take an oath t J) protect and defend 
the Constitution of the United States ; to be hereafter a faithful cit- 
izen, and ardently to desire the suppression of the insurrection 
against the United States. 

The proceedings of the Convention having heen ratified, W. G. 
Brownlow was elected governor on the 4th of March. The Legisla- 
ture met on the 3d of April, and on the 5th ratified the Constitutional 
amendment. It also reorganized the State Government and elected 
senators to Congress. June 5th, a franchise act was passed, refusing 
the privilege of the elective franchise for fifteen years, to all persons 
who had been civil or diplomatic agents of the so-called Confederate 
States, or who have left judicial stations under the United States or 
the State of Tennessee to aid the rebellion, or who have been mili- 
tary or naval officers of the Confederate States above the rank of 
captain in the army or lieutenant in the navy. 

In April, 1866, this act was amended, so that all male white inhab- 
itants might vote, who had never voluntarily aided the rebellion 
nor sought nor accepted any office under Confederate authority. 

August 3d, a call was published at Nashville for a Convention 
to meet at that city September 5th. This convention met at the time 
appointed, and adopted an electoral ticket for the Presidential elec- 
tion and a resolution in favor of the abandonment of slavery, and 
its future prohibition in the State. September 30th, Governor John- 



206 RECONSTRUCTION". 

Bon issued a proclamation appointing an election for Presidential 
electors on the 8th of November. 

The election was held, but the vote of the State was not counted 
by Congress. 

January 9, 1865, a convention met at Nashville, and passed an 
ordinance abolishing slavery, annulling the military league with the 
Confederate States, and the secession ordinance, also all laws and or- 
dinances of the secession State government, repudiating the rebel 
debt. They also nominated W. G. Brownlow for governor. These 
acts were to be submitted to the people February 22d, and if approv- 
ed, an election was to be held on the 4th of March for State officers. 
The vote of the people was almost unanimous in favor of these 
measures. 

July 23d, joint resolution was adopted by the Senate restoring 
Tennessee. The preamble recites that, since 1861 the government of 
the State had been seized by persons hostile to the authority of the 
United States, it could be restored only by the law-making power that 
had declared it in insurrection ; that the people in 1865 had ratified 
a constitution abolishing slavery, and nullifying the laws of seces- 
sion, a State government organized under this constitution had rat- 
ified the amendment to the constitution of the United States abol- 
ishing' slavery, also an amendment proposed by the thirty-ninth 
Congress, and done other acts denoting loyalty, therefore Resolved ; 
that the State of Tennessee is hereby restored to her former practi- 
cal relations to the Union, and is again entitled to be represented by 
senators and representatives in Congress. 

The members previously elected were then admitted to their seats. 

Arkansas. 

The secession ordinance was passed in this State May 6, 1861, 
and delegates appointed to the Provisional Congress, who were 
authorized to transfer the arsenal at Little Rock and the hospital 
at Napoleon, to the Confederate Government. 

The State was now fully committed to the insurgent cause, and 
contributed largely in men and supplies toward sustaining that 
cause. 

This condition of things continued until 1863, when the advent 
of the Union army caused the rebels in the State, with the guerrillas, 
to depart with their forces, leaving about two-thirds oi tne state 
free from guerrilla depredations. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



207 



The Union men then came flocking from the mountains, and 
many of them joined the Federal standard. The remainder found 
themselves, so far as law was concerned, in a state of chaos. Im- 
mediately they began to agitate the question of a reorganization of 
their State government. They first moved in primary meetings, 
and on the 30th of October, 1863, they held a mass meeting at Fort 
Smith, in which some twenty counties were represented, when they 
called upon all the counties in the State to elect delegates to a State 
Convention to be held in the city of Little Rock on the 8th of Janu- 
ary, 1864, for the purpose of so amending the constitution as to 
abolish slavery. When the convention met, forty-five delegates 
were present, representing about one-half of the State. They re- 
pudiated the rebel debt, State and Confederate, abolished slavery, 
and submitted the constitution to the people for their ratification. 

They also appointed the 14th, 15th and 16th days of March, as 
the time for holding a general election throughout the State. At 
the election, the acts of the Convention were approved by 12,177 
votes, while they were disapproved by only 226. The State and 
county officers necessary to set at work the machinery of a loyal 
State government, were also chosen. 

On the 18th of April, 1864, the State government was formally 
inaugurated, and its existence has not since been interrupted. The 
legislature again assembled in March, 1865. April 14th it adopted 
the amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to 
slavery, by a unanimous vote. As the State Convention had already 
abolished slavery and repudiated the rebel debt, the three most 
important measures required by the Federal Government for the 
restoration of the State to the Union were adopted. As the time 
for the election of members of Congress approached, the governor 
Issued an address to the people, urging them to elect persons who 
could take the oath prescribed by Congress. Three members were 
chosen, who subsequently appeared at Washington, and presented 
their credentials. Oct. 30th, the President sent the following dis- 
patch to Governor Murphy : 

" There will be no interference with your present organization of 
State government. I havo learned that all is working well, and 
that you will proceed and resume the former relations with the 
Federal Government, and all the aid in the power of the Govern- 
ment will be given in restoring the State to its former relations." 

The passage of the Reconstruction Act, and the appointment of 
General E. 0. C. Ord as Military Commander of the Fourth Mili- 



208 RECONSTRUCTION. 

tary District, (comprising Arkansas and Mississippi), in March, 
1867, was followed by some decisive action on the part of the Gen- 
eral. The Legislature elected under the provisional administration 
of Governor Murphy was prohibited from meeting in July follow- 
ing, and measures taken for a thorough and careful registration. 
There was some opposition and obstruction, though only sufficient 
to produce some delay in registering. The registration was com- 
pleted Sept. 26th, 1867, and 66,316 voters were found to be 
enrolled, of whom 43,170 were whites, and 23,146 were blacks. 

The election on the question of ordering a convention took place 
on the first Thursday of November, 1867, and the following days, 
and resulted in the call of a convention, 27,576 voting for it, and 
13,558 against it, while 25,671 did not vote. 

The convention, the delegates to which were almost all Republi- 
cans, met January 7th, 1868, and framed a constitution which was 
submitted to the people in April, and ratified by a majority of 
1,025. A legislature was elected at the same time and State offi- 
cers were chosen. The Legislature assembled in May, and chose 
U. S. Senators and ratified the 14th amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States. 

The Senators thus chosen came to Washington and asked to be 
admitted to seats in the Senate, and that their States should be re- 
stored to the Union. This request was granted by the passage of 
the following bill in June, 1868, which after being vetoed, was 
passed by both Houses and became a law. 

Whereas, The people of Arkansas, as in pursuance of the pro- 
visions of an act entitled " An act for the more efficient government 
of the rebel States," passed March 2nd, 1867, and the acts supple- 
mentary thereto, have framed and adopted a constitution of State 
government which is Republican in form, and the Legislature of 
said State has duly ratified the amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, proposed by the XXXIXth Congress, and known 
as Article 14 ; therefore 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America, in Congress assembled,' That the State of Arkansas 
is entitled and admitted to representation in Congress as one of the 
States of the Union upon the following fundamental condition : 
That the constitution of Arkansas shall never be so amended or 
changed as to deprive any citizen or class of citizens in the United 
States of the right to vote who are entitled to vote by the constitu- 
tion herein recognized, except as a punishment for such crimes as 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



209 



are now felonies at common law, whereof they shall have been 
duly convicted, under laws equally applicable to all the inhabitants 
of said State ; provided, that any alteration of said Constitution, 
prospective in its effect, may be made in regard to time and place 
of residence of the voters. 

Alabama. 

A convention of this State passed an ordinance of secession, Jan. 
11, 1861, and by a large vote refused to submit its action to the 
people. When the war ended, the authority of the United States 
was again recognized, and their restoration to the position of citi- 
zens became the object of the people. 

June 21st, the President issued his proclamation appointing 
Lewis E. Parsons as Provisional Governor. 

July 20th, the governor issued a proclamation, fixing August 31 st 
for an election for a Convention, under these restrictions : " But no 
person can vote in said election, or be a candidate for election, who 
is not a legal voter as the law was on that day ; and if he is ex- 
cepted from the benefit of amnesty under the President's proclama- 
tion of the 29th May, 1865, he must have obtained a pardon. Every 
person must vote in the county of his residence ; and before he is 
allowed to do so, must take and subscribe to the President's oath 
of amnesty ; and any person offering to vote in violation of these 
rules or of the laws of Alabama on the 11th January, 1861 will be 
punished." 

These measures were well received by the people of the State, 
and a disposition was promptly and generally manifested to co-oper- 
ate with the provisional governor. 

Candidates for members of the Convention were soon nominated, 
and in a quiet and orderly manner elected on the appointed day. 

The Convention duly assembled on September 12th, and Pro- 
visional Governor Parsons administered the oath to support the 
Constitution of the United States and the union thereof, and to 
support all proclamations relative to *he emancipation of slaves. 

On the 19th, the Convention passed an ordinance, providing for 
the election on the first Monday of November, of a governor, mem- 
bers of the legislature, and all county officers, and authorizing the 
provisional governor to order an election for representatives in Con- 



September 20th, the following ordinance was adopted almost 
unanimously : 



210 RECONSTRUCTION. 

• 

That, as the institution of slavery has been destroyed in the Stata 
of Alabama, hereafter there shall be neither slavery nor involun- 
tary servitude in this State, otherwise than for the punishment of 
crime, whereof the party shall be duly convicted. 

That the constitution be amended by striking 1 out all provisions 
in relation to slaves and slavery. 

That it shall be the duty of the 1 egislature, at its next session, to 
pass such laws as will protect the freedmen of this State in the full 
enjoyment of all their rights of person and property, and guard 
them and the State against any evils that may arise from their 
sudden emancipation. 

The secession ordinance was also declared null and void, and the 
rebel State debt repudiated. 

The entire constitution of the State was revised and amended by 
the Convention, and many important ordinances of a local nature 
adopted. 

September 30th, the Convention adjourned. The submission of 
their proceedings to a vote of the people was refused in consequence 
of the delay such an election would cause. 

The election for governor, members of Congress, and the Stata 
legislature, took place immediately. For governor, Robert M. Pat 
ton was elected. The legislature assembled on November 20th. 
and was organized in due form. 

A message from the Provisional Governor was delivered on the 
23d, calling the attention of the members to the constitutional 
amendment proposed by the Congress of the United States, and to 
their duty respecting the freedmen, as prescribed in the State con- 
stitution adopted by the Convention. 

December 22d, the anti-siavery amendment was ratified in this 
form : 

1. That the foregoing amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States be, and the same is hereby, ratified, to all intents and 
purposes, as part of the Constitution of the United States. 

2. That this amendment to the Constitution of the United States 
is adopted by the Legislature of Alabama, with the understanding 
that it does not confer upon Congress the power to legislate upon 
the political status of freedmen in this State. 

3. That the Governor of the State be, and he is hereby, requested 
to forward to the President of the United States an authenticated 
copy of the foregoing resolutions. 

December 5th, the President sent this response . 
His Excellency, L. K Parson*, Provisional Governor : 

The President congratulates you and the country, upon the accept- 
ance of the Congressional amendment of the Constitution of the 



KECOlSrSTECCTKXKr. 



211 



United States by the State of Alabama, which vote, being the 
twenty-seventh, fills up the complement of two-thirds, and gives 
the amendment finishing effect as a part of the organic law of the 

land William H. Seward. 

On December 18th, Provisional Governor Parsons was relieved 
from his trust by direction of the President, and ordered to trans- 
for the papers and property of the State in his custody, to tli6 
Governor elect, as the time had arrived when the care and con- 
duct of the proper affairs of the State of Alabama, might be re- 
mitted to the constitutional authorities chosen by the people thereof 
without danger to the power and safety of the United States. 

The legislature passed a tax bill, of which these are two sections : 

Sec. 12. To sell or expose for sale, for one year, at any one place, 
any pictorial or illustrated weekly, or any monthly paper, periodical 
or magazine, published outside the limits of this State, and not in a 
foreign country, and to vend the same on the streets, or on boats or 
railroad cars, fifty dollars. 

^ Sec. 13. To keep a news depot for one year, in any city, town or 
village, for the sale of any newspaper, periodical or magazine, not 
including pictorials, provided foi in the preceding paragraph, ten 
dollars. 

The provisional government of Alabama being deemed by Congress 
as objectionable as that of the other Southern States, and not giving 
satisfaction to the loyal voters of the State, it was comprised with 
the other States in the reconstruction acts. General John Pope was 
appointed, March 15, commander of the Third Military District, 
comprising the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, and Gen. 
Wager Swayne, at his suggestion, appointed to the command of the 
sub-district of Alabama. Arrangements were made for registering 
the votes, and under these there were 160,991 voters enrolled, 72,748 
whites, and 88,243 colored. The male population of the State in 
1866, was 475,257. 

After the registration was completed, an election was ordered for 
October 1st, 1867, on the question of convention or no convention. 
The correction of the registration lists had increased the number of 
registered voters to 165,823. Of these 95,866 voted on the question 
of a convention ; 90,238 for and 5,628 against it. The convention was 
therefore ordered and assembled, November 5, 1867, at Montgom- 
ery. Eighty-nine delegates were present. 

The convention did its work promptly and well, and on the 20th 
of December, General Pope issued his order for the election for the 
adoption of the Constitution, and the choice of State officers and 



212 BECONSTRUCTION. 

members (*f Congress. This election took place on the 4th of Feb- 
ruary, 1868. Previous to the election, about the 1st of January, the 
President removed General Pope and assigned General Meade to the 
position. 

At the election, Feb. 4, while great pains were taken by the mili- 
tary authorities to poll a fair vote, a system of intimidation was 
practiced by a portion of the citizens, and the colored voters were 
threatened both by them and the newspapers with instant discharge 
from their places if they dared to vote. 

It was estimated by the military commander that more than 
20,000 were thus deterred from voting. The whole vote polled was 
71,817 ; for the constitution, 76,812 ; against it, 1,005. An analysis 
of the vote shows that 5,802 whites and 62,089 colored never voted 
for the Constitution, and 900 whites and 105 colored against it. The 
whites very generally abstained from voting, with the avowed pur- 
pose of preventing the adoption of the Constitution. As by the 
letter of the Reconstruction Act, it was required that the vote on the 
adoption of the Constitution should exceed one-half of the whole 
number of registered voters, the Constitution was regarded as lost, 
and the State officers and members of Congress who received large 
majorities were considered as not elected. 

But Congress, regarding the intent of the voters, and the evident 
purpose of those who were registered but refused to vote, to ob- 
struct the election — waived these irregularities, and included Ala- 
bama in the Omnibus Bill as one of the reconstructed States, and 
the State legislature has accordingly been convened and the State 
officers inaugurated. 

Mississippi. 

The Convention of this State passed the secessicn ordinance on 
the 9th of January, 1861. 

Immediately after the surrender of the Confederate forces east of 
the Mississippi River, movements were set on foot looking to the 
restoration of the State to the Federal Union. 

Governor Clarke called an extra session of the Legislature for the 
18th of May, to order a State Convention. The Legislature met at 
the time and place appointed, and continued the session three days. 
The most important business transacted was the passage of a bill 
for the election of members of a State Convention on the 19th of 
June, to assemble at Jackson on the 3d of July, to repeal the ordi- 
nance of secession, and perform such other acts as the situation 



EECONSTEUCTION. 



213 



seemed to demand for the return of the State to the Union. The 
action of Governor Clarke and of the Legislature, was, however, not 
recognized by the Federal Government. On the 13th of June, the 
President issued a proclamation, appointing William L. Sharkey 
Provisional Governor, and recognizing a portion of the previous in- 
stitution of the State. 

July 1st. — Provisional Governor Sharkey issued a proclamation, 
appointing local officers, and fixing on August 7th for the election 
of a convention. The Convention, the first to meet under the call 
of a provisional governor, assembled at Jackson on the 14th of 
August. 

After the election of a secretary, the oath to support the Consti- 
tution of the United States was administered to all the delegates. 

On the 21st, the following Amendment to the State Constitution 
was adopted : 

The institution of Slavery having been destroyed in the State of 
Mississippi, neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, etc., shall 
hereafter exist in the State. 

On the same day an ordinance was passed providing for a gen- 
eral election for Representatives in Congress, State officers, and 
members of the Legislature, to be held on the 2d of October. On 
the 22d, an ordinance was passed, declaring the ordinance of seces- 
sion null and void. 

The State election took place on the 2d of October, and resulted 
in the choice of Benjamin G. Humphreys for Governor. Five Con- 
gressmen were also elected. Both Houses of the Legislature con- 
vened, and organized on the 16th, and chose United States Senators 
Governor Humphreys was inaugurated the next day. 

November 20th. — Governor Humphreys sent a message recom- 
mending that negroes be permitted to sue and be sued, and give 
testimony, and that the freedmen be encouraged to engage in the 
pursuits of industry. 

November 27th. — The Joint Committee reported against ratifying 
the Anti slavery amendment for reasons given, and the Legislature 
adopted the report. 

The passage of the Reconstruction Act was followed in Missis- 
sippi, by an effort on the part of the Provisional Governor, Hum- 
phreys, to procure a decision from the Supreme Court, that it was 
unconstitutional. Failing in this, he maintained for some months 
a petty warfare against General Ord, and there were a number of 
arrests and trials before the military and United States courts, grow- 



214 RECONSTRUCTION. 

ing out of this opposition. General Orr, however, directed and 
completed the registration throughout the State early in Septem- 
ber. The total number of voters enrolled was 139,327, of whom about 
four-sevenths were colored. The vote on the question of convention 
or no convention took place on the first Tuesday of November. The 
whole number of votes was 76,016, of which 69,739 were given in 
favor of a convention, and 6,277 against.it. The convention was 
ordered to assemble, January 7, 1868. On the 28th of December, 
1867, Gen. Ord was directed by the President to turn his com- 
mand over to General Gillem and proceed to San Francisco, to re- 
lieve General McDowell who was ordered to take his command 

The convention was long engaged in perfecting ijs constitution, 
and it was not submitted to the people till June 20, 1868. The vote 
was large but the result is not yet fully known. General McDowell 
was removed from the command in the latter part of June, 1868. 

South Carolina. 

This State inaugurated the secession movement, and on the 20th 
of December, 1860, Governor Pickens issued a proclamation declar- 
ing " the dissolution of the Union between the State of South Caro- 
lina and other States under the name of the United States of Amer- 
ica." During the entire war the greater portion of the State re- 
mained subject to Confederate control. General Sherman took 
possession of Columbia, Charleston and other towns in March, 1865, 
and when the armies of Lee and Johnston surrendered, the control 
of Federal military power was complete. 

The people were prompt to resume the pursuits of peace, and 
ready to render their allegiance to the Federal Government. Troops 
were stationed at various towns of the State to preserve order, and 
affairs continued in this shape until June 30th, when President 
Johnson appointed Benjamin F. Perry as Provisional Governor. 

This was followed on July 1st, by a proclamation from Governor 
Perry, to the following effect : 

That all civil officers, who were in office when the civil Govern- 
ment of the State was suspended, shall, on taking the oath of alle- 
giance prescribed in the President's Amnesty Proclamation, resume 
the duties of their offices, until further appointments are made. 

And further, that it is the duty of all loyal citizens to go promptly 
forward and take the oath of allegiance. 

And that the managers of elections will hold an election through- 
out the State, for members of a State Convention on the first Mon- 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



215 



day in September, according to the laws of South Carolina in force 
before secession. 

The members of the Convention thus elected are required to con- 
vene in the city of Columbia on the 13th day of September, 1865, 
for the purpose of altering and amending the present Constitution 
of South Carolina, or making a new one, which will conform to the 
great changes that have taken place in the State, and be more in 
accordance with republican principles and equality of represen- 
tation. 

On the 13th of September the Convention, which had been elected 
in accordance with the Governor's proclamation, assembled at Co- 
lumbia, and continued in session fifteen days. In that time it adopted 
resolutions rescinding the act of secession, abolishing slavery and 
extending to the people further political privileges. 

In October an election was held for Governor and Lieutenant-Gor 
era or, and members of both Houses of the Legislature ; James L. 
Orr was chosen Governor. The Legislature met October 25th, and 
the Provisional Governor addressed a message to them. He said 
the State of South Carolina was as far advanced in the plan of re- 
construction as any other State, and recommended fostering inter- 
nal improvements, protection for the freedmen and various other 
measures. 

November lZth. — The Legislature ratified the Constitutional 
Amendment abolishing slavery. Respecting the repudiation of 
the rebel debt considerable correspondence took place with the 
authorities at Washington, when the subject was referred to a 
Joint Committee of both Houses, with instructions to report at the 
next regular session of the Legislature in November, 1866. 

November 22d. — An election was held for members of Congress. 
The most important action of the session related to freedmen. To 
a committee of two was entrusted the duty of suggesting a code to 
the Legislature during the session. This Committee made an ex- 
tended report for the regulation of labor and the protection and 
government of colored persons. Although the subject was largely 
liscussed, final action was not taken during the sessions of the 
Legislature. 

Some of the important features of the report are of general inter 
est. The rights and remedies respecting persons or property, and 
the duties and liabilities under the law, whether civil or criminal, 
which apply to white persons are extended to persons of color 
The relation of husband and wife is fully recognized and estab 
lished. 



216 RECONSTRUCTION. 

On the subject of testimony it is declared, that " in every 
civil, or criminal, in which a person of color is a party, or which 
affects his person ot property; persons of color shall be competent 
witnesses : and ia every case either party may offei testimony as to 
his own character or that of his adversary, all parties to suita being 
allowed to give evidence. 

In November the Colored State Convention issued an address to 
the white people of the State, asking that in all respects they should 
be dealt with as others are in equity and justice. 

The members elected to Congress were not admitted to theii 
seats. 

In South Carolina, General D. E. Sickles was appointed by tho 
President as military commander under the Reconstruction Acts, and 
entered upon his duties with a much better state of feeling than 
existed in some of the States. Leading men, who had participated 
in the Rebellion, such as Governor Orr and General Wade Hamp- 
ton, counseled obedience to the Reconstruction Acts as the best 
method of promoting peace and order. Ex-Governor Perry, on the 
contrary, opposed them bitterly. The course of General Sickles in 
the government of his district was decided and stringent, and in 
the opinion of some of the citizens was somewhat arbitrary. Whe- 
ther their views were correct or not, his course did not meet Presi- 
dent Johnson's approval, and on the 26th of August, 1867, he was 
removed, and General Canby assigned to the command in the dis- 
trict. The registration was completed early in October, and showed 
125,328 voters enrolled. Of these 46,346 were whites, and 78,982 
blacks. The vote on the convention question was taken, November 
19th and 20th, and 71,087 votes were cast. Of these 138 whites and 
68,876 blacks voted for a convention, and 2,081 whites against it. 
One hundred and twenty-four delegates were chosen. The conven- 
tion met January 14, 1868, in Charleston, to frame a constitution. 
The constitution is said to be one of great merit. On the vote on its 
adoption, in April, 1868, 98,046 votes were cast, of which 70,758 were 
for it, and 27,288 against it, a majority of 43,470 in its favor, when 
there was a decided contest. The tickets for State officers, legisla- 
ture, and members of Congress, received similarly large majorities. 
The State was received back into the Union under the Omnibus 
Bill, and General Canby a few days before the inauguration of the 
State officers under the new constitution, removed the provisional 
State officers and put the newly elected men in their places, that 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



217 



there might be no friction in the transition from the old to the new 
regime. 

Texas. 

The ordinance of secession passed in Convention Feb. 1, 1861, 
and was adopted by a vote of the people on the 23d. 

At the close of the war, a good deal of anarchy prevailed in 
Texas. Pendleton Mnrrah, still exercising the functions of Gov- 
ernor, issued a call for the Legislature to meet on the 16th of July, 
1865, and ordered an election for delegates to a State Convention to 
meet and take measures for the restoration of the State to the 
Union. In the meantime, on the 17th of June, the President 
appointed Andrew J. Hamilton Provisional Governor. On his 
arrival in Galveston, in July, he issued a proclamation announcing 
his appointment, with instructions to take the necessary steps for 
holding a Convention, to be composed of delegates chosen by that 
portion of the people known to be loyal, for the purpose of amend- 
ing the constitution, reorganizing the State government, and re- 
storing the State to constitutional relations with the United States. 
He declared to be in force only such laws as had been enacted and 
had been in force before the last of February, 1861, except so far as 
they might be affected by the emancipation of slaves by United 
States authority. 

On the 19th of August, the Provisional Governor issued another 
proclamation, containing regulations with regard to administering 
the amnesty oath preparatory to the election of delegates to the 
State Convention, which was appointed to be held on the 8th of 
January, 1866, and to assemble on the 7th of February following. 
The Convention met at the time appointed and passed an ordinance 
abolishing slavery. This State, not excepted in the President's 
proclamation of April 2, 1866, declaring " that the insurrection which 
heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, etc., is 
at an end, and is henceforth so to be regarded," but subsequently 
on Aug. 20th, the President issued another proclamation, dechuing 
the insurrection to be at an end in Texas likewise. 

Governor Throckmorton had previously been elected by a large 
majority, and was inaugurated August 9th. Provisional Govemoi 
Hamilton was relieved from his trust by order of the President, 
August 11 th, since which time public affairs have been administered 
by the State authorities. 

In Texas, the prevalence of yellow fever and cholera in 1867, na- 
10 



218 RECONSTRUCTION. 

turally delayed the work of reconstruction. General Charles Grif- 
fin, who was in command of Texas, under General Sheridan, com- 
mander of the Fifth District, died of yellow fever in August, j ust 
after having succeeded General Sheridan in command of the Dis- 
trict. Governor Throckmorton was removed by General Sheridan, 
for obstructing the reconstruction of the State, and Governor E. M. 
Pease appointed in his place. General Hancock was assigned to com 
mand in General Sheridan's place, but did not enter upon his duties 
till October, in consequence of the epidemic. The registration was 
not completed till December, and 104 259 votes were enrolled. The 
voting for or against a convention took place February 10-14, 1868, 
and resulted in a large majority for a convention. It did not as- 
semble, however till June, 1868, and its deliberations were not con- 
cluded on the 1st of July, 1868. 

Georgia. 

The ordinance of secession passed in Georgia January 19, 1861 
After the surrender of General Johnston's army, all resistance on 
the part of the State was at an end. May 5, 1865, Governor Brown 
issued a proclamation calling an extra meeting of the legislature 
for the 22d. 

May 14, General Gilmore, military commander, issued an order 
annulling this proclamation, and directing the persons interested 
not to heed it. On the 17th of June, James Johnson, a citizen of 
Georgia, was appointed by the President the Provisional Governor, 
to conduct the reorganization of the State. 

July 13th, Provisional Governor Johnson issued a proclamation 
fixing the first Wednesday in October for an election for delegates 
to a State Convention — these to be the qualifications of voters : 

" That no person at such election shall be qualified as an elector, 
or shall be eligible as a member of such Convention, unless he shall 
have previously thereto taken and subscribed to the oath of amnesty 
as set forth in the President's proclamation of May 29, A. D. 1865, and 
is a voter qualified as prescribed by the constitution and laws of the 
State of Georgia, in force immediately before the 19th of January, 
A. D. 1861, the date of the so-called ordinance of secession." 

The election of delegates to the Convention was held on Octobei 
4th. The people had apparently accepted the conditions imposed 
by the result of the war, and were anxious for a speedy re-admis- 
sion into the Union. 

The Convention met at Milledgeville on the 25th of October 
The following oath was administered to the members : 



RE CONSTRUCTION'. 



219 



You, and each of you, do solemnly swear in the presence of 
Almighty God, that you will henceforth faithfully support, protect 
and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the union 
of the States thereunder ; and that you will, in like manner, abide 
by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have 
been made, during the existing rebellion, with reference to the 
emancipation of slaves. 

October 30th, the secession ordinance was repealed. 

No f ember 4th, slavery was declared abolished, " the Government 
of the United States having, as a war measure, proclaimed all 
slaves held or owned in this State emancipated from slavery and 
having carried that proclamation into full practical effect." 

November 8th, the State debt of Georgia, incurred in aid oi the 
rebellion, was declared null and void. 

The State Constitution was entirely revised and adapted to the 
changes in civil and social affairs. In this instrument the emanci- 
pation of slaves was expressly recognized, and the legislature re- 
quired to make regulations respecting the altered relations of this 
class of persons. The instrument, in its revised form, was unani- 
mously adopted by the Convention. 

November 8th, the Convention adjourned. 

On the 15th of November an election was held for members ol 
Congress, State officers, and the members of a State legislature, as 
provided by the Convention, and that body assembled at Milledge- 
ville on December 4th. 

On the next day, the amendment to the Federal Constitution 
relative to slavery, was brought forward in the House, and, under 
the suspension of the rules, was passed without debate, and by an 
almost unanimous vote. The amendment was taken up in the 
Senate on the next morning, and passed. 

The Governor elect, Charles J. Jenkins, was inaugurated Decern 
ber 14th, and December 19th Provisional Governor Johnson was 
relieved from his duties. The legislature subsequently passed a 
resolution regulating contracts with freedmen, and another regu- 
lating the mode of taking their testimony. This latter act makes 
free persons of color competent witnesses in civil cases where like 
persons are defendant, and in criminal cases where the offence is 
against the property or persons of freedmen. It provides also tha$ 
when freedmen are plaintiff and defendant, they may make and file 
any affidavit now allowed to citizens, which shall have the same 
force as if they were whites. 

The President appointed General Pope to the command of the 
Third Military District, which included Georgia, Alabama and 



220 KECONSTEUCTION. 

Florida, and lie entered upon his work on the first of April, 1867 
with the hearty good wishes of a considerable portion of the popu 
lation, white and black, and with the open or concealed hostility 
of another portion. Ex. Gov. Brown, in a public speech at Savan- 
nah, gave in his adhesion to the Congressional plan of reconstruc- 
tion, and endeavored to promote harmony and peace. The Provis- 
ional Governor, Hon. Chas. J. Jenkins, was, on the other hand, a 
bitter opponent of the Congressional plan, and used all his influ- 
ence against it. His action in this regard was somewhat modified 
by the representations and orders of General Pope, who was, how- 
ever, very forbearing and gentle in the exercise of his authority, 
but his influence tended to obstruct the enforcement of the Con- 
gressional plan of reconstruction. Several other prominent men 
opposed, so far as they could without arrest, the Congressional acts. 

The registration was however completed before the 19th of Sep- 
tember, and 188,647 names were enrolled, 95,214 of them being 
whites, and about 93,458 blacks. The election on the question of 
a convention commenced on the 29th of October, and continued for 
three days ; 106,410 votes were cast, of which 102,233 were for, and 
4.127 against a convention. Most of the whites who voted favored 
a convention. One hundred and sixty-six delegates were chosen 
of whom 133 were whites, and 33 blacks. 

The convention commenced its session on the 9th of December 
1867, and after some legislative work commenced the preparation of 
a constitution. On the 13th of January, 1868, General Meade, who 
had been appointed by the President to succeed General Pope, took 
command, and one of his first acts was the removal of Gov. Jen- 
kins from office, for obstructing the measures of reconstruction, and 
the appointment of General Thomas H. Ruger governor in his 
stead. He likewise suspended the State Treasurer. 

The election for the adoption of the constitution and the claims 
of State Officers was held in April, and resulted in the adoption of 
the constitution and the election of a Republican Governor ( R. B. 
Bulluck), by 17,923 majority. The State is restored to the Union 
by the " Omnibus Bill." 

North Carolina. 

A Convention of delegates elected by the people of North Caro. 
lina, met at Raleigh, May 20, 1861. On the 21st the Convention 
passed an ordinance of secession, and ratified the Confederate con 
stitution June 5th. An ordinance passed ceding the U. S. Arsenal 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



221 



at Fayetteville, together with the magazines, etc., to the Confeder. 
ate government. 

Immediately after the surrender of the Confederate armies. Gen- 
eral Schofield, then Federal commander in ihe State, issued an order 
announcing the policy he intended to pursue. This order declared 
that hostilities had definitely ceased ; that the war was ended ; and 
that it was hoped peace would soon be restored throughout the 
country. Protection was promised to all good and peaceable citi- 
zens, and supplies offered to the needy. 

To decide the civil position of the negroes, he at the same time 
issued an order, declaring all persons in the State before held as 
slaves, to be free, and that it was the duty of the army to maintain 
the freedom of such persons. 

Public meetings were held in various counties of the State, at 
which resolutions expressing the views of the people were adopted. 
They requested the President to adopt measures, as early as prac- 
ticable, for the restoration of civil law in the State ; and accepted 
the abolition of slavery as a part of the accomplished situation of 
affairs. Public affairs continued under the control of the military 
authorities until May 29 th, when President Johnson appointed 
William W. Holden Provisional Governor. 

August 8th, Provisional Governor Holden issued a proclamation 
for the election of delegates to a State Constitutional Convention, 

On the 12th of September, the election for delegates to the State 
Convention was held, and that body assembled at Raleigh on Octo- 
ber 2d, and organized for action. All the counties of the State, 
except three, were fully represented, and all the members present 
took the oath to support the Constitution of the United States. 

Ordinances were passed by the unanimous vote of the Conven- 
tion, declaring the ordinance of secession passed in 1861 to be null 
and void ; prohibiting slavery within the State forever ; and repu- 
diating the debt contracted for the prosecution of the war against 
the United States, and prohibiting any future legislatin-e from 
assuming or paying any such debt. 

It was also provided by the Convention that these ordinances 
should be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection, at the 
time when the election for State officers was held. The ordinances 
referred to the people were ratified on the day of election, and Jona- 
than North was chosen Governor by a considerable majority over 
W. W. Holden, the Provisional Governor, who was also a candidate. 



222 RECONSTRUCTION. 

Meanwhile, the legislature held a brief session, during which it 
ratified the amendment to the Federal Constitution abolishing 
slavery, elected United States senators, and adopted other measures 
suggested by the Provisional Governor. 

On December 15th, the newly elected Governor was duly inau 
gurated, and on the 23d, by direction of the President, Governoi 
Holden was relieved from his trust, and the affairs of the State 
committed to the hands of the Governor elected by the people. 

North Carolina was included with South Carolina in the Second 
Military District, and was under the military command of General 
Daniel E. Sickles after the passage of the Reconstruction Acts. 
There was in this State, as in South Carolina, a large party of 
whites who were favorable to the Congressional measures of re- 
construction, and ready to co-operate in bringing about through 
them the restoration of the State to the Union. General Sickles' 
administration seems to have been in general marked by a desire 
for the welfare of the people of the State, and though he perhaps 
interfered more than was best in the civil affairs of the State, 
by his orders for staying processes in the collection of debts, the 
abolishment of imprisonment for debt, &c, &c, there can be no 
question of the good intent with which these measures were initia- 
ted. 

But General Sickles' administration failed to satisfy the Presi- 
dent, and on the 26th of August he was relieved of his command 
and General E. R. S. Canby appointed his successor. General Can- 
by's administration has been signally successful. The registration 
commenced under General Sickles was completed under General 
Canby's direction about the middle of October, and resulted in the 
enrollment of 174,717 voters, of whom 103,060 were whites and 71, 
657 colored. A revision of the registration made the whole num- 
ber of voters 196,873. The election on the question of a convention 
was held on the 19th and 20th of November, 1867, and the total 
vote was 125,968, of which 93,006 were in favor of a convention, 
and 32,962 opposed to it. Of the delegates 107 were Republicans 
and 13 Conservatives or independents. There were 107 white and 
13 colored delegates. 

The convention met in January, 1868, and prepared a constitution 
which was submitted to the people in April, 1868, an election for 
State officers, legislature and members of Congress being held at 
the same time. The vote on the adoption of the constitution was 



KECONSTEUCTION. 



223 



very full, 167,099 votes being polled, of which 93,084 were for, and 
74,015 against the constitution. 

William W. Holden, a native of the State, and a Union man dur- 
ing the war, was elected Governor, and six of the seven Congress- 
m en elected were Eepublicans, the other being a Democrat. 

The new government has gone into operation, the States being 
admitted into the Union again by the " Omnibus Bill." 



Florida. 

The ordinance of secession passed in this State, January 10, 1861 

On July 13, 1865, the President appointed William Marvin Pro- 
visional Governor, who soon commenced his duties, and on August 
2d delivered an address to the people of Jacksonville, making 
known the plan of the President, and calling their attention to the 
subjects most essential to their welfare. Pardon was offered, with 
a few exceptions, to all. 

August 23d, the Governor issued a proclamation appointiug 
an election for delegates to a State Convention on the 10th of 
October, and designating the 25th of the same month as the day on 
which the Convention should meet. No person could vote or be 
eligible as a delegate to said Convention, unless he had taken and 
subscribed to the President's oath of amnesty, and was otherwise 
qualified by the laws of the State. 

The members of the Convention thus called, were duly elected 
on October 10, and assembled at Ta]lahassee on the 25th. The 
Convention, in the progress of its business, annulled the ordinance 
of secession, abolished slavery, and declared all the inhabitants of 
the State, without distinction of color, to be free, and that no per- 
son should be incompetent to testify as a witness, on account of 
color, in any matter in which a colored person is concerned. It 
also repudiated the State debt contracted in support of the rebellion, 
and amended the constitution in other respects. 

The Convention further ordered that the election of Governor 
and other executive officers, representatives in Congress, and mem- 
bers af the legislature, should be held on November 29th, and that 
the legislature should assemble on the 3d Monday of December 

The election resulted in the choice of David S. Walker as Gov- 
ernor. The legislature met December 18th. On the 21st, the 
newly - elected Governor, Walker, was inaugurated. December 



224 RECOXSTKUCTION. 

28th, the anti-slavery amendment was ratified with this declara 
tory resolution : 

Resolved, That this amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States is adopted by the legislature of the State of Florida, with 
the understanding that it does not confer upon Congress the power 
to legislate upon the political status of the freedmen in this State. 
January 18, 1866, Provisional Governor Marvin was relieved of his 
trust, and directed to transfer the papers and property of the State 
to Governor Walker. 

Florida was included in the Third Military District under the 
command of General Pope, and afterwards of General Meade. 

The preparations for registration were made early and the regis- 
tration concluded early in September, 1867 ; 26,582 voters were en- 
rolled, of whom 11,148 were whites, and 15,434 were colored. On 
the subsequent revision of the registration lists, 31,498 voters were 
enrolled, (13,698 whites and 17,800 colored). Tbe election on the 
question of holding a convention, was held November 14th, 15th 
and 16th, and 14,503 votes were polled, 14,300 of them for a con- 
vention. The convention consisted of forty-eight delegates, a large 
majority of them Republicans. It was charged by the opponents 
of reconstruction, that General Pope had so far arranged the dis- 
tricts for the elective delegates, that there was no chance for the 
election of any but Republicans, and that on this account the 
whites very generally refrained from voting. The result of the sub- 
sequent constitutional election, however, as well as the reputation 
for fairness of General Pope, indicate that this charge had but a 
very slender basis of truth. 

The convention contained some discordant elements, and at one 
time divided, and two conventions were in session at the same time. 
A military officer, who came from Washington at this time, was 
very active in promoting discord, and it was charged that he was 
an emissary of the President, who was known to be hostile to the 
Congressional plan of reconstruction, but of this there seems to 
have been no conclusive proof, 

By the efforts of General Meade, the two parties in the convention 
were reconciled, and thenceforward proceeded harmoniously in the 
preparation of a constitution which was submitted to the people in 
April, and ratified by a majority of 4,029 ; 24,011 voting on the 
question, of whom 14,520 were for, and 9,591 against the Constitu- 
tion. The Governor, and other State officers, the Legislature 
and the Congressmen elected were Republicans by large majorities. 

The State was restored to the Union by the " Omnibus Bill," and 
its Senators took their seats in Congress at the close of June, 1868. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 



225 



Louisiana. 

The ordinance of secession was passed in this State, January 25, 
1861, and was not submitted to the people. 

When General Butler took possession of New Orleans in 1862, ha 
invited all persons well disposed toward the United States, to renew 
their oath of allegiance, and several thousand availed themselves of 
the privilege. Under a proclamation by the military Governor, an 
election was held December 3, 1862, for representatives in Congress 
from the first and second districts of the States, and the gentlemen 
thus chosen weTe admitted to their seats ; and from that time the 
desire for a new State government and a resumption of State func- 
tions, rapidly increased throughout that portion of the State within 
the Federal lines. An election for State officers, was held on the 
22d of February, 1864, and these officers were installed on the 4th 
of March following. A Convention assembled on the 6th of April, 
which adopted a constitution republican in form, and in harmony 
with the Constitution of the United States. This constitution was 
submitted to the people on the first Monday of September follow- 
ing, and adopted by a very decided majority of votes. At the same 
time the vote was taken on the adoption of the Constitution, a 
legislature was elected, representing all those parishes of the State 
reclaimed from insurgent control, and embracing about two-thirds 
of its population. Michael Hahn was chosen Governor, and the 
legislature assembled at New Orleans on the 3d of October, 1864, 
and proceeded to put in operation a State government, by providing 
for the levying and collecting of taxes, the establishment of tribu- 
nals for the administration of justice, and such other measures as 
were necessary for the full re-establishment of State functions. 

On the 1st of March, 1865, Governor Hahn resigned his office, 
and was succeeded by the Lieutenant Governor, Wells. September 
21st, Governor Wells issued a proclamation, declaring that an elec- 
tion would be held in every parish of the State on November 6th, 
for the choice of governor and other State officers. 

Shortly afterwards, two conventions were held, representing dif- 
ferent parties in the State, the one termed the Democratic, and the 
other designated as the National Conservative Union. Governoi 
Wells was nominated for re-election by both conventions, and in 
November was chosen Governor. On November 23d, the legisla- 
ture assembled at New Orleans in an extra session called by the 
Governor. At this session bills were passed " to provide for and 



226 RECONSTRUCTION. 

regulate labor contracts for agricultural pursuits," " relative to 
apprentices and indentured servants," and " to punish in certain 
cases the employers of laborers or servants." The status of freed- 
men was declared to be the same as the free negroes of Louisiana 
have always enjoyed under the laws, thereby admitting their right 
to sue and be sued, to plead and be impleaded, to own, possess, 
establish ownership, and have their property defended by the courts, 
but prohibiting them from voting or participating at elections. 
The proposed amendment to the Federal Constitution was brought 
up, for the purpose of setting at rest the doubts as to its passage 
by the Constitution of 1864. It was adopted by a vote of two to 
one in the Assembly, in the following form : 

" That the aforesaid proposed amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, is hereby ratified and adopted with the express 
understanding that, in the sense of the General Assembly, the 
power granted to Congress by the second section of the foregoing 
amendment, is strictly limited to legislation appropriate and neces- 
sary for the prevention and prohibition of slavery or involuntary 
servitude within the United States, or any place subject to their 
jurisdiction ; and that any attempt on the part of Congress to 
legislate otherwise on the political status or civil relations of former 
slaves within any State, would be a violation of the Constitution 
of the United States as it now is, or as it will be, altered by the 
proposed amendment." 

Two United States senators were also chosen at this session, thus 
repudiating an election which had been made at the beginning of 
the year. Owing to sundry complications and assumptions of 
authority, difficulties have arisen in the administration of the affairs 
of the State, but not of sufficient magnitude to require any outside 
interference. 

In July, 1866, a riot took place in New-Orleans, in which the 
Mayor of the City, John T. Monroe, the State Attorney-General, 
Andrew J. Herron, and Edmund Abell, Judge of the First District 
Court, of New-Orleans, and the City police, the greater part of 
whom had been Confederate soldiers, were the prime actors, and en- 
deavored to break up a convention of delegates, called to revise the 
Constitution of the State. A considerable number of the delegates 
to this convention (which was ill-advised) were murdered, and many 
other whites and negroes unarmed were killed in cold blood. Gene- 
ral P. H. Sheridan, then Military Commander of Louisiana and 
Texas, denounced very strongly the conduct of these men, and re- 
moved them at once from office. The Provisional Governor, J- 



RECONSTKUCTION. 



227 



Madison Wells, a tricky and unprincipled man, gave the General 
much trouble by his sinuous and dishonest course, and he was eventu- 
ally compelled to remove him also. On the passage of the Recon- 
struction Acts, and General Sheridan's appointment as Military 
Commander of the Fifth District, he found himself constantly ob- 
structed by Governor Wells, and a large body of office-holders and 
those whom he had removed from office, who desired to retain their 
positions, but knew that they had no prospect of doing so if the 
Reconstruction Acts were enforced. These parties sent their repre- 
sentatives to Washington, had frequent interviews with the Presi 
dent, and constantly annoyed General Sheridan with the statement 
that the President sympathized fully with them, and would sustain 
their position against the General. These statements were not, in 
all probability, made by authority, but they disturbed a straight- 
forward soldier like Sheridan, who was endeavoring to execute the 
laws which he found on the statute-book without fear or favor. He 
found it necessary to remove many of these men from office, and to 
appoint trustworthy men in their places, and meantime, he pro- 
ceeded promptly in the work of registration. He had not in this 
matter the cordial or hearty co-operation of the President, who 
commenced as early as June, 1867, to intimate his intention of re- 
moving him from his command. General Grant protested against 
this, and succeeded in delaying it for a little time. He was finally 
removed, however, by order of August 26th, but not until he had 
completed the registration. The number of voters enrolled was 127, 
639, of whom 44,732 were whites, and 82,907 colored. The vote on 
convention was ordered to be taken Sept. 27th and 28th, 1867, and 
at that election 79,089 votes were cast ; for a convention, 75,083, 
against it, 4,006. 

The convention met on the 23rd of November, and after long and 
careful deliberation completed the constitution, and an election was 
held in April on the question of adopting the constitution, and the 
choice of State officers, a Legislature, and Members of Congress. 
The total vote polled at this election was 106,536, and the Constitu- 
tion was adopted and the Republican Governor chosen by a majority 
of about 27,000. The State officers were inaugurated, and the State 
restored to the Union in June, 1868. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS 



IN 

AMERICAN HISTORY, 

EMBRACING A PERIOD OF 250 YEARS, FROM THE FIRST 

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY TO THE PRESENT 

TIME ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 

< 1306. A charter granted to a company in England for the settlement of Vir- 
ginia, and a colony dispatched, who landed at Jamestown, and chose Edward 
Wingfield ruler. 

1607. Soon after their arrival, Captain John Smith and others visited the 
native chief, Powhatan, at his principal residence, near the present site of 
Richmond. — Wingfield was deposed, and Smith appointed in his place ; but 
he was soon after captured by the Indians, and detained among them for 
some time. He was about to be slain by the savages, when Pocahontas, a 
favorite daughter of Powhatan's, rushed between him and the clubs of his 
enemies, and finally saved his life. 

1608. When Smith returned, he found the colonists in a very bad condition ; 
after alleviating it as far as practicable, he explored the Chesapeake Bay 
and its tributary rivers. 

-^ 1609. A new charter granted to the London Company enlarging their limits, 
A,c, and Lord De la War appointed Governor for life. 

1610. In consequence of being injured by an explosion of powder, Capt. Smith 
returned to England, delagating his authority to George Percy. — Lord De la 
War arrived just as the colonist were about leaving for England, after having 
greatly suffered from disease and famine — A few Dutch traders settled in 
New Amsterdam, now New York City. 

1611. Under the new governor, order and contentment were again restored , 
but his health rapidly failing, he returned home, and Percy again administered 
the government until the arrival of Sir'Thomas Daly, by whom he'was super- 
seded. 

1612. The king granted the London Company another new charter, making 
important changes in the powers of the corporation, but- not affecting the 
political rights of the colonists. 

1613. John Rolfe, a young English officer, married Pocahontas, an event which 
had a beneficial influence on the relations of the colonists and Indians. 

1614-16. Gov. Dale returned to England , after appointing George Yeardley in 
his place. The culture of tobacco was introduced, and soon became, not 
only the principal article of export, but even the currency of the colony. The 
Dutch began a settlement in Albany, N. Y. 

16 17. Yeardley was displaced for a short time by Argall, who ruled with such 
tyranny and injustice as led to the reinstatement of the former. 

1619. The first colonial assembly ever convened in America was held at 
Jamestown. 

1620. In August, a Dutch man-of-war landed twenty negroes for sale at James 
town which was the commencement of negro slavery in the colonies. — Ninet j 

228 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



229 



young women of respectable character were sent from England as wives foi 
the colonists, the prices for whom were fixed at from 120 to 150 pounds of 
tobacco. — Dec. 21, a body of Puritans, dissenters from the Church of England, 
landed at Plymouth, and commenced the settlement of New England. 

1(321. The London Company granted to the Virginia colony a written constitu- 
tion. — A treaty of friendship was concluded between the Puritans and th« 
principal chief of the Massachusetts tribe (Massasoit) , and similar treaties 
concluded with other chiefs. 

1622. April 1st, 347 men, women and children of the Virginia colony were 
savagely butchered by treacherous Indians; but Jamestown and the neigh- 
boring settlements were saved by the plot being revealed, the evening before 
its intended consummation, by a friendly Indian, thus putting the inhabitants 
on their guard. 

1623. Miles Standish saves the settlement of Weymouth, Ma?s., from destruc- 
tion by the Indians, and kills their chief.— First settlement formed at Dov«r, 
New Hampshire. 

1624. The London Company was dissolved, and King James assumed the gov 
ernment of the Virginia colony. — New Jersey settled by the Dutch. 

1627. Delaware settled by Swedes and Danes. 

1635. Maryland settled by Irish Catholics, and Connecticut settled by a branch 
of Puritans from Massachusetts. 

1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger "Williams, who was banished for his liberal 
religious sentiments by the Puritans of Massachusetts. 

1637. The magistrates of the three infant towns of Connecticut— Windsor. 
Hartford, and Wethersfield— formally declared war against the Pequod Indians, 

L643. The colonies of Masachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth, and New Haven, 
form themselves into one confederacy, by the name of " United Colonies of 
New England." 

1644. Another Indian massacre in Virginia, followed by a border warfare, 
which continued about two years. 

1648. An individual accused of witchcraft was executed at Charlestown, and 
for several years after (until 1793) numerous others suffered imprisonment 
and death for the like alleged crime. 

L650. North Carolina settled by the English. 

1656. First arrival of Quakers in Massachusetts, who were sent back to Eng 
land in the vessels in which they came, and the four united colonies concurred 
in a law prohibiting their introduction ; notwithstanding all which, they con- 
tinued to arrive. 

1658. By advice of commissioners of the four colonies, the legislature of Mas- 
sachusetts denounced the punishment of death upon all Quakers- returning 
from banishment. 

L630. Sir William Berkely elected Governor by the people-of Virginia, but he 
afterwards disclaimed the authority to which he owed his elevation, and 
issued writs for an assembly in the name of King Charles II. 

1861. Edward Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges who had con- 
demned Charles I. to death, arrived at Boston, and were kindly received by 
the people. Messengers were sent to arrest them, but they were concealed 
and ended their days in New England. 

1663. North Carolina settled by colonists from Virginia, near the village of 
Edentnn. 

1664. An English force, sent to take possession of the whole territory from 
the Connecticut River to the shores of the Delaware, captured " New Amstcr 
dam'' from the Dutch, and changed its name to " New York.'' 



230 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguenots. 

1673. The Virginians remonstrated against the unjust taxation on their com- 
mercial business, but obtained no redress — The Episcopal Church became 
the religion of the State. A war having broke out between England and 
Holland, the Dutch reconquered New York, but it was again surrendered to 
the English the year following. 

1675. The war with the Wampanoags and other tribes, commonly called 
" King Philip's War,*' commenced, and was marked by much barbarity. 

1676. King Philip was shot by a faithless Indian of his own tribe, but this did 
not end the war, which was continued till 1678, when a treaty of peace was 

concluded The people of Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon, took up arms in 

defence of their rights. 

1677. Massachusetts purchasedthe province of Maine from the heirs of Gorges* 
1680. New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts by a royal commis- 
sion, and made a royal province ; but the first law adopted by the legislature, 
which soon after met at Portsmouth, declared " That no act, imposition, law, 
or ordinance, should be made or imposed upon them but such as should be 
made by the assembly, and approved by the President and Council." 

1682. Pennsylvania settled by Wm. Penn, who founded Philadelphia the yeai 
following. 

16S6. The charter government of Massachusetts was revoked, and the King 
appointed a President over the country from Narragansett to Nova Scotia. 

1687. Governor Andros attempted to reclaim the charter granted to Connecti- 
cut, but it was secretly taken from the assembly chamber at Hartford by Capt 
Wadsworth while the subject was under discussion, and hidden in a hollow 
tree, since celebrated as the Charter Oak, which was an object of curiosity 
until 1856, when it was blown down. 

1689. " King William's War" with France began, and was continued till 1697, 
during which all the English colonies suffered by ravages of the French and 
Indians. 

1690. The people of New Hampshire took the government into their own 

hands, and placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts The 

conquest of Canada was undertaken by the people.of New England and New 
York acting in concert. An armament, under Sir William Phipps, made an 
unsuccessful demonstration against Quebec, and then returned to Boston. 
The first emission of bills of credit in the colonies was made by Massachusetts 
to defray the expenses of this expedition. 

1701. " Queen Anne's War," waged against France and Spain, was commenced 
this year, and only terminated in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. 

1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe, who landed at Savannah with about 
120 emigrants, and began building the town. 

1741. A supposed negro plot occasioned great excitement in the city of New 
York, and between 30 and 40 persons were executed before it subsided. — The 
provinces of Massachusetts and New Hampshire were separated. 

1744. " King George's War," which originated in European dispute8 relative to 
Austria, again gave the French and Indians many opportunities of harassing 
the colonists. The most important event of the war in America was the 
siege and capture of Louisburg, which was restored to France in 1748 by the 
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1754. " The French and Indian War," arising from disputed claims to Ameri- 
can territory by the English and French, again plunged the colonies in diffi- 
culties, and materially iojured their prosperity, until 1763, when oeace was 
concluded. 

1759. Quebec surrendered tc the English forces under Gen. Wolfe, who was 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



231 



killed on the battle field, and all the other French posts in Canada were cap 
tared soon after. 
1 704. A resolution imposing certain stamp duties on the colonies was adopted 
by the House of Commons, but it did not become a law till next year. 

1765. A general indignation spread through the colonies when it was known 
that the " Stamp Act " had passed. At Boston and Philadelphia the bella 
were muffled, and rung a funeral peal ; and at New York the Act was carried 
through the streets, with a deaths-head affixed to it, and styled " The folly 
of England and the ruin of America." The stamps themselves, in many 
places, were seized and destroyed, and the doctrine that England had no right 

to tax America was boldly avowed The first Colonial Congress met in 

New York, nine colonies being represented, and agreed on a " Declaration of 
Rights," and other energetic measures 

1766. The Stamp Act was repealed, through the exertions of Mr. Pitt. 

1767. Parliament passed a bill imposing a duty on glass, paper, painters' 
colors, and tea, which o^casion~d as much excitement as the Stamp Act, and 
the colonial assemblies adopted spirited resolutions for resisting its operation. 

1768. A vessel was seized by the custom house officers in Boston for violating 
some of the odious commercial restrictions, but'the people compelled them to 
abandon their prize, and seek refuge in Castle William. 

1770. In March, an affray occurred in Boston between some citizens and the 
soldiery stationed there, which produced a great sensation throughout Ameri- 
ca. — Parliament passed a bill repealing all duties imposed by the act of 1767, 
except that on tea, which they allowed the British East India Company to 
export to America , free from the duties which they had before paid in England t 

1773. The ports of New York and Philadelphia were c'osed against vessels 
having cargoes of tea, and they were compelled to return to England. At 
Boston, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded several vessels, and 
broke open 342 chests of tea, which they emptied into the harbor in the pres- 
ence of thousands of spectators. 

1774. Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill, which forbade the landing and 
shippingof goods, wares, and merchandise at Boston. The provincial assem- 
bly resolved that " the impolicy, injustice, inhumanity, and cruelty of the 
act exceeded all their powers of expression." 

1775. An oppressive bill was passed by Parliament, restricting the commerce 
of all the provinces, except New York and North Carolina. The inhabitants 
of Massachusetts were declared rebels, and 10,000 troops were ordered to 
America, to aid in reducing the rebellious colonies.— April 19. The first blood 
in the cause of Independence was shed at Lexington, about ten miles from 
Boston, where a party of militia intercepted a division of English soldiers 
on their way to Concord for the purpose of destroying some military stores 
which the people had collected there. At Concord, a smart skirmish took 
place, and the British made a hasty retreat, after partially accomplishing 
their object. — May 10. The Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, 
and, after electing John Hancock president of the body, among other impor- 
tant measures, voted to raise an army of 20.000 men.— June 17. A sanguinary 
battle took place on Breed's Hill, (generally now regarded as Bunker Hill,) 
in which the British were severely cut up, but they finally gained possession 
of the hill, the Americans retiring across Charlestown Neck with incon- 
siderable loss. — July 12. Washington, having been appointed commander ia 
chief, arrived at Cambridge, and entered upon his duties. — Georgia joined the 
confederation ; after which, the style of the " Thirteen United Colonies " was 
adopted.— An unsuccessful attempt was made by the Americans for the con- 
quest of Canada, in which Gen. Montgomery was killed during an assault oa 
Quebec (Dec. 31), and a portion of his ttoops were taken prisoners. 

H76. March 4. Gen. Washington gained possession of Dorchester Heights, and 



232 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

the British left Bo.-ton on the 17th.— June 18. Canada evacuated by the 
Americans — July 4. The Declaration of Independence, by the Conti- 
nental Congress at Philadelphia, was proclaimed, and hailed with gieat 
rejoicings.— August 27. Battle of Long Island, in which the Americans were 
defeated, but Washington made an admirable retreat to New York on the 
29th, and thence across Jersey to Philadelphia, where Congress was in ses- 
sion.— Dec. 12. Congress adjourned to Baltimore, and soon after invested 
Washington with almost unlimited powers. — Dec. 26. Washington having 
imid great perils recrossed the Delaware on the previous night, surprised and 
captured a large body of Hessians at Trenton, and returned to Pennsylvania, 
Aith his prisoners.— Dec. 28. Washington took post at Trenton. 

1777. Jan. 3. Finding himself nearly surrounded by a force far superior to 
ais own, Washington kindled his camp-fires as usual to deceive the enemy, 
ind then by a circuitous route rapidly advanced upon Princeton, where he 
gained another important victory. — In the spring, the Marquis de la Fayette 
arrived Li America from France, having fitted' out a vessel at his own ex- 
pense, and enlisted as a volunteer in the army of Washington, declining all 
pay for his services ; but Congress, which had returned to Philadelphia, soon 
after appointed him a Major-General. — May G. Gen. Burgoyne, with a power- 
ful force, designed to invade the States by the way of Lake Champlain and 
riie Hudson, arrived at Quebec ; and on the 16th of June he left St. Johns for 
<~!rown Point, where he established magazines.— June 30. The British army, 
onder General Howe, passed over to Staten Island, leaving Washington in 
oussessiou of New Jersey — July 5. Gen. St. Clair abandoned Ticonderoga, 
retreating before Burgoyne's forces, with whom he had a severe skirmish at 
Hnbbardton, and finally succeeded in joining Gen. Schuyler on the Hudson, 
having lost 200 pieces of artillery and a large quantity of stores. — July 10. 
Col. Barton, with about forty militia, seized the Commander of the English 
forces in Rhode Island, (Major-General Prescott,) while in bed, and conducted 
him safely through his own troops and fleet back to the mainland. This 
heroic exploit not only cheered the American army, but secured an officer of 
eq.ial rank to exchange for Gen. Lee. — August 16. Battle of Bennington, in 
which the Americans, led by Colonel Stark, obtained an important victory 
over Colonel Bium, who had been seat by General Burgoyne to seize some 
stores at that place. — Sept. 11. Battle of the Brandy wine, in which Count 
Pulaski, a brave Polander, \vho had magnanimously joined the Americans, 
distinguished himself, and was soon afiai promoted to the rank of brigadier, 
with the command of the cavalry. Gen. Lafayette was severely wounded 
while endeavoring to rally the fugitives. —Sept. 13. Burgoyne crossed the 
Hudson with his whole army, and took a position on the heights and plains of 
Saratoga.— Sept. 26. The British army, uudor Gen. Howe, entered Philadel- 
phia without further opposition, Congress having previously adjourned to 
Lancaster — Oct. 4. Washington attacked a large British force at German- 
town, and was repulsed, with the loss of 1,200 men in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. — Oct. 17. Burgoyne, finding himself surrounded, and despairing of 
relief, surrendered bis army to Gen. Gates, who had recently been appointed 
to the command of the Northern division, whereby the Americans acquired 
a fine tram of brass artillery, 6,000 muskets, and immense quantities of other 
munitions of war. — Oct. 22. A plan of confederation was adopted by Congress, 
which, however, amounted to little more than a league of friendship between 
the states. — Dec. 11. Washington retired into winter-quarters at Valley Forge. 

177S. In February, Parliament passed two bills, virtually conceding all that 
had been the cause of controversy, and sent commissioners to adjust existing 
differences ; they attempted to gain their objects by private intrigue and 
bribery, which coming to the knowledge of Cougress, that bodv declared it 
incompatible with their honor to hold any intercourse with them. — Feb. 6. 
France acknowledged the independence of America, and concluded a treaty 
of alliance and commerce. — June 18. The British army evacuated Philade* 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



283 



phi &, and retreated to New York, followed cautiously by. Washington witfc 
the main body of his army. — June 28. Battle of Monmouth, iu which ths 
British were signally defeated with great loss, and retreated to Sandy Hook, 
whence they were taken to New York by their fleet. — July 3 Wyoming was 
attacked by a large body of British, tories, and Indians, who, after the place 
had been surrendered, perpetrated the most inhuman atrocities: men. women, 
and children were shut up in the houses and barracks, and consumed in one 
general conflagration. — Dec. 29. An English army of 2,000 men landed near 
Savannah, then defended by only 600 troops, and, after a severe battle, took 
possession of the city, the Americans retreating. 

1779. May 11. Gen. Provost, with a large British force, having invested 
Charleston, summoned the city to surrender; but the approach of Gen. Lin- 
coln, who had been appointed to the command of the southern army, com- 
pelled him to retreat. — July 5. Gen. Tryon made another descent on Connec- 
ticut, and plundered and burned the towns of New Haven, East Haven, Pair- 
field, and Norwalk. — July 16. Stony Point, which had been previously taken 
by the enemy, was gallantly recaptured by Gen. Wayne, the British losing 
upwards of 600 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. — Sept. 23. One of the 
most bloody battles on record was fought on the coast of Scotland between 
the American frigate Bon Homme Richard, Captain Paul Jones, and two 
British frigates, the Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough, which resulted 
in a victory for the Richard, which was so cut up, tha* she soon after sunk. 
Of a crew of 375, 300 were either killed or wounded — Jet. 9. After a month's 
siege, a combined attack of the French and Americans, under Count D'Estaing 
and General Lincoln, was made on Savannah, but it proved unsuccessful, and 
Gen. Lincoln retired into S. Carolina, while Count D'Estaing withdrew his 
fleet from the American coast. Count Pulaski was mortally wounded during 
the battle, and a monument has since been erected to his memory on the spot 
where he fell. 

1780. During the most of this year, military operations were confined to the 
Carolinas. — April 9. Admiral' Arbuthnot, with a powerful fleet, which had 
transported Sir Henry Clinton with the bulk of his forces from New York to 
Ihe South, anchored in Charleston harbor, and summoned the city to surren- 
der. This was rejected, and Gen. Lincoln and his troops made a gallant de- 
fence, until May 12, when, most of the fortifications having been beaten down, 
and the enemy being about to make an assault, a compliance was unavoidable, 
and the royal government was again established in South Carolina.— May 12. 
Charleston surrendered after more than a month's siege. — July 10. A French 
squadron, under Admiral de Ternay. arrived at Newport, having on board 
6,000 men, commanded by Count de Rochambeau. — August 16. Gen. Gates, 
who was advancing with a considerable force for the relief of the South, 

encountered the British, under Lords Rawdon and Gornwallis, near Camden, 
S. C, and after a desperate engagement, was compelled to draw off", with 
the loss of 1,000 men, and all his artillery, ammunition wagons, and most ol 
hi& baggage. Baron de Kalb, second in command, was mortally wounded, 
dying on the 19th.— Sept. 23. Major Andre, adjutant-general of the British 
army, was arrested near Tarrytown, N.Y., by three militiamen, John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. He was returning from a visit to Gen. 
Arnold, then in command of West Point, with whom he had successfully 
negotiated for the surrender of that post. He was soon after tried, convicted, 
and executed as a spy, while the traitor Arnold unfortunately escaped. Being 
allowed to write to Arnold, that officer of course found that his treason was 
discovered, and precipitately fled on board the sloop of- war Vulture, then 
lying in the Hudson. 

1781. The traitor Arnold, as one of the rewards of his crime, was made a 
brigadier in the British service, and early in January he made a descent u,pon 
Virginia, ravaging the coasts, and plundering and destroying public and pri- 
vate property to a vast amount. — Jan. 17. . The English cavalry, under Col 



234 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Tarleton, were severely beaten at the Battle of Cowpens by the Americans, 
under Gen. Morgan, and lost 300 in killed and wounded, 500 prisoners, 100 
horses, aud a large quantity of baggage. Morgan's loss was 1 1 men killed and 
60 wounded. — Jan. 31. Gen. Greene, who had been appointed to supersede 
Gen, Gates in the South, arrived at Cheraw, and took command of Morgan's 
division.— -March 15. Gen. Greene encountered the army of Lord Cornwallis 
at Guilford Court House ; but neither party gained a decided advantage, 
aud Greene withdrew into South Carolina, encamping on Hobkirk's 
Hill, about a mile from Camden, where Lord Rawdon was then po3ted 
— April 25. Lord Rawdon made an attack on Hobkirk's Hill, but with so 
little success, that he soon after evacuated Camden, and retired beyond 
the Santee River. — Oct. 8. The Americans and British, under Gen. Greene 
and Col. Stewart, met at Eutaw Springs, and a sanguinary conflict, 
of nearly four hours, ensued ; when Greene drew off his troops, and 
Stewart retired to Monk's Corner. — Sept. 6. The traitor Arnold villanously, 
burned New London, and destroyed much private and public property indis- 
criminately. — Sept. 30. The combined American and French army, under 
Washington and Rochambeau. suddenly appeared before Yorktown, where 
Cornwallis had concentrated his forces, and immediately commenced the 
construction of batteries and other works for the effectual siege of that 
place. A French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse, had previously 
entered the Chesapeake, and, by blocking up James and York rivers, 
prevented the enemy's escape by sea.— Oct. 19. Finding retreat impossible, 
and resistance vain, Cornwallis surrendered the post, and thus 7,000 troops 
and the shipping in the harbor were secured to the victors, and the revo- 
lutionary struggle virtually ended.--Dec. 12. A resolution passed the British 
House of Commons that those who should advise the king to continue the 
war in America, should be declared enemies of the sovereign and of the 
aountry. 

(782. The independence of America was acknowledged by Holland, Sweden, 

Denmark, Spain, and Russia Early in May, Sir Guy Carleton, successor of 

Sir Henry Clinton as commander of all the forces iu America, arrived in New 
York, with instructions to promote an accommodation with the United States, 
and of course there were no subsequent military operations of importauce. — 
Nov. 30. Preliminary articles of peace were signed at Paris by Mr. Oswald, 
commisisoner on the part of Great Britain, and by John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, on the part of the United States. 

1783. April 1,9. On the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, a 
cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American army. — Sept. 3. 
Definitive treaties of peace were signed by the commissioners of England with 
those of the United States, France, Spain, and Holland. — Nov. 25. New York 
was evacuated by the British troops. — Dec. 4. Washington took leave of the 
army, and the soldiers of the Revolution returned peaceably to their homes. 
— Dec. 23. Washington resigned his commission into the hands of Congress, 
then sitting at Annapolis, Md., and retired to private life. 



Events subsequent to Independence, 

1784. Nov.l. Congress convened at Trenton, N. J., but transacted little busi- 
ness of permanent importance. 

J 785. June 2. John Adams, first minister from the United States to Great 
Britain, had his first audience with the king. 

1786. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 

1787. Sept. 17. The Constitution of the United States was adopted at Phil* 
delphia.™ -Daniel Shay and his party dispersed by Gen Lincoln. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



235 



1788. Eleven States ratified the Constitution — Election for President of the 13 
States. 

1789. March 4. Congress assembled at New York, but did not organize till 
April 6. — April 30. George Washington was sworn into office as the first 
President, and John Adams as tne first Vice-President of the U. States. 

790. In May, Rhode Island acceded to the Constitution. — Sept. 30. Gen. 
Marnier defeated by the Indians near Chilicothe. — The first census completed, 
showing-population, 3,921,326 revenue, $4,771,000 ; exports, $19,000,000 ; 
imports, $20,000,000. 

791. Vermont, having acceded to the Constitution, was admitted into the, 
Union. — The first U. S. Bank was chartered by Congress, but not without 
powerful opposition. 

792. The Mint was established — Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

793. April 22. President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in 
regard to the affairs of France, which were beginning to affect American 
politics.— Washington and Adams were re-elected. 

1794. Aug. 20. Gen. Wayne obtained so decisive a victory over the hostile 
Indians, as to produce a salutary effect upon all the tribes north-west of the 
Ohio. 

1795. Treaties were concluded with Spain and Algiers. 

1798. Sept. 17. Washington signified his intention to retire from public life, 
and published his Farewell Address. — Tennessee was admitted into the Union. 

1797. March 4. John Adams was inaugurated as President, and Thomas 
Jefferson, Vice-President. 

1798. Congress again elected Gen. Washington commander-in-chief of the army 
L799. Dec. 14. Gen.Washington died at Mount Vernon, after a very short illness. 

1800. The seat of government was transferred to Washington City. — Sept. 30. 
A treaty was concluded with the French Directory.— President Adams signed 
the alien and sedition laws. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and Aaron Burr Vice-Presi" 
dent. — Congress declared war against Tripoli. — The second census was com- 
pleted, and showed — population, 5,319,762 ; revenue, $12,915,000 ; exports > 
$94,000,000. 

1802. New Orleans was ceded by Spain to France, and the Mississippi closed 
against the United States. — Ohio admitted into the Union. 

1803. Louisiana was purchased of the French by the United States for 
$15,000,000. — Com. Preble sailed with a squadron for Tripoli ; the frigate 
Philadelphia got aground in the harbor, and was captured by the barbarians. 

1804. Capt. Eaton was appointed navy agent for the Barbary powers. — Lieut- 
(afterwards Com.) Decatur recaptured and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia, 
under a terrific fire from the enemy's guns. 

1-S05. Thomas Jefferson was re-elected President, and George Clinton Vice- 
President.— Peace was concluded with Tripoli, and 200 prisoners were given 
up to the United States. 

^806. England began to impress American seamen, on the plea of their having 

been born in that kingdom Nov. 21. Berlin decree issued by Bonaparte, 

crippling American commerce. 

1807. Aaron Burr, formerly Vice-President, was tried at Richmond for high 
treason, but was acquitted, owing to the insufficiency of evidence. 

1808. June 22. The American frigate Chesapeake wa3 fired into by the 
British ship-of-war Leopard, for refusing to deliver up four men who wer« 
claimed as Euglish subjects ; three men were killed and eighteen wounded,— 
In November the Britifeh government issued the celebrated " Orders in Conn 



236 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

««," prohibiting all trade with France and her allies ; said ia December, 
Bonaparte iasued the retaliatory " Milan decree," forbidding all trade with 
England and her colonies. — Dec. 22. Congress decreed an embargo, the de- 
sign of which was to retaliate on France and Engiand for unjust commercial 
prohibitions. 

1809. March 1. Congress repealed the embargo act,, but at the same time 
interdicted all commercial intercourse with France or England. 

L810. In November, all the hostile decrees of the French were revoked, and 
commercial intercourse with the United States was resumed; but those of 
England were not only continued, but ships of war were stationed near the 
principal American ports for the purpose of intercepting our merchantmen , 
which were captured, and sent to British ports as legal prizes. 

1811. May 16. The British ship-of- war Little Belt, Capt. Bingham, was hailed 
in the evening on the coast of Virginia by the U. S. frigate President, Capt. 
Rodgers, but instead of receiving a satisfactory answer, a shot was fired in 
return, when a brief engagement followed, in which eleven of the enemy were 
killed and twenty-one wounded. The President had only one man wounded 

1812. June 17. President Madison issued a proclamation of war agains 
England, and exertions were immedately made to enlist 25,000 men, to raise 
50,000 volunteers, and to call out 100,000 militia. 

1814. In August, Washington City surrendered to a British army, who des- 
troyed theCapitol, President's Mansion, and many other valuable buildings, 
&c. — Dec. 24. Treaty of peace with Great Britain concluded at Ghent. 

1815. Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans, in which the British, under Sir E. 
Packenham were signally repulsed by the Americans, under Gen. Jackson. 

1816. In April, Congress chartered the U. S. Bank, with a capital of $35, 
000,000. — Indiana admitted into the Union. — American Colonization Society 
formed. 

1817. March 4. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President.— Mississippi admitted into the Union, 

1818. Seminole Wak, in which Gen. Jacksou obtained many important, vic- 
tories, and finally " conquered peace." — July 4. Ground first broken in New 
York for the Hudson and Erie Canal. — Illinois and Alabama admitted into 
the Union. 

1819. Feb. 23. The Floridas ceded by Spain to the United States fur $5,000,000, 
which sum was to be paid to American citizens as indemnities for spoliations 
on their commerce during the Peninsular war. 

1820. Maine and Missouri were admitted into the Union. — The Compromise 
Act passed, by which slavery was excluded fr^m all territory lying north of 
36° 30' N. latitude. 

1821. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins were re-elected President and 
Vice-President. 

1822. Ministers plenipotentiary sent to Mexioo, Buenos Ayres, Colombia, and 
Ghili.— Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States 
and France. — Piracy was alarmingly prevalent in the West Indies. 

1824. Aug. 15. Gen. Lafayette arrived in New York from France, and spent 
the year in traveling through the country, being received at every place with 
great enthusiasm. 

1825. March 4. John Quincy Adams and John C.Calhoun inaugurated aa 
President and Vice-President.— Sept. 7. Gen. Lafayette embarked for France_ 
in the frigate Brandy wine, which had been fitted out expressly for his aocom" 
modation. 

1826. July 4. Centennial Anniversary of American Independence. — Remark- 
able coincidence in the death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, each o/ 
whom died that day. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



237 



1829. March 4. Andrew Jackson aud John 0. Calhoun inangurated as Presi- 
dent and Vice President— the latter re elected. 

1832. The Sacs, Foxes, Winuebagoes, and some other Indian tribes, uudct 
the Chief Black Hawk, made war on the north-western frontier, but were 
soon brought to submission. — A Convention in South Carolina threatened to 
dissolve the Union, but the President issued a proclamation (Dec. 12) which 
allayed all apprehension of trouble. 

1833. March 4. Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President — the former re-elected. — The public funds were 
removed from the U. S. Bank, which occasioned mnjh excitement. 

IS35. The Florida War was commenced by Indian hostilities against the settle- 
ments. Dec. 24. Major Dade and upwards of 100 men were unexpectedly 
attacked, and all savagely butchered, except four, who were so horribly man- 
gled that they died soon afterwards. On the same day, while Gen. Thompson 
and eight friends were dining: together near Fort King, they were fired upon 
by a party of warriors under Osceola, and five out of the nine were killed and 
scalped. Gen. T.'s body was pierced by fifteen bullets. 

1836. The Florida war was vigorously prosecuted by Generals Gaines, Clinch, 
Jesup, and Call, and several desperate battles were fought, but without any 
material advantage to the whites. — Arkansas was admitted into the Union. 

1837. March 4. Great commercial distress prevailed, and nearly all the 
banks in the country suspended specie payments. — An extra session of 
Congress was held in September, but nothing was done, except authorizing 

the government to issue $10,000,000 in Treasury notes Oct. 21. The Indian 

chief Osceola was captured, and died the following January.— Michigan was 
admitted into the Union. 

1840. General Macomb, who took command of the army in Florida (numbering 
about 9,000), concluded a treaty of peace with several Indian chiefs. — The 
Independent Treasury Bill became a law. 

1841. March 4. William H. Harrison and John Tyler were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President. — April 4. President Harrison died, and was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. Tyler. — May 31. An extra session of Congress convened, but 
they did little, except to pass the Bankrupt Bill. 

1842. A treaty adjusting the N. E. boundary of the U. S., concluded with Great 
Britain. 

1845. March 4. James K.Polk and George M. Dallas were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President. — Texas was annexed to the United States, and 
this led to a War with Mexico, which resulted in a series of brilliant victories, 
and in the extension of American territory on the Pacific ocean. Florida was 
admitted into the Union. 

1846. Iowa was admitted into the Union. 

1847. Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 

1849. March 4. Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President. 

1850. July 9. President Taylor died, after a very brief illness, and was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. Fillmore.— Sept. 18. Fugitive Slave Law approved.- ''aH^rnia 
admitted into the Union. 

1853. Franklin Pierce and William R. King, having been ei< ' V->t 

and Vice-President, the former was duly inaugurated * 
absent in Cuba, whither he had gon* for the benefit . oealth, was not 

sworn into office until some time in April. He did nve long; after reaching 
home, and Jesse D. Bright, President of the Sen. assumed Ms office daring 
the remainder of the term. 

Ls54. Congress passed an Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and 
Kansas, and also to repeal the Missouri Compromise Act 



238 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

1857. James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge inaugurated as President 
and Vice-President of the United States. — A year of severe embarrass- 
ments and financial distress throughout the country. Nearly all the 
Banks in the United States suspended specie payments, as in 1S37, and 
many heavy failures occurred. — Minnesota admitted into the Union. 

1858. Specie payments resumed. — Atlautic Telegraph laid.— Crystal Pal- 
ace burned. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union. 

1860. May. Visit of the Ambassadors of the Japanese Government to the 
U.S. 

June. Arrival of the steamship Great Eastern at New York. 

Nov. 8. The election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin as Presi- 
dent and Vice President of the United States, announced at Washing- 
ton.— 9-11. James Chesnut, Jr., and James H. Hammond, U. S. Senators 
from South Carolina, resigned their seats in the Senate. 

Dec. 3. The Second Session of the 36th Congress opened at Washington. — 10. 
U. S. House of Representatives appointed a Committee of 33 on the State 
of the Union. — Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary U. S. Treasury, re- 
signed his office. John A. l)ix, of New York, appointed his successor. — 
14. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of State, resigned.— 20. The South 
Carolina " Ordinance of Secession " passed. — 23. Discovery of a large 
embezzlement of the Indian Trust Funds, in charge of Jacob Thompson, 
Secretary of the Department of the Interior. — 24. Resignation of the 
South Carolina Representatives in Congress, — 26. Major Anderson re- 
moved his command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumpter. — Messrs. 
Barnwell, Orr, and Adams, Commissioners appointed by South Carolina 
to treat with the Federal Government, arrived at Washington. — 27. Cap- 
tain N. L. Coste, U. S. R. service, in command of the cutter William 
Aiken, betrayed his vessel into the bands of the State authorities of South 
Carolina. — 28. The palmetto flag raised over the custom-house and post- 
office in Charleston, S. C, and Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie occu- 
pied by the South Carolina Military. — 29. John B. Floyd resigned his 
position as Secretary of War. — 30. South Carolina troops take possession 
of the U. S. Arsenal at Charleston, containing many thousand stand of 
arms and valuable military stores. 

1861. Jan 3. Fort Pulaski, at Savannah, Ga., taken possession of by Georgia 
troops. — South Carolina Commissioners left Washington for Charleston, 
the President declining to receive any official communication from them. — ■ 
4. United States Arsenal at Mobile seized by secessionists. No defence. — 
Fort Morgan, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, taken by Alabama troops. — 
8. Jacob Thompson resigned his place in the Cabinet, as Secretary of the 
Interior. — United States sub-Treasury at Charleston seized. — 9. Missis- 
sippi Ordinance of Secession passed. — Steamship Star of the West, with 
supplies for Fort Sumter, fired into from Morris Island and Fort Moul- 
trie, and driven from Charleston harbor. — 11. Louisiana State troops, 
under Captain Bradford, took possession of the U. S. marine hospital, 
two miles below New Orleans. — Florida Convention adopted an Ordinance 
of Secession by a vote of 62 to 7. — Alabama Convention adopted an Ordi- 
nance of Secession by a vote of 61 to 39. — 12. Fort Barrancas and the 
Navy Yard at Pensacola, Fla., seized by rebel troops. — 15. Col. Hayne, 
Commissioner from South Carolina to Washington, demanded the with- 
drawal of the garrison of Fort Sumter. — U. S. coast survey schooner 
Dana seized by Florida State authorities. — 19. Convention of Georgia 
adopted a secession ordinance by a vote of 208 to 89. — 21. Jefferson Davis, 
of Mississippi, withdrew from U. S. Senate. — 24. U.S. arsenal at Augusta, 
Ga., surrendered to the State authorities. — 26. Louisiana State Conven- 
tion passed an Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 113 to 17.— 29. U. S. 
revenue cutter Robert McClelland, Captain Breshwood, surrendered to 
State of Louisiana. — Secretary Dix's dispatch to Hemphill Jones at New 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



239 



Orleans, " If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him 
on the spot." — 31. South Carolina authorities ofl'er to buy Fort Sumter. — 
U. S. branch mint and custom-house at New Orleans seized by State au- 
thorities. 

Feb. 1. Texas Convention at Galveston passed an Ordinance of Secession, 
to be voted on by the people on the 23d of February, and to take effect 
March 2. — U. S. revenue cutter Lewis Cass, Captain Morrison, surren- 
dered to the State of Louisiana.— -8. Congress at Montgomery adopted a 
Constitution for a provisional government, Jefferson Davis, President ; 
Alex. H. Stephens, Vice President. — U. S. arsenal at Little Rock, Ark., 
with 9,000 stand of arms and 40 cannon, &c, surrendered to State authori- 
ties. — 13. The election of Lincoln and Hamlin, as President and Vice 
President of the United States, formally declared in the Senate by John 
C. Breckinridge, Vice President. — 18. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- 
dent of the Southern Confederacy. — 23. U. S. property to a great amount, 
together with various army posts in Texas, surrendered to the rebels by 
General Twiggs. Property valued at $1,500,000, besides buildings.— 27. 
Peace Convention, at Washington, submitted to the Senate a plan of ad- 
justment of the national difficulties, involving seven amendments to the 
Constitution. 

March 1. General Twiggs expelled from the army of the United States. — 2. 
Revenue cutter Dodge seized in Galveston Bay by Texas authorities. — 4. 
Abraham Lincoln inaugurated 16th President of the United States, at 
Washington. — A State Convention declared Texas out of the Union. — 5 
Gen. P. T. Beauregard took command of the forces investing Fort Sumter, 
S. C. — 6. Fort Brown, Texas, surrendered to State troops.— 18. Supplies 
cut off from Fort Pickens and the Federal fleet in the Gulf of Mexico, by 
rebel authorities at Pensacola. — 20. Sloop Isabel, at Pensacola, with pro- 
visions for the Federal fleet, seized by the rebels. — 30. Mississippi State 
Convention ratified the Constitution of the C. S., by a vote of 78 to 7. 

April 3. South Carolina Convention ratified the Constitution of the C. S. by 
a vote of 114 to 16. — Militia organized in District of Columbia for defence 
of the capital. — 12. Attack on Fort Sumter. — Reinforcement of Fort 
Pickens.— 14. Evacuation of Fort Sumter. — 15. Seventeen vessels from 
Southern ports, without U. S. clearances, seized at New York and fined 
$100 each. — President's proclamation, calling for 75,000 volunteers to 
suppress insurrection, and also calling an extra session of U. S. Congress 
on July 4. — 16. The government of the Southern Confederacy call for 
32,000 men.*-New York Legislature appropriated $3,000,000 for war pur- 
poses. — 17. State Convention ofVa., in secret session, passed an ordi- 
nance of secession. — 18. 500 volunteers from Pennsylvania, and 300 regu- 
lars, arrived at Washington. — Lieut. Jones, in charge of Harper's Ferry 
arsenal, hearing of the advance of a large Virginia force to seize the es- 
tablishment, set fire to it, and retreated to Carlisle, Pa. — 19. Seizure of 
the U. S. transport Star of the West, at Indianola, by Texas troops. — 
Sixth Massachusetts regiment, on its way to Washington, attacked by a 
mob in Baltimore, and 3 killed and 7 wounded. In defending themselves, 
7 rebels were killed and 8 wounded. — Clearances refused to vessels in 
northern ports to ports south of Maryland. — 20. 600 kegs of gunpowder, 
destined for New Orleans, seized by the U. S. Marshal at New York. — 
". 3. arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized. — Steamship Star of the West, hav- 
ing been seized by accession ists, was taken into New Orleans.— The ports 
of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Texas ordered to be blockaded by i,he President. — Bridges on Pennsylva- 
nia Northern and Philadelphia Railway, near Baltimore, burned by a 
mob from that city. — 21. Gospcrt Navy Yard, opposite Norfolk, Va., set 
on fire, and vessels scuttled and sunk, by U. S. officers in charge. — 
Branch Mint of the U. S. at Charlotte, N. C, seized by order of the Gov 
ernor.— Philadelphia and Baltimore Railway taken possession of by U. S. 



240 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

government. — 22. U. S. arsenal at Fayetteville, N. C, containing 37,000 
stand of arms, 3,000 kegs of powder, and a large quantity of shot and 
shell, seized by State authority. — Depot of U. S. stores at Napoleon, Ark., 
seized under orders of Henry M. Rector, Governor of that State. — Em- 
bargo laid, by the Mayor and Police Board of Baltimore, on provisions 
and steamboats, thus withholding the government stores in that city. — 
24. Fort Smith, Ark., seized by a rebel force under Col. Borland. — 25. A 
large amount of arms removed to Alton, 111., from St. Louis arsenal, by 
Illinois volunteers. — Col. Van Dorn, of Texas State troops, captured 450 
U. S. troops at Saluria. — Gov. Letcher, of Va., by proclamation, trans- 
ferred that commonwealth to the Southern Confederacy. — 26. Gov. Brown, 
of Georgia, by proclamation, prohibited the payment of all debts to 
Northern creditors till the end of hostilities. — Bridges over Gunpowder 
Creek, on Philadelphia and Baltimore Railway, and bridge over Bush 
River, on the same route, destroyed by the rebels. — 27. Military Depart- 
ment of Washington assigned to Col. Mansfield ; Department of Annapo- 
lis to Gen. Butler ; Department of Pennsylvania to Maj. Gen. Patterson. — 
Five men arrested at the Navy Yard, Washington, for filling bombshells 
with sand and sawdust. — A number of Southerners employed in the De- 
partments at Washington refused the oath of allegiance prescribed by the 
Government, and resigned. — The ports of Virginia and North Carolina 
were included in the blockade by the President. — 29. Secession defeated 
in Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 53 to 13. 
May 2. Col. F. P. Blair, Jr., announced that the four regiments called for 
from the State of Missouri, by the President, were enrolled, armed, and 
mustered into the service within one week from the call. — 3. Gov. Jack- 
son, of Missouri, in a message to the legislature, recommended arming 
the State, and a union of sympathy and destiny with the slaveholding 
States. — President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling into service 
42,000 volunteers for three years, and directing the increase of the regu- 
lar army and navy of the United States. — Privateer Savannah captured 
by the II. S. brig Perry.— G. The six regiments called for from Indiana, 
were mustered into service in one week from date of the call, — Virginia 
admitted into the Southern Confederacy in secret, session of Confederate 
Congress. — Police Commissioners of St. Louis, Mo., demanded of Capt. 
Lyon the removal of U. S. troops from all places and buildings occupied 
by them in that city outside the Arsenal grounds. — Confederate States 
Congress recognized war with United States, and authorized issue of let- 
ters of marque and reprisal. — Legislature of Arkansas passed an uncon- 
ditional ordinance of secession, 69 to 1. — 7. Command of Kentucky State 
military assigned to Maj. Anderson. — League between Teunessee author- 
ities and Confederate States. — Fort Davis, Texas, taken possession of by 
rebels. — 9. The Confederate Congress authorized President Davis to raise 
such force for the war as he should deem expedient. — U. S. ships Cum- 
berland, Pawnee, Monticello and Yankee, enforcing the blockade off 
Fortress Monroe. — Steamers Philadelphia, Baltimore, Powhatan and 
Mount Vernon, armed by U. S. Government, cruising on the Potomac. — 
Virginians have batteries in Norfolk harbor, at Craney Island, Sandy 
Point, the Hospital, Fort Norfolk, and the Bluffs— 10. Mai. Gen. R. E\ 
Lee appointed to command the rebel forces in Virginia. — Maj. -Gen. Mc- 
Clellan appointed to command the Department of Ohio.— -The President 
directed that all officers in the army sliould take anew the oath of alle- 
giance to the United States. — The secession military, under Gen. Frost, 
at St. Louis, Mo., surrendered to Capt. Lyon, commanding U. S. forces. 
A mob assailed the U. S. military after the surrender, and were fired on 
by them, and many killed and wounded.— The Winans steam gun cap- 
tured by Gen. Butler, three miles from the Relay House, Md.— 11. U. S. 
steam frigate Niagara off Charleston, S. C, began the blockade of that 
port.— 14. Gen. Butler seized a large quantity of arms stored in Balti 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



241 



more, and a schooner loaded with arms. — 15. A proclamation oi neu- 
trality with respect to the civil war in the U. S. was issued by Queen 
Victoria, in which the subjects of Great Britain were forbidden to take 
part in the contest, or endeavor to break a blockade " lawfully and effec- 
tually established."— The town of Potosi, Washington co., Mo, taken pos- 
session of by [J. S. troops, and rebel prisoners and munitions of war 
taken to St. Louis.— 16. Gen. Butler appointed Maj.-Gen. of Volunteers. — 
18. Arkansas admitted to the Southern Confederacy. — Military Depart- 
ment of Virginia organized, embracing E. Virginia, N. Carolina and Ten- 
nessee, Maj. Gen. Butler in command. — 19.., Shots exchanged between U. 
S. steamers Freeborn and Monticello, and the rebel battery at Sewall's 
Point, Va.— Eight thousand rebel troops at Harper's Ferry. — 20. Seizuro 
by the Government of principal telegraph offices throughout the free 
States, and of the accumulated dispatches for twelve months. — Ordinance 
of secession passed by North Carolina State Convention. — Seizure of 
1,600 muskets and 4,000 pikes by Federal troops in Baltimore. — Gen. 
Cadwallader, successor to Gen. Butler, occupied Federal Hill, Baltimore. — 
Fort McHenry reinforced. — 22. Erection of rebel batteries at Aquia 
Creek. — Fort at Ship Island, Miss., destroyed to prevent its falling into 
rebel hands. — 23. A battery of Whitworth guns, 12-pounders, arrived in 
N.Y. city, a present to the Government from patriotic Americans abroad.— 
At Clarksburgh, Harrison co., Va., two companies of secession troops 
surrender. — 24. — All vessels from the Northern States which arrived at 
New Orleans after the 6th inst., were seized by the Confederate States 
Marshal. — Assassination of Col. Ellsworth, at Alexandria, Va. — 25. De- 
struction of seven bridges and five miles of rails from Alexandria to Lees- 
burgh, Va., by the 69th N. Y. S. M.— 26. Confederate privateer Calhoun 
arrived at New Orleans with three whaling vessels and cargoes as prizes. — 
27. U. S. steamer Brooklyn commenced the blockade of the Mississippi 
river. — Brig.-Gen. McDowell took command of the Federal forces in Vir- 
ginia. — The blockade of Mobile, Ala., commenced. — 28. Blockade of 
Savannah initiated by U. S. gunboat Union. — The rebels erected barri- 
cades at Harper's Ferry and Point of Rocks ; Manasses Junction fortified — 
31. Steamers Freeborn and Anacosta attacked rebel batteries at Aquia 
Creek, Va. — Gen. Harney superseded by Gen. Lyon in Missouri. — Gens. 
Banks and Fremont commissioned as Major-Generals. 
/une 1. British Government prohibited U. S. and rebel armed vessels from 
bringing any prizes to British ports. — Charge of U. S. cavalry at Fairfax 
Court House, Va., Lieut. Tompkins. — 2. Federal batteries erected at the 
Rip Raps, near Fortress Monroe. — 3. Gen. Beauregard took command of 
rebel forces at Manasses Junction. — Surprise of rebel troops at Philippi, 
Va., by U. S. forces under Cols. Dumont, Kelly and Lander. — Hon. Ste- 
phen A. Douglas died at Chicago. — 4. Chief-Justice Taney's protests 
against the suspension of the habeas corpus by the President. — 5. Gun 
factory and arms of Merrill and Thomas, Baltimore, seized by U. S. Gov- 
ernment. — 6. Gov. Pickens, of S. C, forbade the remittance of funds to 
Northern creditors. — Thirty-five Virginia cavalry captured at Alexan- 
dria.— Secession camp at Ellicott's Mills, Ky., broken up by troops under 
Gen. Prentiss. — 8. Bridges at Point of Rocks and Berlin, on the Potomac 
river, burned by order of rebel Gen. Johnston. — Four bridges on the 
Alexandria and Hampshire Railway, Va., burned by rebel troops.— 
Seizure of arms at Easton, Md., by U. S. troops. — Vote of Tennessee in 
favor of secession. — 10. Gen. Banks assumed command in Baltimore. — 
Repulse of Federal troops at Great Bethel, near Fortress Monroe.— 11. 
Surprise and route of armed rebels at Romney, Va., by Col. Wallace's 
Indiana regiment. — 12. Gov. Jackson, of Missouri, issued a proclamation 
sailing 50,000 State militia into service, to protect the " lives, liberty and 
pioperty of the citizens of the State." — West Virginia State Convention 
resolved to elect loval State officers. — 13. Skirmish at Seneea Mills, or 
11 



242 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

the Potomac, 28 miles above Washington. — 14. Gen. J. A. Dix, of New 
York, appointed Maj.-Gen. of U. S. Volunteers. — Harper's Ferry evacu- 
ated by the rebel forces. — Maryland election resulted in the triumph of 
all the Union candidates but Winter Davis.— 15. Jefferson City, Mo., occu- 
pied by U. S. troops, under Gen. Lyon. — 16. Skirmish at Seneca Mills, 
Md. — 17. Skirmish at Edward's Ferry, on the Potomac, between the 1st 
Pennsylvania regiment and a body of rebels. — Surprise at Vienna, Va. 
First Ohio regiment fired into by a masked battery, 8 killed, 6 wounded. — 
Western Virginia Convention unanimously declared their independence 
of the Eastern section of the State.— Rebel forces at Booneville, Mo., de- 
feated by Gen Lyon. 35 rebels killed or wounded, and 30 prisoners. 
Federal loss, 2 killed and 8 wounded. — 18. First balloon ascension for U. 
S. military purposes, by Prof. Lowe, at Washington. — Surprise of 800 
Union Home Guards, under Capt. Cook, at Camp Cole, Mo. 25 killed, 52 
wounded, 23 prisoners ; 45 of the enemy killed or wounded. — Thirty-five 
rebels, with arms and ammunition, captured at Liberty, Mo. — Railway 
bridge over New Creek, Va., burned by rebels. — 20. Senator Lane, of 
Kansas, appointed brigadier-general. — General McClellan took command 
of the Federal army in Western Virginia. — 23. Forty-eight locomotives, 
and a large quantity of other railway property of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railway, destroyed by rebels at Martinsburgh, Va. — 24. Riot in Mil- 
waukee, Wis., occasioned by the banks refusing to receive on deposit 
certain bills comprising an important part of the currency, and their con- 
sequent depreciation. — Rebel batteries at Mathias Point, Va., shelled by 
U. S. steamers Pawnee and Freeborn.— Engagement of U. S. steamer 
Monticello with rebels at. Carter's Creek, Va. — Secession of Tennessee 
proclaimed by Gov. Harris. Vote, 104,913 for, to 47,238 against. — 25. 
Virginia vote announced to be 128,884 for, and 32,134 against secession. — 
Western Virginia government recognized by the Presideut. — 26. Brilliant 
skirmish of Corp. Hayes and 12 men of Col. -Wallace's Indiana regiment, 
scouting on Patterson Creek, Md. — 27. John C. Fremont arrived at Boston 
from Liverpool, bringing a large quantity of arms for the government. — 
Marshal Kane, of Baltimore, arrested by order of Gen. Banks, and John 
R. Kenly appointed provost marshal. — Engagement between gunboat 
Freeborn and rebel batteries at Mathias Point. Captain Ward of the 
Freeborn killed. — Cols. Magruder and Hardee appointed brigadier-generals 
in Confederate army. — 28. Skirmish at Shorter's Hill, Va. — 29. Steamer 
St. Nicholas and three brigs captured by secessionists on the Chesa- 
peake. 
July 1. Skirmish at Farmington, Mo. — 2. Rebels driven from Martinsburgh, 
Va., by Abercrombie's brigade. Union loss, 3 killed and 10 wounded ; 
rebel loss, 30 killed and wounded, 20 prisoners. — 4. U. S. Congress met 
in special session. — Passenger trains on Louisville and Nashville railway 
seized by rebels. — Skirmish at Harper's Ferry between N. Y. 9th and 
rebels.— Rebel battery erected at Mathias Point, Va. — 5. Battle at Car- 
thage, Mo. Union forces, under Col. Sigel, 1,500 ; rebels, 4,000. Union 
loss, 13 killed and 31 wounded ; rebel loss, 250 killed and wounded. — 
Skirmish at Newport News, Va., between a detachment of Hawkins' 
Zouaves and rebels. — 6. Skirmish of 45 men, 3d Ohio, at Middle Fork 
Bridge, 12 miles east of Buckhannon, Va. — Western Military Depart- 
ment constituted : Illinois, and the States and Territories west of the 
Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, including New Mexico, Maj.-Gen. 
Fremont commanding. — 7. U. S. steamer South Carolina captured or 
destroyed 11 vessels off Galveston.— Skirmish at Great Falls, Va. — 8. 
Skirmish at Bealington, Western Va., 14th Ohio, Mid 7th and 9th Indiana, 
and Col. Barnett's 1st Ohio battery. Rebels defeated with loss of 20 
killed, 40 wounded ; Union loss, 2 killed. 6 wounded.— 10. Loan bill 
passed by House of Representatives, authorizing the Secretary of the 
Treasury to borrow $25O,Ou0,000, redeemable in 20 years. — Bill author- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



243 



izing §500,000,000 and 500,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion, passed 
the Senate.— House of Representatives empowered the President to close 
the ports of seceded States. — Skirmish at Monroe Station, Mo. — Skirmish 
at Laurel Hill, Va., Cols. McCook and Andrews. — 11. Battle of Rich 
Mountain, Va. Defeat of the rebels under Col. Pegram, 60 killed, 150 
wounded, and 150 prisoners Capture of 200 tents, 60 wagons, 6 cannon, 
and other stores. Union loss, 11 killed and 35 wounded. — 12. Fight at 
Barboursville, Va. Six companies of Col. Woodruff's 2d Kentucky 
attack and defeat 600 rebels.— 600 rebels, under Col. Pegram, surrendered 
to Gen. McClellan, at Beverly, Va.— Twelve of Col. Bendix's N. Y. regi- 
ment captured at Newport News.— 13. Battle of Carrie k's Ford, Va., and 
death of Gen. Garnett, rebel commander. Defeat of the rebels with a 
loss of 150 killed and wounded, and 800 prisoners. Federal loss 13 killed, 
40 wounded. — 15. Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va. Rout of rebel cavalry 
by fire of R. I. battery. — 16. Railway cars, containing Union troops, fired 
into at Millsville, Mo. 3 soldiers killed, 7 wounded ; 7 rebels killed.— 
Bill authorizing the President to call out militia to suppress the rebellion, 
passed the House of Representatives, and the bill to accept services of 
500,000 volunteers. — Tilghman, a negro, killed 3 of a rebel prize crew on 
the schooner S. J. Waring, and brought the vessel into New York on the 
22d. — 17. Battle at Scarytown, Va. Repulse of Federals with loss of i 
killed, 38 wounded, and 9 missing. 3 Federal colonels and 2 captains cap- 
tured.— Skirmish at Fulton, Mo. —18. Kansas City, Mo., Home Guards under 
Major Van Horn, attacked near Harrisonville ; rebels defeated. — Battle at 
Blackburn's Ford. Attack on the rebel entrenchments at Bull Run by a por- 
tion of Gen. Tyler's division, repulsed with a loss of 83 men killed, wounded 
and missing. Rebel loss, 68 killed and wounded. — 19. Six Federal officers, 
near Hampton, Va., fired on by rebels in ambush. Major Rawlings killed, 
and Lieut. Johnson and Mr. Shurtliffe wounded and captured. — By Gen. 
Order No. 46 of War Department, Maj.-Geu. Patterson was honorably 
discharged, and Maj.-Gen. Banks appointed his successor in the Depart- 
ment of the "Shenandoah ; " Gen. Dix appointed to succeed Gen. Banks 
in the Department of Maryland.— The Captain-General of Cuba liberated 
all the vessels brought into Cuban ports by privateer Sumter as prizes. — 
20. Rebel Congress met at Richmond, Va. — 21. Battle of Bull Run. Gen. 
McDowell. After a desperate struggle, the Union forces were routed, with 
a loss of 481 killed, 1,011 wounded, 1,216 missing. Rebel loss, 393 killed, 
1,200 wounded. — 22. Brig.-Gen. Beauregard promoted to the rank of 
" General " in the rebel army, the highest grade. — 22. Maj.-Gen. McClellan 
assigned to command the Department of the Potomac. — Rebels attacked 
and dispersed at Forsyth, Mo. — 24. Naval expedition from Fortress Mon- 
roe to Black river, by Lieut. Crosby and 300 men. Nine sloops and 
schooners of the rebels burnt. — U. S. steamer Resolute, Lieut. Budd, 
brought two schooners and one sloop prizes to Washington. — Gen. Mc- 
Clellan arrived at Washington, and Gen. Fremont at St. Louis, and Gen. 
Banks at Harper's Ferry, to take charge of their respective departments. — 
26. Skirmish at Lane's Prairie, Mo. — Three rebels captured by Col. 
McLeod Murphy, of New York, in Virginia, scouting alone. — 28. A de- 
tachment of Col. Mulligan's Chicago regiment, aided by Home Guards, 
captured 28 rebels, 40 horses and 2 teams, at Hickory Hill, Mo. — 29. A 
rebel battery at Aquia Creek, Va., engaged by four U. S. steamers for 
three hours, with slight damage. — 30. Three hundred kegs of powder and 
six cannon captured from the rebels near Warsaw, Mo.— The Confederate 
forces occupy New Madrid, Mo. — 30-31. Missouri State Convention abol 
ished the State Legislature, declared the offices of Governor, Lieut.-Gov. 
and Sec. of State vacant, appointed special state officers, and provided for 
a special election by the people in Aug. 1862. 
1861. August 1. Rebel privateer Petrel sunk by U. S. frigate St. Law- 
rence, near Charleston. — 2. Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, with 750 men. 



244 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

surrendered by Major Lynde, U. S. A. Schooner Enchantress, with a 
valuable cargo, recaptured by U. S. steamer Albatross, Captain Prentiss, 
off Charleston, S. C— Defeat of rebel forces at Dug Spring, Mo., by Gen. 
Lyon. Federal loss, 9 killed, 30 wounded. Rebel loss, 40 killed, 80 
wounded.— Lieut.-Col. Baylor, commanding the rebel forces in Arizona, 
issued a proclamation taking possession of New Mexico, in the name of 
the Confederate States, declaring all Federal offices vacant, and appoint- 
ing a secretary, attorney-general and other officers. Skirmish at Mesila, 
N. M.— 5. The bark Alvarado, having a rebel prize crew, chased ashore 
aear Fernandina, Fla., and burned by sailors from U. S. ship Vincennes.— 
Skirmish at Point of Rocks, Md. Sixty men of New York 28th attacked 
rebel cavalry, killing 3, wounding 2 and capturing 7 men and 20 horses, 
without loss themselves.— Skirmish at Athens, Mo. 300 Home Guards, 
under Col. Moore, defeated a force of 1,000 rebels, killing 23 and wound- 
ing 50. 10 Federals killed and 10 wounded.— Election in Kentucky foi 
members of the Legislature, the returns showing a large Union majority. 
— 6. Adjournment sine die of Special Congress at Washington. — 7. The 
village of Hampton, Va., burned by rebel forces under Gen. Magruder. — 
The privateer York burned by gunboat Union, which also recaptured the 
schooner G. V. Baker. — 8. Rebel cavalry routed at Lorrettsville, Va., 
with loss of 1 killed and 5 wounded, by 100 men of 19th N. Y., under 
Capt. Kennedy. — 9, Skirmish at Potosi,. Mo.— 10. Battle of Wilson's 
Creek, Mo. Gen. Lyon, with 5,200 men, was defeated by the combined 
forces of Gens. Price and McCulloch, 20,000. Gen. Lyon was killed. 
Federal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded, 292 missing. Rebel loss, 265 killed, 
800 wounded, 30 missing. — 12. C. J. Faulkener, ex-minister of U. S. to 
France, arrested on a charge of treason. — 13. Skirmish near Grafton, Va. 
200 rebels routed, 21 killed and wounded, by Capt. Dayton's company of 
4th Virginia.— 14. Gen. Fremont declares martial law in St. Louis, Mo. — 
All loyal men notified by Jeff. Davis to leave the Confederate States in 
40 days. — 15. Skirmish at Mathias Point, Va. — 16. Col. Hecker's regi- 
ment surprised 400 rebels at Fredericktown, Mo., capturing 12 men and 
all the camp equipage. — $58,000 seized by U.S. troops at Genevieve, Mo., 
and taken to St. Louis — Proclamation of President Lincoln, declaring 
commercial intercourse with the eleven States in rebellion unlawful, ex- 
cepting such parts thereof as have or may become restored to loyal gov- 
ernment, and forfeiting all vessels therefrom or bound to the same, after 
15 days. — 17. Railway train near Palmyra, Mo., fired into by rebels. — 
18. Gen. Wool assumed command at Fortress Monroe. — 19. Skirmish 
at Charleston, Mo. Two hundred and fifty of 22d Illinois, under 
Col. Dougherty, and Lieut.-Col. Ransom of 11th Illinois defeated 300 
rebels under Col. Hunter of Jeff. Thompson's army. 20 rebels killed 
and wounded, and 17 prisoners taken. — "Passports" required, by notice 
from the Department of State, from all persons leaving or arriving within 
the United States. — 20. Skirmish at Hawk's Nest, in the Kanawha Valley, 
Va. A body of rebels attacked the 11th Ohio, but were driven back with 
loss. — The Wheeling, (Va.,) Convention passed an ordinance to erect a 
new State, to be called Kanawha. — A railway train from Jefferson City, 
Mo., fired into by rebels. — Gen. McClellan assumed command of the army 
of the Potomac. — Gen. Butler assumed command of U. S. Volunteer 
forces near fortress Monroe. — 21. Surprise of part of company K, Ohio 
7th, near Cross Lane, W. Virginia, 2 killed and 9 wounded. — 22. Steamer 
" Samuel Orr" seized at Paducah, Ky., by rebels. — 24. A portion of the 
Cherokee Indians made an alliance with the "Southern Confederacy." 
The Cherokees and Creeks raised 2,000 men for the rebel army. — 25. A 
band of rebels at Wayne Court-House, Va., routed by 53 Federals under 
Capt. Smith. — All vessels and boats on the Potomac seized by Govern- 
ment authorities.— 2G. Surprise of 7th Ohio, Col. Tyler, at Cross Lanes. 
near Summersville, W. Virginia, by a large force of rebels.— Ihe War 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



245 



Department prohibited the transmission or publication of any iatelli 
gence of arn y or naval movements calculated to give information to the 
enemy.— The Postmaster-General directed postal agents to arrest express 
agents or others engaged in transmitting letters to seceded States in 
violation of the President's proclamation of 16th inst.— Com. Foote 
ordered to the command of U. S. naval forces on the Western waters. — 
A naval and military expedition to N. Carolina coast sailed from Hamp- 
ton Roads, Va., under command of Com. Stringham and Maj.-Gen. But- 
ler. — Skirmish of two companies of N. Y. 23d, with a large force of 
rebels at Ball's Cross Roads, Va. — 2S. A party of Federal troops under 
Capt. Smith, attacked and dispersed a force of rebels at Wayne Court- 
House, W. Virginia. — 28-29. Bombardment and capture of Forts Hat- 
teras and Clark, at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. SO pieces of cannon, 1,000 
stand of arms, 3 vessels with valuable cargoes, and 750 prisoners taken. 
— 29. Fight at Lexington, Mo. The rebels driven off with loss of 8 killed 
and several wounded. — 30. Martial law proclaimed throughout Missouri, 
by Gen. Fremont, and the slaves of all persons found in arms against 
the IT. S. declared free. 
September 1.— Skirmish at Bennett's Mills, Mo.— Fight at Boone Court- 
House, Va. Rebels defeated, with a loss of 30. — 2. Fight near Fort 
Scott, Mo. — The Mass. 13th captured 20 Charleston, S. C, cavalry, after 
killing 8 and wounding 5, 2i miles from Harper's Ferry. — Col. Crossman, 
of Gen. Kelly's staff, with two companies, attacked 400 rebels, at Wor- 
thington, Marion co., Va., by whom he was repulsed. — 3. Passenger train 
on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railway, Mo., thrown into the Platte 
river, by the giving way of a bridge, partly burned by the rebels. 17 
persons were killed and 60 wounded.— 4. Engagement on the Mississippi 
river, near Hickman, Ky., between national gunboats Tyler and Lexing- 
ton and the rebel gunboat Yankee and shore batteries.— 6. Paducah, Ky., 
occupied by Federal forces under Gen. Grant. — 7. Gens. Pillow and Polk 
occupied Columbus, Ky., with 7,000 rebels. — Five schooners captured by 
Federal officers at Hatteras Inlet. — 8. General Pope broke up a camp of 
3,000 rebels near Hunneville, Mo. — 9. A government steamer conveying 
prisoners from Lexington, Mo., to Fort Leavenworth, broke her rudder, 
vessel seized by the rebels. — 10. Battle of Carnifex Ferry, near Sum- 
mersville, Va. Federal loss, 16 killed, 102 wounded. — 11. Skirmish at 
Lewinsville, Va. Federal loss, 6 killed, 10 wounded. — The Kentucky 
Legislature, by a vote of 71 to 26, ordered the Confederate troops to leave 
the State. — 12. A rebel camp at Petersburg, Hardy co., Va., broken up 
by Capt. Kid's cavalry, large amount of stores captured. — Skirmish at 
Black river, near Ironton, Mo. A detachment of Indiana cavalry, under 
Major Gavitt, defeated a body of rebels, under Ben. Talbot.— 13. A large 
body of rebels, under Col. Brown, repulsed from Booneville, Mo., with a 
loss" of 12 killed and 30 wounded, by Home Guards under Capt. Eppstein. 
12-14. Two engagements occurred on Cheat Mountain, Western Virginia, 
in which the rebels, under Gen. R. E. Lee, were defeated with a loss of 
100 killed and wouuded, among the former, Col. J. A. Washington, and 
20 prisoners. The Federal forces, under Gen. J. J. Reynolds, lost 13 
killed, 20 wounded and 60 prisoners. — 13. An expedition under Lieut. J. 
H. Russell, destroyed the privateer Judah at Pensacola. Federal loss, 3 
killed and 15 wounded. — 14. A rebel camp near Kansas City, Mo., broken 
up ; 7 men killed and 6 taken prisoners. — 15. A body of rebels attacked 
Col. Geary's 28th Pennsylvania regiment, stationed on the Potomac, and 
were repulsed with severe loss. — 16. A naval expedition from Hatteras 
Inlet, Lieut. J. Y. Maxwell, destroyed Fort Ocracoke, on Beacon Island, 
N. C. — "he Federal gunboat Conestoga captured the steamers V. R. 
Stephenson and Gazelle, on Cumberland river, Ky. — Ship Island, near 
the mouth of the Mississippi river, occupied by Federal forces from the 
steamer Massachusetts. — 17. A fight at Mariatown, Mo., between 600 



446 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Federals, under Cols. Montgomery and Johnson, and 400 rebel*, who 
were defeated with a loss of 7 killed, and 100 horses and their tents and 
supplies captured. — A train on the Ohio and Mississippi railway, with a 
part of the 19th Illinois regiment, broke through a bridge near Huron, 
Ind., by which 26 soldiers were killed and 112 wounded.— 500 of the 3d 
Iowa, under Lieut.-Col. Scott, repulsed by 3,000 rebels at Blue Mills 
Landing, Mo. Federal loss, 100 killed and wounded. — 18. Skirmish at 
Barboursville, Ky. — Eighteen secession members of the Maryland Legis- 
lature lodged in Fort McHenry. — 20. Surrender of Col. Mulligan's com- 
maud, at Lexington, Mo., to the rebel General Price, after 4 days' siege. — 

21. Gen. Lane's command surprised a superior force of rebels at Papins- 
ville, Mo., routing them with a Union loss of 17 killed and 40 wounded ; 
rebel loss, 40 killed, 100 prisoners, and all their tents and supplies. — Gen. 
Robert Anderson assumed command of Federal and State troops in Ky. — 

22. Skirmish of the 7th Iowa, at Elliott's Mills, Ky.— 23. Capt. Golds- 
borough succeeded Com. Stringham in command of the Chesapeake 
blockading fleet. — Detachments of 8th and 4th Ohio, and Ringgold's Cav- 
alry, drove out 700 rebels from Mechanicsville Gap. — 25. Engagement at 
Chapmansville, Western Va. Col. Pratt, with 560 of the 34th Ohio, de- 
feated a body of rebels under Col. J. W. Davis, killing 29, and wounding a 
large number. Col. Pratt's loss, 4 killed, 8 wounded. — A body of rebels 
were defeated near Osceola, Mo., by Federal troops under Col. Mont- 
gomery, who set fire to the town. 10 rebels killed ; 1 Federal killed, 4 
wounded. — James B. Clay (son of the illustrious Henry) and 16 other 
rebels captured near Danville, Ky. — 26. At Lucas Bend, Ky., 75 of Cap- 
tain Stewart's cavalry attacked and routed 40 rebel cavalry, killing 4 and 
capturing 5. — 27. A body of Kansas troops, under Montgomery and 
Jamison, engaged the advance guard of McCullough's rebel army near 
Shanghai, in Benton co., Mo., and drove them back with loss.— Gen. Fre- 
mont, with 15 steamers and 15,000 men, sailed from St. Louis up the 
Missouri river — Mun son's Hill, Va., cocupied by Federal troops. 

Oct. 1. U. S. steamer Fanny, with 35 men of the 9tt N. Y. volunteers, was 
captured by the rebels on the north coast of Hatteras Inlet. She was 
loaded with government stores. — 2. A camp of secessionists at Charleston, 
Mo., broken up, and 40 rebels captured. — $33,000, deposited in the St. 
Lauis Building and Savings Association, for the part payment of a U. S. 
aonuity to the Cherokee Iudiaus, declared confiscated to the Government 
in consequence of the secession of that tribe. — 3. Attack on an entrenched 
camp commanded by Gen. H. A. Jackson, at Greenbrier, Western Va.,by 
Union forces under Gen, J, J.Reynolds. Union loss, 8 killed, 32 wounded. 
A drawn battle. — Gustavus Smith, formerly Street Commissioner of New 
STork, was appointed a major general in the rebel army. — 4. Commander 
Alden, U. S. steamer South Carolina, captured two schooners off the S. 
W. pass of the Mississippi, with four to five thousand stand of arms. — A 
company of 110 Texas rangers were defeated by 100 U. S. troops. 10 
Texans killed, and 30 wounded. — Two boats from U. S. steamer Lou- 
isiana, Lieut. A. Murray, destroyed a rebel schooner, being fitted out for 
a privateer, at Chincoteague Inlet, Va. — A large force of rebels, under 
Col. Wright, attacked the 20th Indiana, Col. Brown, at Chicamacomico, 
ii'Mir Hatteras Inlet. Federals retreated, leaving their pickets, wounded, 
and camp equipage in the hands of the enemy » — 5. The rebel forces 
under Col. Wright were driven from the Chicamacomico, with (severe 
loss, by U. S. steamer Monticello. — 7. John Ross, principal Chief of the 
Cherokee Indians, negotiated a treaty of alliance on behalf of that people 
with the Confederate Government. — 57 released prisoners, taken by 
the rebels at the battle of Bull Run, arrived at Fortress Monroe from 
Richmond. — U. S. gunboats Tyler and Lexington exchanged shots with 
rebel batteries at Iron Bend, 3 miles above Columbus, Ky. — 8. Brig.- 
Gen. William T. Sherman appointed to command the Department of the 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



247 



Cumberland (Kentucky), in place of Brig.-Gen. R. Anderson. — 200 rebels, 
under Capt. Holliday, encamped two miles from Hillsboro', Ky., were at- 
tacked and defeated by a body of Home Guards, under Lieut. Sadler. 
Rebel loss, 11 killed, 29" wounded, 22 prisoners ; also 127 rifles and other 
arms. Federal loss, 3 killed, 3 wounded. — 9. Attack upon Wilson's 
Zouaves, at Santa Rosa Island, four miles from Fort Pickens, at 2 a. m., 
by 1,500 rebels under Gen. Anderson. The regulars from Fort Pickens, 
and the Zouaves, defeated the rebels, killing and wounding about 100, 
and taking 35 prisoners. Federal loss, 13 killed, 21 wounded. — Federal 
troops occupied Levvinsville, Va. — 10. Cavalry skirmish 4 miles from Pa- 
ducah, Ky.— 11. Lieut. Harrell, of U. S. steamer Union, with three boats' 
crews, burnt a rebel schooner in Dumfrie's Creek, on the Potomac. — 12. 
Rebel steamer Theodora ran the blockade at Charleston, S. C, having on 
board Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Commissioners to England and France, 
with their secretaries. — Capt. P. G. Morton captured a train of 21 wagons, 
425 cattle, and 35 prisoners, with stores for hostile Cherokees, at Chelsea, 
Kansas. — Cavalry skirmish south of Cameron, Ray co., Mo. — Six rebel gun- 
boats, the ram Manassas, and a fleet of fire-ships, attacked the U. S. fleet at 
the mouth of the Mississippi, and were repulsed. — A party of 12 of a N. Y. 
Zouave regiment, captured near Newport News, Va. — Forty men of the 
39th Indiana attacked and defeated a superior force of rebels 8 miles from 
Green river, Western Va. — Skirmish near the residence of Cy. Hutch- 
inson, Barren co., Ky. — 500 men of the Piatt (Cincinnati) Zouaves, under 
Lieut.-Col. Toland, and two companies of the 4th Va., drove out a large 
body of rebels from Winfield, 20 miles below Charleston, on the Kana- 
wha, Western Va., and captured a large quantity of military stores. — 
Skirmish between a detachment of the 39th Indiana, under Lieut.-Col. 
Jones, and 58 rebel cavalry, near Upton's, 14 miles below Camp Nevins, 
Ky. The rebels repulsed with a loss of 5 killed and 3 wounded. — 13. 
Eighteen miles N. E. of Lebanon, Mo., Major Wright, with two companies 
of U. S. cavalry, routed 300 mounted rebels, under Capts. Lorrels and 
Wright. 62 of the rebels were killed and wounded, and 30 taken pris- 
oners. — Skirmish at Beckweth's farm, 12 miles S. E. of Bird's Point, 
Mo. — Brig Grenada of New York, captured by the privateer " Sallie," of 
Charleston. — 14. 150 voters of Chincoteague Island, Accomac co., Va., 
took the oath of allegiance to the U. S. — Major White, with one company 
of Missouri Scouts, captured 45 rebels at Linn Creek, Mo. — 15. U. S. 
steamer Roanoke, ofl' Charleston, captured and burnt the ship Thomas 
Watson. — GOO rebels, under Jeff Thompson, attacked and captured 40 
United States soldiers guarding the Big river bridge, near Potosi, Mo. — 
The rebel batteries at Aquia creek and Shipping Point, on the Potomac, 
fire on all vessels passing. — Skirmish near Lewinsville, Virginia. — 16. 
Colonel J. W. Geary, of the Pennsylvania 28th, with 400 men from his 
own, the 13th Massachusetts and 3d Wis., crossed the Potomac at Har- 
per's Ferry, and captured 21,000 bushels of wheat, stored in a mill near 
Bolivar Heights. — Major F. J. White, with 220 Missouri scouts, surprised 
the rebels at Lexington, Mo., and without loss, captured 60 or 70 prison- 
ers, released Cols. White and Grover, and 12 other captives, and seized 2 
steamboats, with arms, ammunition and stores. — 1,000 rebels near Iron- 
ton, Mo., were defeated with a loss of 36 killed and wounded by Major 
Gavitt's Indiana cavalry, and 5 companies of Col. Alexander's 21st Illinois. 
Union loss 11. — 19. Col. Morgan, with 220 men of the 18th Missouri reg- 
iment, and two pieces of artillery, defeated 400 rebels on Big Hurricane 
Creek, Carroll co., Mo., killing 14, and taking 8 prisoners. Col. Morgan 
had 14 men wounded. — 21. Battle of Edward's Ferry, Va. 1,900 men 
from Gen. C. P. Stone's division, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, 
U. S. Senator from Oregon, crossed the Potomac at Harrison's Island, or 
Ball's Bluff, to support recounoissances above and below that point. At 
4 p. m. they were attacked bv 3,000 rebels under Gen. Evans, and drivep 



248 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

to the river bank, where, there being no adequate provision fo..' crossing, 
they suffered severe loss, by the enemy's fire, and by drowning. Killed, 
223, wounded, 250, taken prisoners, 500. Rebel loss about 200 in killed 
and wounded. — About 2,500 rebels near Fredericktown Mo., attacked by 
3,500 Federal troops, commanded by Col. J. B. Plummer, of 11th Mis 
souri, with Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana troops, under Cols. 
Ross, Hovey, Marsh, Baker, Lieut. Col. Pennabaker, Maj. Schofield, Capt. 
Stewart and Lieut. White. The rebels were defeated with great loss. 
The Federal loss was 7 killed and GO wounded. — A portion of the rebel 
General Zollicoffer's command repulsed near Camp Wild Cat, Laurel co., 
Ky. — 22. The Potomac river commanded by rebel batteries at all import- 
ant points below Alexandria. — A detachment of U. S. cavalry broke up 
a rebel camp at Buffalo Mills, Benton co., Mo., killing and wounding 2(3, 
taking 60 prisoners, 22 wagons, and a number of horses. — 23. Col. Len. 
Harris, with the 2d Ohio, two guns of Capt. Konkle's Ohio battery and 
Capt. Laughlin's cavalry, drove out a body of 200 rebels from West Lib- 
erty, Morgan co., Ky. — Fifty men of the 6th Indiana while skirmishing 
near Hodgesville, Ky., were attacked by a superior force of rebels, whom 
they repulsed, killing 3 and wounding 5.— Gen. Fred. W. Lander appointed 
to command the brigade of the late Col. Baker. — 24. President Lincoln 
suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the District of Columbia. — The 
steamer Salvor was captured while attempting to run the blockade at 
Tampa Bay, Fla. — Western Virginia voted almost unanimously in favor 
of a division of the State. — The western section of the California tele- 
graph was completed to Salt Lake City, connecting the wires from the 
Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. — Skirmish near Campbellsville, Ky. — 25. 
160 of Gen. Fremont's Body-guard, under command of Major Zagonyi, 
charged 2,000 rebels, near Springfield, Mo., routed them, and occupied 
the town. Rebel loss, 106 killed, many wounded, and 27 prisoners. 
Zagonyi's loss 15 killed, 27 wounded, 10 missing. The Missouri "Prai- 
rie Scouts," under Major F. J. White, attacked the rear of the rebel 
force, at the same time, making three successful charges, and inflicting 
severe loss on the enemy. The loss of the " Scouts" was 33 in killed, 
wounded and missing. — 26. An artillery fight across the Potomac, at Ed- 
ward's Ferry. — Gen. B. F. Kelly, with 2,500 Virginia and Ohio Volun- 
teers, from New Creek, Va., attacked an inferior rebel force near Rom- 
ney, who were routed. Col. Thos. Johns, of 2d regiment, Potomac Home 
Brigade, engaged a regiment rebels, capturing a large supply of military 
stores and provisions. Federal loss, 2 killed, 14 wounded. Rebel loss, 
10 killed, 15 wounded. — Parson Brownlow forced to suspend the publica- 
tion of the Knoxville (Tenn.) Whig. Major Phillips, with 300 of the 9th 
Illinois, attacked the rebels at Saratoga — 13 rebels killed, 24 prisoners. 
— Surprise of a rebel encampment at Plattsburgh, Clinton co., Mo., by a 
superior force of Federals. Rebel loss, 8 killed, 12 prisoners, one cannon, 
and a quantity of small arms. — 28. Three rebel vessels surprised and 
burnt at Chincoteague Inlet, Va., by a portion of the crew of the U. S. 
gunboat Louisiana, under Lieut. A. Hopkins.— D. Davis, of 111., J. Holt, 
of Ky., and H. Campbell, of Mo., were appointed Commissioners by Pres. 
Lincoln to audit all unsettled military claims in Missouri. — Gen. J. B. 
Henderson, with a superior force, surrounded and captured 400 rebels at 
Dyer's Mills, near Concord, Mo. — 29. 250 U. S. Kentucky volunteers, un- 
der Col. Burbridge, marched from Owensboro' to Morgantown, Ky., 
crossed the river at that point, defeated a superior rebel force and de- 
stroyed their camp. — Great naval expedition sailed from Fortress Monroe, 
under the command of Flag-officer Com. Samuel F. Dupont, comprising 
77 vessels of all classes. The land force numbering 20,000 men, were 
commanded by Brig. Gen. Thos. W. Sherman. — 31. Skirmish at Morgan- 
town, Green River, Ky. 
Nov. 1. Lieut.-Gen. Winfield Scott, at his own request, was retired from 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



249 



active service, and Maj. -General George B. McClellan was appointed to 
succeed him as Commander-in-Chief of the U. S. Army.— Lieut. -Col. 
Morse, with 450 cavalry and infantry, routed a rebel force 800 strong, in 
camp near Renick, Randolph co., Mo. — Rebels attacked a Federal camp 
at Gauley Bridge, Va , by cannonading from the opposite shore. They 
were repulsed. — A violent storm overtook the naval expedition off the 
N. C. coast. 3 vessels were disabled and returned, 2 were driven ashore, 
and 2 foundered. Seven lives lost. — 2. Gen. Fremont, at Springfield, re- 
ceived an order from Washington, relieving him from command of the 
Department of Missouri. Gen. Hunter was appointed temporarily to the 
command. — Major Joseph's Missouri militia, numbering 129, were attacked 
at Platte City, Mo., by Silas Gordon with 300 rebels, who were repulsed 
with a loss of 13 killed and wounded, 30 prisoners, many guns, and all 
their equipments. — Prestonburg, Ky., occupied by Union troops. — 3. Five 
rebel boats made an attack on Fort Hatteras, N. C., but were repulsed by 
the U. S. gunboat National, and the fort. — Col. Greensle drove rebel 
troops from Houston, Mo.— 4. Barboursville, Ky., occupied by 1,500 Fed- 
erals. — 6. Electors for President and V. President chosen throughout the 
revolted States, and also members of Congress. — 120 Federals under 
Capt. Shields, were captured by 500 rebels near Little Santa Fe, Mo. — 
7. Battle of Belmont, Mo., Gens. Grant and McClernand with 2,850 men, 
landed at Belmont at 8 a. m., drove in the rebel pickets and captured 
their camp, whnh was burnt. A battery of 12 guns was taken and 
200 prisoners. The rebels were subsequently reinforced, and General 
Grant's army repulsed. Federal loss, 89 killed, 150 wounded, 150 miss- 
ing. — Skirmish on New river, near Gauley bridge, Va. — The Federal fleet 
under Commodore Dupont captured Forts Warren and Beaureguard at 
Port Royal entrance, and took the town of Beaufort, S. C. — Two launches 
and 40 men, commanded by Lieut. James E. Jouett, from the U. S. frigate 
Santee, off Galveston, Texas, surprised and burnt the rebel privateer 
Royal Yacht. — 8. U. S. gunboat Rescue shelled out the rebel battery at 
Urbana Creek, on the Rappahannock, Va., and captured a large schooner 
with stores. — Five railway bridges were burned in E. Tennessee by Union- 
ists. — Capt. Wilkes, with the steam sloop-of-war San Jacinto, overhauled 
the English mail-steamer Trent in the Bahama channel, and took from 
her the rebel emissaries Mason and Slidell, with their secretaries, who 
had taken passage for England. — A portion of Gen. Nelson's Ky. brigade 
were ambuscaded while on their way to Piketon, Ky., by 200 rebels in a 
strong position. The rebels were dispersed with the loss of 10 killed, 15 
wounded. Gen. Nelson had 6 killed and 24 wounded. — 8. Skirmish at 
Piketon, Ky.— 9. Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Halleck, of Cal., ordered to take 
command of the Department of Missouri, in place of Gen. Fremont : 
Brig.-Gen. Don Carlos Buell, of Ind., appointed to command the Depart- 
ment of Kentucky : Maj.-Gen. Hunter to command the Department of 
Kansas : Col. E. R. S. Canley, the Department of N. Mexico. — 10. A band 
of rebel marauders was captured by Lieut. Shriver, with a squad of 1st 
Iowa cavalry, near Clark's Station, Mo. — A portion of Gen. Cox's brig- 
ade crossed the New river, near Gauley, Va., and attacked Floyd's forces 
posted there, who retreated after a severe skirmish, in which the 11th 
Oliio regiment lost 8 killed and 10 wounded. — 150 of the 9th Virginia 
regiment, Col. K. V. Whaley, surprised at Guyandotte, Va., on the Ohio 
river, by a superior force of rebels, and after a sharp skirmish, in which 
8 of the Federals were killed and 12 wounded, and nearly the same loss 
sustained by the rebels, Col. Whaley and 45 of his men were captured, 
and the rest escaped. — 11. 110 of Col. Anthony's regiment attacked a 
rebel camp on the Little Blue river, near Kansas City, Mo., and after a 
severe fight retreated in good. order, losing 8 killed and 8 wounded. -- 
12. Reconnoissance in force by Gen. Heintzelman, with 6,000 men, to 
Occoquan Creek, Va., 18 miles from Alexandria. Capt. Todd's company 



250 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

of Lincoln cavalry were surprised by a superior force of rebels, 3 killed, 
1 wounded and 3 taken prisoners, including the captain. — Attack on the 
U. S. fleet at the Passes of the Mississippi, by the Manassas Ram, 5 gun- 
boats and several fire-ships, under command of Capt. Hollins. U.S. 
ship Vincennes grounded, and the Richmond damaged by the ram and 
also grounded : the enemy were driven off" without obtaining any advan- 
tage. — The privateer Beaureguard, of Charleston, S. C, with 27 men, 
was captured 100 miles E. N. E. of Abaco, by the U. S. sloop-of-war W. 
G. Anderson, Lieut. W. C Rogers, commanding. — Skirmish on Laurel 
Creek by portions of Gen. Benham's with Gen. Floyd's forces. — Skirmish 
of Gen. Kelly's pickets near Romney, Va. — 14. The privateer schooner 
Neva, from China, seized at San Francisco, Cal., by Capt. Pease, of U. S. 
cutter Mary. — Gen. Ben.ham in pursuit of the army of Gen. Floyd, in W. 
Va., overtook the rear guard near McCoy's Mills, and defeated it, killing 
15 rebels., — 16. A party of 57 of the New York 30th, attached to Gen. 
Keyes' brigade on the Potomac, while out foraging west of Upton Hill,Va., 
surrounded by 200 rebel cavalry, and one half their number, with the 
teams and wagons, captured.— 50 wagons and 500 oxen, with the team- 
sters and stores, captured near Pleasant Hill, Cass co., Mo., by the reb- 
els. — 17. Union troops under Col. Alcorn, defeated Hawkins' regiment 
at Cypress Bridge, McClean co.,Ky., taking 25 prisoners, and 300 horses. 
Federal loss, 10 killed, 15 wounded. — U. S. gunboat Connecticut, captured 
British schooner Adelaide, with military stores and supplies for rebels, 
near Cape Carnaveral. — The 3d Missouri cavalry routed a large number 
of rebels uear Palmyra, Mo. — 18. Capt. A. H. Foote was appointed Flag- 
officer of the fleet of the Western military Department. — Gen. Halleck 
assumed charge of the Missouri Department, vice Gen. Hunter. — Rebel 
troops in Accomac and Northampton cos., Va., disbanded, and Union 
troops, under Gen. Lockwood, seized their arms and took possession of the 
peninsula. — 150 rebels taken prisoners by Federal cavalry, near Warrens- 
burgh, Mo. — 19. Missouri rebel legislature, at Neosha, Newton co., passed 
an ordinance of secession. — N. V. ship Harvey Birch captured and burnt 
in the British channel by the rebel steamer Nashville. — Ihe principal part 
of Warsaw, capital of Benton co., Mo., burnt by rebels. — U. S. gunboat 
Conestoga, engaged rebel batteries on the Tennessee river, and silenced 
them. — First flotilla of the "Stone Fleet" sailed for the South, from Conn, 
and Mass. — 20. Col. Burchard, with Lieut. Gregg and 24 men, attacked 
a large company of rebels near Kansas City, Mo., and defeated them, 
killing 5 and wounding 8. — Secession State Convention at Russelville, 
Ky., adopted an ordinance of secession. — 22. Two U. S. gunboats, Cam- 
bridge and Hertzei, from Fortress Monroe, shelled out the camps of the 
2d Louisiana and 10th Georgia regiments, at the junction of James and 
Warwick rivers. — Fort Pickens opened fire on the rebel encampments 
and forts, near Pensacola, Fla. ; a severe cannonade ensued for two days. 
— 24. Skirmish in Lancaster, Mo., between 450 Federals under Colonel 
Moore, and 420 rebels. The rebels routed with the loss of 13 killed, and 
many wounded and prisoners. — Tybee Island in Savannah harbor, occu- 
pied by the U. S. forces under Flag-officer Dupont. — Rebel Commission- 
ers Mason and Slidell imprisoned in Fort Warren, Mass. — 25. Skirmish 
near Drainesville, Va.— Com. Tatnall, with 3 steamers and a gunboat 
attacked the Federal fleet in Cockspur Roads, Ga. — 26. Skirmish at Black 
Oak Point, Hickory co., Mo. Capt. Cosgrove and Lieut. Bobbitt, with 
25 men, surprised a rebel camp, killed 5, captured 8, and took 75 tents, 
6 wagons, 10 horses, 35 guns, and other property, and released 6 loyal 
prisouers.— Skirmish near Vienna, Va.— 27. Henry R. Jackson appointed 
i Major-Gen. in the Georgia army. — 2 ( ). Major Hough, with 4 companies 
*f Missouri cavalry, had an engagement at Black Walnut Creek, Mo., iu 
which 17 rebels were killed and .vounded, and 5 taken prisoners.- Skir- 
nish near New Market, Va. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



251 



Dec. 1. The U. S. steamer Penguin arrived at Brooklyn with the prize 
Albion, captured while attempting to ruu the blockade at Charleston, 
S. C, with arms, ammunition, provisions, &c, worth $100,000. — A party 
of Federals attacked the rebel pickets at Morristown, East Tenn., kill- 
ing a large number and putting the rest to flight.— Skirmish near Hunt- 
ers Chapel, Va., between a squadron of Gen. Blenker's horsemen and a 
squadron of rebel cavalry, who were defeated. — 2. The first regular ses- 
sion of the 37th Congress commenced at Washington. — A party of citi- 
zens in Mo., near Dunksburg, 20 miles west of Sedalia, attacked a body 
of rebels under Capts. Young and Wheatley, killing 7 and wounding ten 
of them. — 3. Skirmish at Salem, Dent co., Mo. — H. C. Burnett, of Ky., 
and J. W. Reed, of Mo., were expelled from toe U. S. House of Repre- 
sentatives as traitors. — Gen. Phelps, with 2,000 \ ?n, attached to Gen. 
Butler's expedition, occupied Ship Island, Mississippi atvnd. — A detach- 
ment of Federal cavalry surprised the rebel guard at Whip-poor-will 
Bridge, on the Memphis Branch railway, Ky., taking 11 prisoners. — J. C. 
Breckinridge expelled from the U. S. Senate. — 5. Reports of the Sees, of 
War and Navy show the Government had in service for the war 682,971 
men. — Skirmish at Brownsville, Ky. — Successful foray of the 13th Mass., 
Col. Leonard, from the Potomac to Berkley Springs, Va., capturing a 
large quantity of provisions. — 7. At Sedalia, Mo., 106 mule teams and 
the teamsters seized by rebels. — Capt. Sweeney with 25 rebel guerrillas, 
captured near Glasgow, Mo., by Capt. Merrill's cavalry. — Skirmish near 
Dam No. 5 on the Potomac. Rebels driven off, losing 12 men. — Skirmish 
near Oiathe, Mo. — 8. Capt. McGuire's company of 27th Mo., captured 14 
rebels at Sedalia, Mo. — U. S. steamer Augusta captured schooner E. Wa- 
terman, oft' Savannah, Ga. — 9. The U. S. steamer Harriet Lane, and 6 
steamers attached to the upper Potomac flotilla, shelled the woods at 
Budd's Ferry, and exchanged shots with the rebel batteries opposite, at 
Shipping Point. — Garret Davis elected a senator from Ky., in place of 
J. C. Breckinridge. — The rebel Congress " admitted" Kentucky to the 
Confederacy. — 11. Skirmish near Bertrand, Mo. — Skirmish at Dam No. 
4, on the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Md. Seven rebels killed, and many 
wounded. Capt. Williams and 6 men captured by the rebels. — Great fire 
at Charleston, S. C, 600 houses destroyed. — 12. Col. Merrill's cavalry and 
regiment returned to Sedalia, Mo., from Waverley, bringing as prisoners 

4 rebel capts., 2 lieuts., and 40 men, a mortar, and many horses. — Co. I, 
of loth Ohio, were attacked on the banks of Green river, Ky., by a supe- 
rior force of rebel cavalry, whom they repulsed, wounding several of the 
cavalry.— 13. Villages of Papinsville and Butler, Bates co., Mo., rebel ren- 
dezvous burned by Maj Williams of the 3d Kansas. — British ship Admiral 
captured off Savannah, Ga., while attempting to run in, by the Augusta. 
— Battle of Camp Alleghany, Va., 2,000 Federal troops, under Brig.-Gen. 
R. H. Milroy, attack a rebel camp on Alleghany Summit 2,000 troops. 
They retired after a well contested tight of eight hours, losing 20 killed, 
107 wounded, and 10 missing. — The rebels reported about the same loss. 
15. Skirmish on the Virginia shore, opposite Berlin, Md. A detachment 
from the 28*,fe Ptnn. attacked by 120 rebels in ambush, but cut their way 
through. 1 wounded, and 2 taken prisoners. 2 of the enemy killed and 

5 wounded. — 16. Platte City, Mo., fired by rebels, and the principal public 
buildings destroyed. — The Europa arrived from England, with news of 
the excitement among the British people occasioned by the arrest of 
Messrs. Mason and Shdell, and also the ultimatum of the British Govern- 
ment, demanding a surrender of the rebel commissioners, and an apology 
for their seizure. Mr. Seward's dispatch to Mr. Adams, dated Nov. 30, 
having settled the matter in anticipation, there was but little excitement 
in the public mind. — 17. Battle at Mumfordsville, Green river, Ky. The 
rebels defeated; 33 killed and 60 wounded. Federal loss 10 killed and 
17 wounded.— Gen. Pops captured 300 rebels near Osceola. Mo. — E»»- 



252 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

trance to harbor at Savannah, Ga., blockaded by sinking 7 vessels laden 
with stone. — 18. Part of Gen. Pope's forces under Cols. J. C. Davis and F. 
Steele, surprised a rebel camp near Milford, north of Warrensburg, Mo., 
and captured nearly 1,300 men, 70 wagons loaded with stores, and all their 
camp equipage and arms. Federal loss, 2 killed, 17 wounded. — 19. Skir- 
mishing at Point of Rocks, Md. Rebels repulsed. — A band of 25 rebels 
visited the town of Ripley, Jackson co., Va., and seized all the arms of 
in the place, some ammunition and clothing. They also robbed the post- 
office and the principal store in the place.--20. Battle of Drainesville, Va. 
Federal forces, 4,000 under Gen. E. O. C. Ord, defeated about 2,800 Con- 
federates. 7 killed and 61 wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed and 150 
wounded and 30 prisoners. — A scouting party under Capt. Wood, cap- 
tured 100 rebels near Springfield, Mo. — A party of rebels from Gen. Price s 
army committed extensive ravages on the N. Missouri railway, between 
Hudson and Warren ton. The bridges, wood-piles, water tanks, ties and 
rails destroyed along the route for 80 miles.— 103 Federal soldiers under 
Major McKee, repulsed a superior force of rebels four miles S. of Hudson, 
Mo., killing 10, and capturing 17 prisoners and 30 horses, at the same 
time rescuing a stock train which had just been seized by the rebels. — 
The main ship channel at Charleston harbor obstructed, by sinking 16 
vessels of the " stone fleet." — 22. Skirmish near New Market Bridge, 
Newport News, Va. Two companies of the 20th N. Y. regiment, under 
Major Schoepf attacked by 700 rebel cavalry and infantry, and escaped 
with loss of 6 wouuded. Ten rebels killed and a number wounded. — 23. 
Two rebel boats captured and burnt, at Lexington, Mo. — 26. Skirmish 
at Camp Boyle, Columbia, Ky. — A Cabinet Council, at Washington, 
decided to give up Mason and Slidell, on the ground that they could not 
be held consistently with the doctrines of neutral rights always main- 
tained by the U. S. Government. — Gen. Scott arrived at New York in the 
Arago from France.— Bluffton, S. C, occupied by Federal troops under 
Gen. Stevens. — The lighthouse on Morris Island, Charleston, S. C. harbor, 
blown up by order of rebel authorities. — Major Govver with a squadron 
of 1st Iowa cavalry, arrived at Jefferson City, Mo., bringing as prisoners, 

1 capt., 13 men, and 10 wagon loads of stores. — The bridges over Fabias 
river, on the Palmyra railway, Mo., destroyed by rebels. — 28. Gen. Pren- 
tiss, with 5 companies of the 3d Missouri cavalry, and 5 companies of 
Col. Birge's sharpshooters, 470 in all, attacked a rebel camp at Mount 
Zion, Boone co., Mo., numbering nearly 900 men. The rebels routed, 25 
killed, 150 wounded, and 40 prisoners. 90 of their horses and 105 stand 
of arms were captured. The Federal loss was 3 killed, and 46 wounded. 
— A squadron of Federal cavalry, from Col. Jackson's regiment, attacked 
near Sacramento, Ky., by a large force of rebels, and compelled to retire. 

2 killed and 8 wounded. 3 rebels killed and a number wounded. — 30. 
The rebel Gen. H. H. Sibley having entered New Mexico with a military 
force without opposition, took possession of it, and annexed it to the 
Southern Confederacy by proclamation. — 31. Two boats under Acting- 
Masters A. Allen, and H. L. Sturges, destroyed a light-ship off Wilming- 
ton, N. C. — Capture of the town of Biloxi, Miss., by U. S. gunboats 
Lewis, Water Witch, and New London, with national forces from Ship 
Island. 

iS62. Jan. 1. Tht rebel Commissioners Mason and Slidell, with their 
Secretaries, left Boston for England, via Provincetown, Mass. — Col. H. 
Brown opened fire from Fort Pickens on the rebel vessels and fortifications 
within range of his guns. — The British bark Empress arrived at New York 
as a prize, captured by the U. S. sloop-of-war Vincennes, off New Orleans 
bar. — Part of the Louisville and Nashville railway destroyed by order of the 
rebel Gen. Buckner.— Skirmish at Port Royal Ferry, S. C. Federal loss, 3 
killed, 11 wounded. Rebels, 6 killed, 12 wounded. — Jeff. Owens, Col. Jones, 
and 50 rebel bridge-burners captured near Martinsburg, Adrian co., Mo. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



253 



— Four Federal soldiers captured, 1 killed, and 10 guns taken by rebels 
on Green river, Ky. — 3. Col. Glove, with 300 Federal troops, attacked 
a rebel camp 9 miles N. of Hunnewell, Mo., taking 8 prisoners, putting the 
rest to flight.— 4. The 84th Pa., 39th 111., 500 cavalry, and other troops 
driven from Bath, Va., by a superior rebel force under Gen. Jackson, who 
killed 3 and took 30 prisoners. 7 rebels killed and a number wounded. — 
Skirmish at Huntersville, W. Va. A portion of the 25th Ohio, 2d Va., and 
Bracken's Ind. cavalry, under Major Webster, attacked a rebel force of 400 
cavalry and SCO infantry. They were routed with a loss of two killed and 
7 wounded, leaving $50,000 worth of army stores, which were destroyed by 
Unionists. — 5. Skirmish on the mainland near Port Royal, S. C. 7 rebels 
captured. — Rebel army under Gen. Jackson bombarded Hancock, Md., but 
were driven away by artillery forces under Gen. Lander. — 5 Federal soldiers 
killed by rebels in ambush in Johnson co., Kansas. — 6. 4,000 Cherokee In- 
dians driven from their homes by Texas rebels. — 7. Destruction of bridges 
and culverts on the Bait, and Ohio railway, near the Cacapon river, by rebel 
Gen. Jackson. — Engagement at Blue's Gap, nearRomney, W. Va. Federal 
troops under Col. Dunning, of the 5th Ohio, attacked 2,000 of the enemy, 
routing them with the loss of 15 killed, 20 prisoners, 2 pieces of cannon, 
their wagons, &c. — 300 of the 32d Ohio, under Capt. Lacey, were sent by 
Gen. Milroy into Tucker co., Va., where they dispersed 400 rebels, capturing 
2 officers and a private, and a large quantity of stores.— A band of rebels 
having seized a quantity of army stores from the depot at Sutton, Braxton 
co., W. Va., Col. Anisausel, Virginia cavalry, overtook the rebels 30 miles 
E. of Sutton, and killed or wounded 22, took 15 horses and 56 head of cat- 
tle, and recaptured the greater part of the stores. — Skirmish at Paintsville, 
near Prestonburg, Ky. Col. Garfield dispersed 2,500 rebels under Hum- 
phrey Marshall, killing 3, wounding a large number, and capturmg 15. 
Federal loss, 2 killed and 1 wounded. — 8. Major W. M. G. Torrence, of the 
1st Iowa cavalry, assisted by detachments of the 1st Missouri cavalry, Major 
Hubbard, 4th Ohio, and Merrill's Horse, in all 500 mounted men, attacked a 
rebel camp at Silver Creek, Howard co., Mo., of 800 rebels, who were routed 
with a loss of 12 killed, 22 wounded, and 15 prisoners, leaving their horses, 
guns, and camp and garrison equipage. Federal loss 3 killed and 10 
wounded. — 10. Skirmish at Pohick Church,Va. The 5th Michigan dispersed 
a body of rebels. — Skirmish at Bath, Va. — Battle near Prestonburg, Ky. 
Gen. Garfield, with 1,500 Federal troops, overtook Humphrey Marshall with 
3,000 rebels, compelling him to destroy his stores and putting him to flight. 
Rebel loss, 50 killed, many wounded, and 25 prisoners. Federal loss, J 
killed, 25 wounded. — 11. 50 rebels belonging to Col. Alexander's regimen/ 
captured 6 miles from Sedalia, Mo. — 12. The Burnside Expedition sailed 
from Fortress Monroe, under command of Com. Goldsborough and Gen 
Burnside, for Albemarle Sound, N. C. — 13. Hon. Simeon Cameron, Secreta- 
ry-of-War, resigned his position, and Edwin F. Stanton was appointed in 
his stead on the 15th inst. — 17. Capture of British schooner Stephen Hars, 
loaded with arms, ammunition, and stores for the rebels, by the if. S. store? 
ship Supply.— Ex-President John Tyler died at Richmond, Va — Skirmish 
near Ironton, Mo. Rebels defeated.— The Fortiflcation Bill passed the U.S. 
House of Representatives, appropriating $5,960,000 for fort and harbor de- 
fences. — 18. Gen. Halleck levied an assessment on the wealthy secessionist* 
of St. Louis, Mo., to provide for the wants of loyal refugees in the city who 
had been driven from their homes in the S. W. section of the State bj 
rebels. — Capts. Murdock and Webster, with their commands, captured 
Lieut.-Col. Farmer and 11 other rebel officers and 68 privates, with a quan- 
tity of army stores, at Bloomfield, Mo.— 19. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky 
Gen. Thomas. The rebels routed, with loss of 192 killed, and 140 prisoners. 
Gen. Zollicoffer, their commander, killed. 1,200 horses and mules, ove» 
100 large wagons, 14 cannon, 2.U00 muskets, etc., were captured. FederM 
loss, 39 killed, 207 wounded. — The U. S. gunboat Itwsca captured the reb* 



254 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

schooner Lizzie Weston, off Florida. — 23. The second stone fleet was 
sunk in Maffit's Channel, Charleston harbor, S. C— 28. Federal troops 
occupied Lebanon, Mo. — Skirmish between 50 men of the 37th New York 
regiment under Lieut.-Col. Burke, and a body of. Texas rangers near 
Colchester, on the Occoquan river, Va., in which 9 rebels were killed. 
2 Federals killed, and two wounded. — 29. The iron-clad battery Monitor 
launched at Greenpoint, N. Y. — 30. Gen. Beauregard took command of 
rebel troops in Tennessee. — 31. Five telegraph operators captured by the 
rebels near Campbellsville, Ky. — Queen Victoria declared her determina- 
tion to observe strict neutrality during the American contest, and to pre- 
vent the use of English vessels and harbors to aid the belligerents. 
Feb. I. — The 2d cavalry, 41st Indiana, had a skirmish near Bowling Green, 
Ky., in which 3 rebels were killed and 2 wounded. — The President of the 
U. S. empowered by act of Congress to take possession of all the 
railway and telegraphic lines throughout the country, whenever re- 
quisite for military purposes, till the close of the rebellion — 2. Skir- 
mish in Morgan co., Fa.— 3. In conformity with the decision of the Brit- 
ish Ministry, the privateer Nashville was sent off from Southampton, 
England, and the U. S. gunboat Tuscarora detained from pursuing her 
for the space of 24 hours. — 4. Captain Lowing, with 80 men from cos. 
F and H, 3d Michigan, encountered a body of rebels near Occoquan, Va., 
whom they dispersed. — 5. Attack on Fort Henry, Tenn., commenced by 
Federal gunboats under Com. Foote. — Queen Victoria, of England, re- 
moved the prohibitions relating to the export of material of war from 
the Britiih dominions declared on the 30th Nov. and 4th Dec. 1861. — 7. 
Skirmish near Harper's Ferry, Va. — Unconditional surrender of Fort Henry 
to Com. Foote, with Gen. Tilghman and staff, one colonel, two captains, and 
80 privates. — Federal troops took possession of the Memphis and Ohio rail- 
way. — The rebels driven from Romney, Va., by Gen. Lander. — Successful 
skirmish with rebel cavalry near Fairfax Court House, Va. — 8. Capture of 
rebel forts and garrisons on Roanoke Island, N. C., by the Federal forces un- 
der Com. Goldsborough and Gen. Burnside. 2,500 prisoners, 6 forts, 40 
guns, 3,000 small arms. Federal loss, 50 killed, 150 wounded.— Capt. Smith, 
of the 5th Virginia (loyal) with 21 men, surprised 32 of Jenkin's cavalry on 
Linn Creek, Logan co., Va., killing 8, wounding 7, and capturing the re- 
mainder, with 32 horses. One Federal killed, 1 wounded. — 9. Skirmish 
of a body of Federal cavalry with rebels near Fort Henry, Tenn. Five 
rebels killed, and 30 taken prisoners. — Edenton, N. C, occupied by Fede- 
ral troops. — 10. Destruction of rebel gunboats in the Pasquotank river, 
N. C, also of the rebel battery at Cobb's Point, and the occupation of 
Elizabeth City by Federal forces from 14 gunboats, commanded by Capt. 
Rowan. — Capt. Phelps, of Com. Foote's squadron, commanding the gun- 
boats Conestoga, Taylor, and Lexington, captured a new rebel gunboat, 
and destroyed all the rebel craft between Fort Henry and Florence, Ala. 
— 12. An expedition under the command of Col. Reggin returned to Fort 
Henry, Tenn., from up the Tennessee river, having captured $75,000 worth 
of contraband goods at Paris, Tenn., and also the tents and camp equipage 
of the rebel troops that retreated from Fort Henry. — 13. Evacuation of 
Springfield, Mo., by the rebel army under Gen. Price. 600 of the rebel 
sick and many forage wagons left behind, which fell into the hands of 
Union troops. — 14. The rebel camp at Blooming Gap, Va., surprised by 
forces under Gen. Lander. 65 prisoners taken, including 17 officers. 13 
killed and 20 funded. Federal loss, 7 in killed and wounded. — Fort 
Donelson invested and attacked by the Federal army under Gen. Grant. 
E. M. Stanton, Sec.-of-War, issued au order releasing all political prison- 
ers upon their taking the oath of allegiance.— Skirmish near Flat Lick 
Ford, on the Cumberland river, Ky. — Com. Foote, with 6 gunboats, at- 
tacked Fort Donelson, but was repulsed, the Commodore being severely 
wounded. Federal loss, 60 in killed and wounded. — The rear-guard of 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



255 



Gen. Price's army in S. W. Missouri attacked by Gen. Curtis' command, 
and many prisoners taken. — Bowling Green, Ky., evacuated by rebel 
troops, who destroyed most of the available property in the town that 
could not be removed. — Three rebel schooners and one sloop, laden with 
rice, destroyed by the crews of armed boats from the U. S. bark Restless, 
Lieut. E. Conroy, in Bull's Bay, S. C— 15. The national batteries at Venus 
Point, on the Savannah river, attacked by 4 rebel gunboats, which were 
repulsed. — The railway bridge crossing the Tennessee river at Decatur, 
Ala., destroyed by Union men. — 16. Gen. Price driven from Missouri by 
Gen. Curtis, who followed him into Arkansas, capturing many prisoners. 
— Gen. Mitchell's troops occupied Bowling Green, Ky. — Fort Donelson 
surrendered to the Federal army, under Gen. Grant, after three days' 
desperate resistance. 15,000 prisoners captured, including Brig. -Gen. 
Buckner, and an immense quantity of war material. Gens. Floyd and 
Pillow escaped, with a portion of the garrison. — 17. The 1st Missouri 
cavalry fell into an ambush of rebels at Sugar Creek, Ark. 13 killed and 
wounded. — 18. First session of the Congress of the "permanent" Gov- 
ernment of the Confederate States opened at Richmond, Va. — The wire 
and suspension bridges over the Cumberland river at Nashville, Tenn., 
destroyed by Gen. Floyd. — A skirmish at Independence, Mo. — 19. 1,000 
additional rebel prisoners taken at Fort Donelson, they having come 
down the river to reinforce Gen. Buckner. — Evacuation of Clarksville, 
Tenn., by the rebels. The Federal forces, under Com. Foote, took pos- 
session of the town, and captured a large quantity of army stores. — Ben- 
tonville, Ark., captured by Gen. Curtis.— 20. The rebel steamer Magnolia, 
with 1,050 bales of cotton, captured in the Gulf of Mexico, by the U. S. 
steamers Brooklyn and South Carolina. — The town of Winton, N. C, par- 
tially burned by the national forces. — The track of the Memphis and Ohio 
railway torn up, and the bridges burned in many places, by order of rebel 
Gen. Polk.— 21. Battle of Valvende, N. M. 1,500 Federals, under Col. 
Canby, defeated by an equal force of rebels, under Col. Steele. Federal 
loss, 55 killed, 140 wounded. Rebel loss, about the same. — 22. Inaugu- 
ration of Jefferson Davis, of Miss., as President of the " Confederate 
States," at Richmond, Va., and Alex. H. Stevens, of Ga., as Vice-Presi- 
dent, they having received the unanimous vote of 109 delegates repre- 
senting 11 States, viz : Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 
Tenn., Texas., Va., for the permanent organization of the Confederate 
States. — 23. Gallatin, Tenn., occupied by Gen. Buell's forces. — A skir- 
mish at Mason's Neck, near Occoquan, Va., — 24. Harper's Ferry, Va., 
occupied by the 28th Pa. regiment. — Nashville, Tenn., occupied by Fede- 
ral forces of Gen. Buell's command. — 25. Gen. Banks' division occupied 
Bolivar and Charlestown, Va. — All the telegraphic lines that could be 
used by government taken under military control, and the transmission of 
reports of military operations forbidden, without permission of the mili- 
tary censor. — 26. Skirmish at Keittsville, Barry co., Mo. — 27- Fayetteville, 
Ark., occupied by Gen. Curtis. — Col. Wood's cavalry drove rebels out of 
Dent, Texas, and Howell cos., Mo., capturing 60 prisoners. — U. S. iron- 
clad battery Monitor, Lieut. Worden, sailed from New York for Fortress 
Monroe. — 28. The British ship Labuan, with a valuable cargo, arrived 
at N. York, captured by the U. S. sloop-of-war Portsmouth off Rio 
Grande river. — Capt. Nolen with 64 of the 7th 111. cavalry attacked 90 of 
Jeff. Thompson's cavalry and a battery, west of Charlestown., Mo., and 
captured 4 guns, losing 1 man. 
March 1. The U S. gunboats Tyler, Lieut. Gwin, commanding, and Lex- 
ington, Lieut Shirk, on an expedition up the Tennessee river, engaged 
and silenced a rebel batWy at Pittsburg, Tenn., 7 miles above Savannah. 
— Evacuation of Columbus, Ky., by rebel troops, leaving their heavy 
guns, and a large quantity of war material ; 400 of the 2d Illinois cavalry 
occupied tne town the next day, and troops from Com. Foote's flotilla th» 



256 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

day after. — U. 8 Kteamer Mount Vernon, captured the schooner British 
Queen, at the blockade of Wilmington, N. C. — 4. Occupation of Fort 
Clinch and Feraandma, Fla., and St. Mary's and Brunswick, Ga.,hy 
Federal forces under Com. Dupont and Gen. Wright. — A squadron of 1st 
Michigan cavalry surprissd and defeated a party of rebel cavalry at Ber- 
ryville, Va., killing 3 and capturing 9 horses. — Two bridges on the Nash- 
ville and Decatur railway, Tenn., destroyed by rebels. — 5. Bunker Hill, 
Va., occupied by rebel forces. — 7. Capt. Cole's Maryland cavalry encoun- 
tered a few of Ashby's rebel cavalry, near Winchester Va., 6 rebels were 
killed and 5 wounded. Capt. Cole had 3 men wounded. — 6, 7, 8. Battle 
of Pea R idge, Ark. The combined rebel forces defeated by Federal forces 
under Gm. Curtis, Sigel, Ashboth and Davis. Federal loss in killed, 
wounded 1 , and missing, 1,351. Rebel loss about 2,000. Gens. McCulloch, 
Macintosh, and Slack, killed. — 8. Destruction of the U. S. sloop-of-war 
Cumberland, and the frigate Congress, in action with the rebel iron bat- 
tery Men>mac in Hampton Roads, Va. 100 men were killed or drowned 
on the Cumberland. — By order of the President, Maj.-Gen. McClellan 
was directed to organize and command the army of the Potomac, divided 
into five army corps, under Maj.-Gen. McDowell, Brig.-Gens. E. V. Sum- 
ner, S. P. Heintzelman, E. L. Keyes and N. P. Banks. — Col. Geary en- 
tered Leesbrrg, Va., capturing many prisoners, stores, etc. — Manassas, 
Va., evacuated by the rebels. — 9. Combat of the U. S. iron battery Moni- 
tor, and the rebel iron battery Merrimac, in Hampton Roads, Va. After 
a desperate ccflibat of three hours the Merrimac was compelled to retire, 
having receirel severe injuries. — The rebel battery at Cockpit Point, on 
the Potomac, a ptured by Federal troops. — Brilliant charge of 14 of the 
Lincoln Cavalry a'. Burk's station, near Fairfax Court House, Va., against 
100 infantry, 3 vi whom were killed, 5 wounded, and 11 captured. — 10. Cen- 
treville, Va., occupied by National forces, the bridges, railway track, de- 
pot, etc., having keon destroyed by the rebels. — 11. Gen. Pope's troops 
occupied Point Ikusant, Mo., 8 miles below New Madrid. — Berry ville, 
Va., occupied by G-tn. Gorman. — The country intervening between the 
Department of the Potomac and that of the Mississippi, organized as the 
" Mountain Department," and assigned to Gen Fremont. — The " Depart- 
ment of the Mississippi" organized and assigned to Gen. Halleck, which 
included his previous department and that of Gen. Hunter's in Kansas; 
also all of Gen. Burli's west of Knoxville, Tenn. — Occupation of St. 
Augustine, Fla., by Federal naval forces under Com. Rogers. — 12. Win- 
chester, Va., occupied by tbe National troops, who captured rebel stores. 
— Curtis' Iowa Cavalry »\nd a battalion of the 1st Nebraska, defeat 600 
rebels and occupy Paris, Ky —Occupation of Jacksonville, Fla., by Federal 
forces from the U. S. gu.iboats Ottawa, Seneca, and Pembiua, under 
command of Lieutenant T. F. Stevens. — 13. Brunswick, Ga., occupied by 
Federal forces under Flag Officer Dupont. — 14. The rebels driven from 
New Madrid, Mo., by Gers. Papa and Hamilton's forces, who captured 
military stores valued at $100,000. Federal loss during the siege 51 killed 
and wounded. — Battle at Newbern, N. C. Gen. Burnside's forces at- 
tacked and carried a continuous -lice of redoubts of half a mile in extent, 
after four hours' engagement. 200 prisoners and 6 forts were taken, 
mounting 40 heavy guns. Federai loss, 39 killed, 150 wounded. Rebel 
loss, 50 killed, 200 wounded.— A detachment of Ohio and Indiana troops, 
under Col. Carter and Lieut.-Col. Keiffwin, attacked 300 rebels on the 
Cumberland Mountains, and defeated tL?.n., killing 3, wounding 6, and 
capturing 3 officers and 15 privates, 59 bor>es, 100 guns, 100 sabres, and 
other material.— 15. The Federal gunboats nnder Com. Foote, invested 
Island No. 10, on the Mississippi.— 16. Two Htwl captains acd 17 privates 
captured on Indian Creek, Arkansas.— 18 The rsb^l i>et at T slc»d So. 
10, attacked Com. Foote's flotilla, but retired afte:* sl'gl* less ro el'hw 
side, the rebels crippling two of the Federal guntyoai,*. — 31. £a*»ia *.\ 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 257 

N. M., S3ized by 100 rebel Texans. — Washington, N. C, occupied by 
Federal troops.— 22. Rebel forces advanced upon Winchester, Va., Gen. 
Shield's forces engaged them successfully until night. Skirmish near 
Independence, Mo. — Skirmish near Mosquito Inlet, Fla. — 23. Morehead 
City, N. C, occupied by Federal troops under Gen. Parke. — Battle of Win- 
chester, Va. Alter a desperate engagement, the rebels were driven from 
the ground in disorder, with a loss of 600 killed and wounded, and 300 
prisoners. Federal loss, 100 killed and 400 wounded. — 25. Maj. Pyron's 
Texans defeated at Apache Canon, between Santa Fe and Fort Union. — 
2<). Skirmish at Humansville, Polk co., Mo. — 27. Big Bethel, Va., occupied 
by the Federal forces. — 28. The Federal gunboats and mortars, under 
Corns. Farragut and Porter, attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La. — 
Morgan's rebel cavalry captured a train on the Louisville and Nashville 
railway. The locomotive was run into a ditch, and the cars destroyed. — 
1,200 U. S. troops, under Col. Slough, engaged the united rebel forces at 
Valle's Ranch, N. M., from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., when an armistice was 
agreed on. A tlank movement the next day by Maj. Chivington threw 
the rebels into confusion, and, after burning their train, retreated. 80 
killed, 100 wounded, 93 prisoners. Federal loss, 38 killed, 54 wounded, 
17 prisoners. — 29. A .detachment of the 1st, Iowa cavalry, under Captain 
Thompson, overtook the guerrilla band of Col. Parker, 10 miles west of 
Warrensburgh, Mo. 15 rebels killed aud 25 taken prisoners. 2 Federals 
kiled and several wounded. 30. Maj. -Gen. Hunter assumes command of 
the Department of the South, comprising South Carolina, Georgia, and 
Florida. 
April 1. During a storm at night, Col. Roberts, with 50 picked men of the 
42d Illinois, and as many seamen under First Master Johnson, of the 
gunboat St. Louis, surprised the rebels at the upper battery of Island 
No. 10, and spiked 6 large guns. — Skirmish at Putnam's Ferry. — All of 
Maryland and Virginia lying between the Mountain Department and the 
Blue Ridge, was constituted the military Department of the Shenandoah, 
and assigned to Maj. -Gen. Banks : and that portion of Virginia east of the 
Blue Ridge and west of the Potomac constituted the Department of the 
Rappahannock, and was assigned to Maj, -Gen. McDowell.— 2. Manassas 
Gap, Va., occupied by Col. Geary's troops. — U. S. Senate passed a bill 
for the abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia, by a vote of 29 
yeas, 14 nays. — 4. A Schooner containing 24 recruits for the rebel army 
captured on Black creek, near the Potomac river, Va. — 5. Gen. McClellan's 
army commenced the siege of Yorktown, Va. Heavy firing throughout 
the day resulted in a loss to the Federals of 3 killed and 22 wounded. — 
6-7. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. The combined rebel army, un- 
der Gens. Johnston and Beauregard, attacked Gen. Grant's army on the 
morning of the 6th. Federal loss, 1,614 killed, 7,721 wounded, 3,963 
missing; total, 13,508. Rebel loss, (Beauregard's report,) 1,728 killed, 
8,012 wounded, 959 missing ; total, 10,699.-7. Island No. 10, on the Mis- 
sissippi, and the adjacent works on the Tennessee shore, were abandoned 
by the rebels, and taken possession of by Col. Buford's brigade. — Apa- 
lachicola, Fla , captured by the Federal gunboats Mercedita and Saga- 
more. — 8. Surrender of the rebel army of 5,200 men, and all their stores, 
to the Federal forces under Gen. Paine, of Gen. Pope's division, at Tip- 
tonville, Tenn. — Gen. W. T. Sherman was dispatched by Gen. Grant with 
a large recounoitering force on the Corinth, Miss., road. A portion of 
his force was routed by a charge of rebel cavalry, and 15 killed and 25 
wounded of wie 77th Ohio regiment. — 10. Huntsville, Ala., occupied by 
Gen. Mitchel's forces. 200 prisoners, 15 locomotives, and many cars cap- 
tured. 11. Surrender of Fort Pulaski, Ga., after a bombardment of two 
days. Federal loss, 1 killed, 1 wounded ; rebels, 3 wounded 360 prison- 
ers, 47 guns, 40,000 lbs. powder. — The rebel steamers Merrimac, James- 
town aud Yorktown, ^me down between Newport News and Sewall's 



258 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Point, on the Chesapeake, and captured 3 vessels. — Severe skirmishing 
in front of Yorktown, Va., by Gen. Jameson's brigade. 20 of the Fed- 
erals killed or wounded. — Gen. Halleck assumed command of the Federal 
army at Pittsburg, Tenn. — 12. Skirmish at Monterey, Va. — The Charles- 
ton and Memphis railway, at Chattanooga Junction, seized by Gen. Mit- 
chel's forces, and 2,000 rebels and much property captured.— 14. The 
Potomac flotilla ascended the Rappahannock river, Va., destroying sev- 
eral batteries. Three vessels were captured. — 16. Engagement at Lee's 
Mill, near- Yorktown, Va. Federal loss, 32 killed and 100 wounded. 
Rebels, 25 killed and 75 wounded. — 17. Mount Jackson, in Shenandoah 
co., Va., occupied by Gen. Williams' troops, who captured 50 of Ashby's 
rebel cavalry. — A large boat was swamped at Castleman's Ferry, on the 
Shenandoah river, by which between 40 and 50 of the 75th Penn. were 
drowned. — New Market, Va., occupied by Banks' army, and Fredericks- 
burg by McDowell's.— 20. Battle of* Camden or South Mills, N. C. Gen. 
Reno's forces drove the rebels from their batteries and entrenchments. 
Federal loss in killed and wounded, 90. — 22. Rebel steamer J. Robb cap- 
tured on the Tennessee river by gunboat Tyler.— 24. Federal fleet passed 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, destroying, 13 rebel gunboats, the ram 
Manassas, and 3 transports. — 25. New Orleans captured. Rebel batteries 
on both sides of the river destroyed. — 26. Rebel schooner Artie captured 
by U. S. Steamer Flambeau. — Rebel schooner Belle captured by U. S. 
steamer Uncas. — Skirmish at Neosho, Mo. Rebels defeated. — An ad- 
vance lunette of the rebels at Yorktown carried by the 1st Mass. — Cap- 
ture of Fort Macon, N. C, with its garrison of 450 men uuder Col. White, 
after a bombardment of 11 hours. Rebel loss, 7 killed, 18 wounded. 
Federal loss 1 killed, 3 wounded. — 28. Forts St. Philip and Jackson, La., 
surrendered; forts Livingstou and Pike abandoned, and the rebel iron 
battery Louisiana blown up. — 30. Skirmish of Gen. Mitchel's forces with 
the rebels near Bridgeport, Ala. 
May 4. Gen. Stoneman's advance of McClellan's army encountered a rebel 
force near Williamsburg, Va., 7 of whom were killed and 25 captured. 2 
Federals killed and 20 wounded.— 5. Battle of Williamsburg, Va. Gens. 
Kearny's and Hooker's divisions engaged the rebel army under Gen. 
Longstreet from dawn until dark, when the Federals were reinforced and 
.he rebels defeated. Federal .oss, 2,073 in killed and wounded, and 623 
prisouers. Rebel loss heavier, 500 prisoners. — 6. Skirmish near Har- 
risonburg, Va., by Federal troops under Major V ught. — 7. Westpoint, 
Va. Gen. Franklin's division of McClellan's army attacked by rebel force 
at head of York river. Rebels defeated. — 9. Battle at Farmington, Miss. 
Federals, under Gen. Pope, lost 21 killed, 140 wounded. Rebel loss, 
400. — Pensacola Navy Yard burned by the rebels. — 10. Norfolk, Va., occu- 
pied by Federal troops. — 11. Rebel iron clad battery Merrimac destroyed 
by her officers to avoid capture. — 12. Occupation of Pensacola, Fla., by 
Federal troops. — 16. Confederate Conscription act in operation. — 17. The 
Federal iron clad gunboats Monitor, Mystic and Naugatuck defeated in 
an attempt to pass Fort Darling on James river, Va. — 18. Suffolk, Va., 
occupied by Federal forces. — 22. A portion of Gen. McClellen's army 
crossed the Chickahominy at Bottom's Bridge and New Bridge, after a 
successful skirmish with a small rebel force on the banks. — Col. Kenly, 
commanding a Federal brigade at Front Royal, Va., defeated with severe 
loss by a superior force of rebels under Gen. Ewing. — 23. Gen. Bank's 
army driven from Winchester, Va., by a large rebel force. — Col. Crook's 
command of Gen. Fremont's corps attacked by rebel Gen. Heath, with a 
large force at Lewisburg, Va. The letter defeated with a loss of 200 killed 
wounded and prisoners. — 24. All the railroads in the United States taken 
possession of by the President for military purposes. — 25. Gen. Banks' 
army attacked at Winchester, Va., by a superior force of rebels. The 
Federals retreated to Williamsport, Md.— 29. Battle at Hanover Court 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



259 



House, Va.; rebels defeated by Gen. Porter's division. Federal 1< ss, 375, 
rebels, 800.— 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by Federal troops.- -Front 
Royal, Va., re-occupied by Federal troops. — 31. Battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
Gen. Casey's division, after a gallant resistance, were overwhelmed by 
the rebel army. Gens. Couch, Heinfzelman, Kearney, Richardson, and 
Sedgwick arriving with their troops, the rebels were driven back with 
great slaughter. — Large capture of rebel army stores at Booneville, Miss. 
— Little Rock, capital of Arkansas, occupied by rebel troops. 

June 1. — The rebel army renewed the attack on the Federal forces at Fair 
Oaks, Va., who were defeated and driven from the field. Loss, 3,000 men 
in killed and wounded. Federal loss, 5,500. — 2. Fortress Monroe aud 
vicinity assigned to Gen. Dix. — Gen. Wool promoted to a Major-General- 
ship in the U. S. army, and transferred to the Maryland Department. — 5. 
Fort Wright, on the Mississippi river, evacuated by the rebels. — 6. Eight 
rebel vessels attacked the Federal gunboats and rams above Memphis, on 
the Mississippi. Destruction or capture of all the rebel vessels, and sur- 
render of the city to Flag-officer Davis. — 8. Battle of Cross-keys, near 
Port Republic, Va. Rebels defeated by Gen. Fremont's command. — 
Battle of Port Republic, Va. Gen. Shields, with 3,500 men, attacked by 
12,000 rebels. Union troops retreated after severe loss on both sides.— 
13. A. Confederate battery on White river, Ark., captured by U. S. land 
and naval forces. The gunboat Mound City had her boiler pierced by a 
ball, which caused the loss of 100 of her crew. — 14. An extensive cavalry 
raid from the rebel lines made the circuit of Gen. McClellan's armv, de- 
stroying considerable property in their progress. — Severe battle on James 
Island, S. G. The Federal forces, under Gen. Ben ham. defeated, with a 
loss of 685 men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. — 20. President Lincoln 
signed the bill forever prohibiting slavery in the territories. — 25 Batile 
of Oak Grove, Va. Gen. Hooker's focces, with a loss of 200 men, defeated 
the rebels, who suffered more severely. — Gen. Pope arrived in Washing- 
ton, having been assigned to command the " Army of Virginia,'' formed 
by the consolidation of. Gens. Banks, McDowell's', and Fremont's com- 
mands. Gen. Fremont resigned his command.— Battle of Mechanicsville, 
Va The Confederate forces, under Gen. Jackson, attacked Gen. M'Call's 
division, which was defeated with severe loss. — 27. Battle of Gaines' 
Mill, Va. The Federals successfully resisted an attack by the rebel army, 
and made good their retreat. — 28. Battle of Chickahominy, Va. General 
Fitz John Porter's division bore the brunt of the engagement, the Fede- 
ral forces still successfully retreating. — 29. Battle of Peach Orchard, Va., 
in which the rebel troops were repulsed. — Battle of Savage Station. The 
Union troops continuing their retreat, were attacked. A sanguinary en- 
gagement took place, with heavy losses on both sides. — 30. Battle of 
White Oak Swamp, which lasted the entire day. As the Federal forces 
neared James river, the Union gunboats opened fire, and did great exe- 
cution. 

July 1. — Battle of Malvern Hills, the last of the seven days' contests, lasted 
two hours. The rebels were repulsed at all points. — 3. City Point, Va., 
destroyed by Federal troops.--7. Col. Hovey's command, on White river, 
Ark., attacked near Bayou de Cache by a large force of Texas troops. 
Rebels defeated. — 8. Gen. Burnside's forces effect a junction with Gen. 
McClellan's command on the James river. — 9. Hamilton, N. C, captured 
by Union gunboats, and the 9th N. Y. volunteers. — 11. Major-Gen. H. 
W. Halleck appointed General-in-chief of the U. S. army. — 13. Battle of 
Murfreesborough, Tenn. Federal forces defeated. Generals Crittenden 
and Duffield, with several hundred men, taken prisoners. — 15. A rebel 
force in the Indian Territory defeated by Gen. Blunt's forces. Loss, 200. 
— Rebel iron-clad gunboat Arkansas ran the blockade of the Yazoo river. 
Steaming through the Federal fleet, inflicting much injury, she arrived in 
safety under shelter of the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. — Confederate 



200 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



forces, 8 miles south of Fayetteville, Ark., routed by Major Miller's Union 
cavalry. — 17. Adjournment of Congress. — Confiscation Act signed by the 
President. 

August 4. — A draft of 300,000 men, to serve for nine months, ordered by 
the President of the U. S., and a further quota to supply the deficiency 
of the last call for 300,000 volunteers for three years, to take effect after 
August 15. — 4. Rebel Gen. J. C. Breckenridge, with 6,000 men, attacked 
the Union army of 2,500 men under Gen. Williams at Baton Rouge, La. 
Rebels defeated. Gen. Williams killed. Federal loss, 250 in killed, 
wounded, and missing. Rebel loss about 600. — 6. Destruction of the 
rebel ram Arkansas by the U. S. gunboat Essex, near Vicksburg, Miss. — 
9. Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Gen. Banks' division attacked near 
the Rapidan river by rebel Gen. Jackson with a superior force. The 
rebels were finally compelled to retreat. Federal loss about 1,500. — 11. 
Battle at Clarendon, Monroe co,, Ark., between six Federal regiments 
under Gen. Hovey, and eight rebel regiments. Rebels defeated, and 100 
prisoners taken. — 16. Gen. McClellan's army evacuated Harrison's Land- 
ing, and occupied Williamsburg, Va. — 19. Surrender of Clarksville, Ten a., 
to the rebels, by Col. R. Mason, with the 71st Ohio regiment. — 22. Def sat 
of Gen. Johnston near Gallatin, Tenn., by Morgan's Confederate caval.y.. 
100 Federals killed, and many taken prisoners. — 23. Artillery skirmish ng 
along the Rappahannock river, between Gen. Pope's army and the reb 'Is. 
— 25. Fort Donelson, Tenn., attacked by rebel troops, who were repuh sd. 
— 26. Gen. Burnside relinquished command of the Department of North 
Carolina. Succeeded by Gen. Foster. — Gen. Ewell's Confederate foi jes 
(10,000 strong) drove in the Union pickets at Manassas Junction, o er- 
powered the forces then at Bull Run, and pushed on toward Alexand :ia. 
— 27. Gen. Hooker's division engaged Gen. Ewell's army at Kettle E an, 
Ya., and drove them from the field with small loss on either side.- -29, 
Battle at Groveton, Va. The troops of Gens. Sigel, Hooker, Kearney, 
Reno, and King, engaged the rebel forces from dawn to dark. En< my 
compelled to fall back after heavy losses. — 29,30. Battles at Riehmc nd, 
Ky. Federal forces under Gens. Manson and Cruft compelled to retreat 
before the rebels, after losing 200 killed, 700 wounded, and 2,000 prison- 
ers. — 30. Col. Leggett's brigade engaged 4,000 Confederate cavalry near 
Bolivar, Tenn. Federal loss, 2r> killed and wounded. — Gen. Pope's forces, 
consisting of the corps of Gens. Heintzelman, Porter, McDowell, and 
Banks, engaged the rebel army under Gen. Lee, on the old battle ground 
of Bull Run. After severe loss, the Federal troops fell back to Centre- 
ville, where they were supported by Sumner's and Franklin's corps. — 31. 
Bayou Sara, La., burned by the crew of U. S. gunboat Essex. 

Sept. 1. — liattle at Button's Lane, Tenn. Col. Dennis, with 800 Federal 
troops, engaged a superior force of rebels and defeated them. Federal 
loss, 200 : rebel, 400. — Battles at Germantown and Chantilly, Va. Death 
of Gens. Kearney and Stevens.— Gen. Burnside evacuated Fredericks- 
burgh. — 3. Gen. Pope asked to be relieved of his command, and was 
transferred to the Department of the North-west. — 4. Governor Curtin, 
of Pennsylvania, called out the whole of the State militia to repel an ex- 
pected invasion. — Federal troops near Fort Ridgely, Minn., attacked by 
Indians. 13 soldiers killed and 47 wounded. — The Confederate army 
crossed the Potomac near Poolesville, Md.— 5. The Federal army, under 
Gen. McClellau, advancing from the capital to the Upper Potomac, Mary- 
land side. — 6. A rebel force attacked the Federal garrison at Washington, 
N. C, but were repulsed with the loss of 33 killed and 100 wounded. 
Union loss, 8 killed, 36 wouuded. — Col. Lowe retook Clarkesville, Tenn., 
driving out the rebel garrison.— 7. Gen. Banks assigned to command the 
fortifications around Washington. — 400 rebel cavalry attacked General J. 
White's forces at Martinsburg, Va., and were repulsed with heavy loss. 
— 8- The rebels occupied Frederick, Md., in force, and Gens. Lee and 



CHRONOLOGICAL IIISTORT. 



261 



Johnson issued proclamations to the people of Maryland, endeavoring to 
incite them to insurrection. — 9. Gen. Stuart's rebel cavalry, in an attempt 
to recross from Maryland into Virginia at Edward's Ferry, were repulsed 
with a loss of 90 men by Gen. Keyes. — Gen. 0. M. Mitchell appointed to 
command the Department of the South, relieving Gen. Hunter. — Federal 
garrison at Fayette Court House, Va., surrounded by a large rebel force, 
cut their way out, losing 100 men killed and wounded. — 12. General 
McClellan's army entered Frederick, Md. — Fight at Middletown, Md. 
Federal loss, 80 killed and wounded. — 14. Battle of South Mountain, Md. 
Troops of Gens. Reno, Hooker, and Franklin engaged. Gen. Reno killed. 
Rebels defeated. Federal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded, 76 missing. — 
15. Surrender of Harper's Ferry, with a large supply of military stores, 
and 11,0()0 men to the rebels. Colonel Mifes, the Federal commander, 
killed. The cavalry force made their way out, and capturing a rebel 
army train of 50 wagons and 75 men, reached Greencastle, Pennsylva- 
nia, in safety. — 15. Battle at Green River, Kentucky, on the line of the 
Louisville and Nashville railroad. Rebels defeated. — 16. Capture of the 
Federal garrison at Mumfordsville, Ky., 4,000 strong, with 10 pieces of 
artillery. 50 Federals killed and wounded. — 17. Battle of Antietam, Md. 
The entire Federal and rebel armies engaged. Defeat of the rebels, with 
loss of 15,000 men. Federal loss, 12,500.-19. Battle of Iuka, Miss. 
Gen. Rosecrans. — The rebels evacuated Harper's Ferry. — 20. Gen. Rose- 
crans again attacked the rebels at Iuka, who retreated. Union loss, 135 
killed, 527 wounded. Rebel loss, 263 killed, 400 wounded, 600 prisoners. 
— 21. Col. Barnes, commanding a Federal brigade, defeated in an attempt 
to cross the Potomac from Maryland, losing 150 men in killed, wounded, 
and missing. — 22. President Lincoln proclaimed that on the 1st day of 
of January. 1863, " all slaves in States or parts of States in rebellion" 
should be forever free. — 23. Col. Sibley defeated a band of 300 Sioux In- 
dians, who attacked his encampment on Yellow Medicine river, Minn. 
30 Indians killed, many wounded. Union loss, 4 killed, 30 wounded. — 
24. A Convention of Governors of 14 loyal States, and 3 proxies from 
others, met at Altoona, Pa. They endorsed the emancipation proclama- 
tion of the President, and requested him to organize a reserve force of 
100, 000 men. — Proclamation of President Lincoln, ordering the arrest of 
all rebels and insurgents, their aiders and abettors, in the United States, 
and suspending the writ of habeas corpus in such cases. — Gen. Beauregard 
appointed to command rebel forces in S. Carolina and Georgia. — General 
Butler, at New Orleans, ordered all Americans in his Department to 
renew their oath of allegiance to the government, and to furnish returns 
of their real and personal property, under penalty of fine and imprison- 
ment. — 26. U. S. ram Queen of the West shelled and burned the town of 
Prentiss, Miss., in retaliation for firing on that vessel and its transport 
from the town. — 27. 91 women and children rescued by Col. Sibley from 
the Indians on Chippeway river, Minn. 16 Indian warriors taken prison- 
ers. — Augusta, Ky., captured by 600 rebel cavalry. 
Oct. 1.— The U. S. gunboat fleet in the western waters turned over from 
the War to the Navy Department. — 3. Rebel troops at Franklin on Black- 
water river, Va., defeated by Col. Spears, 11th Penn. cavalry. — 3-5. A 
series of battles near Corinth, Miss. A rebel army of 38,000 men attacked 
the Federal forces under Gens. Ord, Hurlbut, and Veatch, and were routed 
with great loss of men and material. — 5. Jackson, Fla., occupied by 
Union troops. — Battle of Lavergne, near Nashville, Tenn. Gen. Palmer's 
Federal brigade attacked by Confederates, who were defeated with loss of 
80 killed and wounded. Federal loss, 18 in killed and wounded. — 8. 
Battle at Chaplin's Hills, PerryviHe, Ky. Federal loss, 3,200 in killed, 
wounded, and missing. Rebel loss fully as great. Rebels retreated. — 10. 
1,800 rebel cavalry, under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, crossed the Potomac at 
M'Coy's Creek, and penetrated to Mercersburg and Chambersburg, Pa., 



262 CHRONOLOGICAL HIST DRY. 

and after capturing and destroying much property, made good their re- 
treat with slight loss.— Gen. Schofield drove the Confederate forces across 
the Missouri line into Arkansas.— 17. The Federal garrison on the Ten- 
nessee shore opposite Island No. 10 attacked by rebel forces, who were 
defeated with loss. — 18. Morgan's Confederate cavalry dashed into Lex- 
ington, Ky., killing 6 and capturing 120 Federals, and then retreated. 
— 19. Fight on the Cumberland river, 7 miles from Nashville. Colonel 
Miller's brigade of Union troops routed a force of Confederate cavalry, 
who retreated with a large loss of army supplies. — 22. Gen. Blunt's com- 
mand routed 5,000 of rebels at Marysville, N. W. Arkansas. — Battle of 
Pocotaligo, S. C., between Gen. Terry's command and Confederates under 
Gen. Beauregard. Union loss, 30 killed, 180 wounded. — 27. Battle near 
Donaldsonville, La. Gen. Weitzel's Federal troops defeated the rebels, 
who lost 6 killed, 15 wounded, 208 prisoners. Federal loss, 18 killed, 74 
wounded. — 27. Gen. Pleasanton's Federal cavalry drove the rebels from 
Snicker's Gap, Va. — 28. Gen. Herron, with 1,000 men, attacked and cap- 
tured a Confederate camp near Fayetteville, Ark. — 30. Gen. Buell relin- 
quished the command of the army of the Ohio, by order of the President, 
and was succeeded by Gen. Rosecrans. 

Nov. 3.— Fight in Webster co., Ky. Col. Foster, in pursuit of Confede- 
rates, came upon and captured 3 lieutenants and 22 men, 40 horses, etc. — 
Horatio Seymour elected Governor of New York. — 5. General McClellan 
relieved from command of the army of the Potomac and Gen. Burnside 
appointed to supersede him.— Cavalry skirmish at New Baltimore, Va. 
Skirmish near Nashville, Tenn. Gen. Negley's Federal troops defeated 
a large force of rebels, capturing 23. Federal loss, 5 killed, 19 wounded. 
— Fight at Piketon, Ky. Col. Dills routed the Confederates, capturing 80 
and securing 150 guns, 40 horses, wagons, <fec. — 7. 300 Indians engaged 
in the masaacres in Minnesota, sentenced to be hung. — 9. St. Mary's 
Fla., shelled and burned by U. S. gunboat Mohawk in retaliation of the 
treachery of the inhabitants. — Successful dash of Capt. Dahlgren's Fed- 
eral cavalry into Fredericksburg, Va., capturing 39 prisoners, besides 
military stores. — 11. 134 prisoners taken and 10 rebels killed, by Colonel 
Lee's Kansas cavalry, near La Grange, Tenn. — Gen. Ransom defeated 
Confederate forces under Gen. Woodman, near Garretsburg, Ky. — 12. Maj.- 
Gen. Hooker appointed to relieve Gen. Fitz-John Porter in command of 
the Fifth Army Corps. — 21. Gen. Sumner, commanding right wing of the 
Army of the Potomac, in front of Fredericksburg, Va. — 22. All political 
State prisoners, held by military authority in the United States, released 
by order of the Secretary of War. — 25. Col. Paxton's loyal Virginia cav- 
alry captured 118 prisoners, 300 stand of arms, 100 horses, and other 
property near Sinking Creek, W. Virginia. — 28. Gen. Blunt, of Kansas, 
defeated Gen. Marmaduke's Confederate forces en route for Missouri, at 
Kane Hill, Ark., The battle raged over 12 miles. The rebels retreated 
to Van Buren, Ark. — 29. Gen. Stahl with 300 cavalry, attacked the rebels 
at Snicker's Gap, Va., killing 45, capturing 40. 

Dec. 1. U. S. Congress conveued at Washington. — At Franklin, Va., Gen. 
Peck recaptured the Pittsburg battery taken from the Federal forces on 
the Peninsula. — 2. Gen. Geary defeated the rebels near Charlestown, Va., 
killing and wounding 70, and capturing 145. — 6. Gen. Banks' expedition 
sailed from N. Y. for New Orleans. — 7. Gens. Blunt and Herron, defeated 
20,000 rebels under Gen. Hindman, at Prairie Gro -e, N. W. Ark. Fed. 
loss 495 killed, 600 wounded. Confed. loss, 1,500 tilled and wounded.— 
The California steamer Ariel captured by the Corned, pirate Alabama, 
near Cuba.— 60 of the 8th Pa. cavalry defeated at King George's Court 
House, Va. Loss, 20. — Rebel Gen. Morgan's guerrillas captured three 
Federal regiments, killing 55 men, at Hartsville, Tenn. — 10. Congress 

S>assed a bill admitting to the Union the State of Western Virginia.— 
Plymouth, N. C, destroyed by the Confederates. — 11. The city of Fred- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



263 



ericksburgh, Va., bombarded and occupied by the Federal troops. — 13. 
Gen. Foster engaged and defeated the Confederates near Kiugston, N.C., 
capturing 400 prisoners, 13 pieces of artillery, &c. — Battle of Fredericks- 
burg, Va. The rebel works were attacked by the Federal army, under 
Gen. Burnside. It consisted of three grand divisions, led by Gens. Sum- 
ner, Hooker, and Franklin. The Federal army was repulsed, losing 
1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded, and 100 prisoners. The rebels lost 1,800 
men. — 14. A Confederate cavalry force crossed the Potomac at Pooles- 
ville, Md., and captured 13 Federal soldiers, killing or wounding about 20 
more. — Gen. Banks' expedition arrived at New Orleans. — 16. Gen. Butler 
superseded by Gen. Banks at New Orleans. — The rebels defeated at White- 
hall, N. C, by Gen. Foster. — 17. Baton Rouge, La., reoccupied by Fed. 
troops, under Gen. Grover. — Gen. Foster's troops rout a body of rebels 
at Goldsborough, N. C. — 18. Cavalry fight near Corinth, Miss., between 
Fed. troops led by Gen. Dodge and rebels. — 19. Holly Springs, Miss., 
surrendered to the rebels 1,800 men and 150 officers, and $1,000,000 worth 
of commissary stores, &c, destroyed. — A lieutenant and 30 men, of 
the 10th New York cavalry, with 6 sutlers' wagons, captured at Occoquan, 
Va-, by rebel cavalry. — 21. Gen. Carter, with 1,000 cavalry, entered E. 
Tennessee and captured 550 rebels and 700 stand of arms. — 23. A body 
of rebel cavalry attacked Gen. Sigel's troops stationed at Dumfries, Va., 
but were repulsed. — A proclamation from Jeff. Davis, threatening to hang 
Gen. Butler or any of his officers who should be captured, in retaliation 
for the hanging of W. B. Mumford, by Gen. Butler at New Orleans. — 27. 
A company of Penn. cavalry, under Capt. Johnson, captured at Occo- 
quan, Va.— A body of rebels surprised at Elkfork, Ky. 175 of the 10th 
Kentucky cavalry, under Major Foley, killed and wounded 17, captured 
57. — Engagement at Elizabethtown, Ky. — 27-29. Attack on Vicksburg, 
Miss. Gen. Sherman's army ascended tlae Yazoo river on transports, 
landed, and attacked the rebel works six miles back of Vicksburg ; while 
the gunboats attacked the batteries at Haines' Bluff. The Federals after 
sanguinary conflicts carried the 1st and second lines of defence, and 
advauced within two and a half miles of the city. The rebels being heav- 
ily reinforced, at this juncture, Gen. Sherman was compelled to withdraw. 
Federal loss 600 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing. — 28. Van Bu- 
ren, Ark., captured by Gens. Hoover and Blunt. Four steamboats heav- 
ily laden, and 120 prisoners taken. — 31. The iron clad steamer Monitor 
foundered south of Cape Henry. Four of her officers and 12 of the crew 
were lost ; also 8 men belonging to the Rhode Island. — West Virginia 
admitted into the Union as a State. — 31 to Jan. 4. Battles near Murlrees- 
boro, Teun. Gen. Rosecrans after skirmishing for 2 days, a series of 
batties occurred. The Confederates finally retreated on the 4th of Jan. 
Union loss, 1,500 killed, 6,000 wounded, 2,500 prisoners. 
.863, Jan. 1. Galveston, Texas, recaptured by rebels, who took the gun- 
boat Harriet Lane, after a severe fight, in which Capt. Wainwright was 
killed, and many of his crew. The Fed. flag-ship Westfield was blown 
up by Commander Renshaw to avoid capture, by which he lost his life. 
Col. Burrill, who occupied the town with 300 troops, taken prisoners. — 
Battle at Hunt's Cross Roads, 12 miles from Lexington, Tenn., between 
Gen. Sullivan's army and the rebels. Rebels defeated with heavy loss. 
— 3. Col. Washburn's Federal command attacked at Moorfield, near New 
Creek, Va. Rebels repulsed. — 8. A rebel force of 5,000, under Generals 
Marmaduke and Burbridge, attacked the town of Springfield, Mo. They 
were repulsed by the Federal garrison under Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb. 
Federal loss, 17 killed, 50 wounded. Rebel loss, 200. — 9. Rebel troops, 
under Gen. Pryor, crossed the Blackwater, near Suffolk, Va. and attacked 
Gen. Corcoran's Brigade of Gen. Peck's troops. Enemy defeated. Fed- 
eral loss 104. — 10. 700 Federal troops attacked at Hartsville, Mo., by 
2,500 rebels under Gen. Marmaduke. Enemy defeated. Fed. less, 85 



264 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

killed and wounded. Rebels 150 killed and wounded, 150 prisoners.— 
11. Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas river, captured by Rear- Admiral 
Porter's Mississippi squadron and General McClernand's army, and 550 
of the rebels killed and wounded, and 6,000 prisoners. A large supply 
of arms and munitions taken. — U. S. steamer Hatteras sunk in an en- 
gagement with the rebel steamer Alabama, off Galveston, Texas. 100 of 
the Fed. crew captured. — 18-20. Forts St. Charles, Duval's Bluff, and 
Des Arc, on the White river, Ark., captured by the gunboats of Admiral 
Porter's flotilla and Fed. troops, under Gen. Gorman. 100 prisoners 
taken. — 19. Pres. Lincoln approved of the act of Congress authorizing 
the .ssue of $100,000,000 additional currency, for the purpose of paying 
the soldiers and sailors in the U. S. service. — 24. Maj.-Gen. Burnside, by 
direction of the President, transferred the command of the army of the 
Potomac to Gen. Joseph Hooker. Maj.-Gens. Sumner and Franklin, 
commanding the right and left wings, relieved from their commands. — 
14. Engagement at Bayou Teche, La., on the Mississippi river. TJ. S. 
gunboats under Commander Buchanan, and Fed. troops under General 
Weitzel, captured a rebel battery and rifle pits. — 20. Gen. Hunter assumed 
command of the Department of the South. — 16. Rebel steamer Oreto ran 
the blockade from Mobile, and sank the brig Estelle from Boston. 
— 27. A part of Colonel Wyndham's brigade of 5th New York and 1st 
Virginia cavalry, attacked a portion of Stuart's rebel cavalry near Mid- 
dleburg, Va., defeating them and capturing 26 men and 40 head of cattle. 
— 26. $30,000 worth of contraband goods seized by Col. Dodge, N. Y. 
Rifles, near Suffolk, Va. 31. Fed. gunboat Isaac P. Smith ran ashore in 
Stono river, S. C, and captured by the rebels. — 29. The British steamer 
Princess Royal, with a large and valuable cargo of war material, cap- 
tured while attempting to run the blockade, at Charleston, S. C. — 21. 
U. S. ship Morning Light, captured by rebel gunboat Bell, oft" Galveston, 
Texas. — Two rebel gunboats and rams, and 3 steamers, under Com. In- 
graham, made a rally from Charleston and attacked 3 vessels of the 
blockading squadron : the Mercedita, the Keystone State, and the Quaker 
City, damaging them severely; capturing and paroling the crew of the 
Mercedita. 30 Feds, killed, and 50 wounded. — 27. The iron clad battery 
Montauk, Capt. Worden, engaged the rebel defences at Fort McAlister, 
Ga. 
jfeb. 1. The report of the rebel Sec. of the Treasury, shows the expense of 
the Confederate army for the year 1862, to have been $340,000,000, and 
their navy $20,000,000. — 2. The Union ram Queen of the West ran past 
the rebel batteries at Vicksburg, Miss.— 3. Attack on Fort Douelson, 
Tenn., by 4,000 rebels under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest. The garrison 
of 800 men, under Col. A. C. Harding, repulsed the enemy, who lost 100 
killed, 400 wounded, and 300 prisoners. Federal loss, 12 killed and 
30 wounded. — 7. Captain Faith s company of 5th Pennsylvania cav- 
alry attacked near Yorktown, Va., and lost 30 men.— 8. Lebanon, Tenn., 
taken by Federal troops, and 600 rebels of Morgan's command, captured. 
— 7. Ram Queen of the West returned from an expedition down the Mis- 
sissippi to the vicinity of Port Hudson, having sunk three steamers loaded 
with provisions for the rebels and captured 56 prisoners. — 10. The 14th 
Wisconsin and 11th Illinois regiments attacked near Lake Providence, on 
the Mississippi, by three rebel regiments, who were repulsed. 32 taken 
prisoners. — 12. N. Y. ship Jacob Bell, from China, captured and burned 
by the rebel steamer Florida, in lat. 24°, Ion. 65°. — 13. A detachment of 
Federal cavalry defeated a small body of rebels near Bolivar, Tenn. — 
United States gunboat Indianola ran past the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. 
Also a coal barge with 7,000 bushels coal. — 14. The Federal ram Queen 
of the West run ashore near Fort Taylor, Red river, by a treacherous 
pilot, and captured by the rebels. — 21. Rebel steamer Alabama burned 
ship Golden Eagle of New York, and bark Olive Jane, of Boston. — 18. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



265 



The Federal mortar boats opened fire en Vi„Ksburg.— 22. An expedition 
from Corinth, Miss., under Col. Corvvan, captured 200 rebels at Tuscum- 
bia, Ala. — 25. Skirmish 5 miles from Falmouth, Va., between Stuart's 
cavalry and the 6th U. S. cavalry ; the former defeated and 40 taken pris- 
oners. — U. S. gunboat Indianola captured twenty-five miles below Mem- 
phis by rebel rams Mempbis and Queen of the West. — 27. Destruction of 
rebel steamer Nashville, grounded in Ogechee river, near Fort McAlis- 
ter, Ga., by Federal gunboat Montauk, Capt. Worden. 
March 1. Skirmish at Bradyville, Tenn. 2,500 troops of Rosecrans' army 
drove a portion of Morgan's division from the town, killing 8, wounding 
30, and capturing 89. Fed. loss, 15 in killed and wounded. — 6. Success- 
ful foray of Fed. troops under Col. Phelps, in Northumberland co., Va.— 4. 
Adjournment of 37th Congress. — 5. U. S. Senate met in extra session. — 
Defeat of Fed. troops at Springville, Tenn. Fed. loss in killed and wound- 
ed, 300. 1,000 infantry, under Col. Coburn, captured Rebel loss, killed 
and wounded, 350. — 7. A brigade of cavalry, under Gen. Manly, attacked 
the rebel cavalry of Gen. Russell, at Unionville, Tenn. Rebel loss, 50 
killed, 180 wounded, and all their supplies. — 9. A rebel force, under Capt. 
Mosely, made an attack at Fairfax Court House, capturing Gen. Stoughton 
and a detachment for his brigade, with 110 horses. — 10. Steamer Parallel 
burnt on the Mississippi river, with 3,000 bales of cotton, to avoid cap- 
ture by Fed. rana Lioness. — President Lincoln, by proclamation offered to 
receive and pardon all deserters from the army who should return be- 
fore April 1 ; and ordered the arrest and punishment, as the law directs, 
of all who should be found absent after that time. — 13. Rebel force under 
Gen. Hill, attacked the Federal troops of Gen. Foster's command at New- 
bern, N. C., but were repulsed. — 14. Bombardment of Port Hudson, on 
the Mississippi, by Admiral Farragut's fleet. The Hartford (flag-ship), 
and the Albatross, passed the batteries and went up the river ; the steamer 
Mississippi was destroyed, and a portion of her crew captured. — 15. Schr. 
Chapman, fitted out and armed and manned by a rebel crew at San 
Francisco, captured while attempting to leave that port. — 17. Severe 
cavalry engagement on the Rappahannock, Va., near Kelly's Ford. 2,000 
Fed. cavalry, under Gen. Averhill encountered a rebel force of equal 
numbers, and defeated them after a series of brilliant charges, capturing 
80 prisoners. — 20. Col. Hall's brigade of Rosecrans' army, attacked near 
Murfreesboro, Tenn., by Morgan's and Breckinridge's cavalry. The 
rebels were driven off', losing 40 killed and 140 wounded, and 12 prison- 
ers. Fed. loss, 7 killed and 31 wouoded. — 21. Capture of British steamer 
Nicholas I., while attempting to enter Wilmington, N. C, harbor, by 
U. S. steamship Victoria. She had 16 tons of powder, 50,000 Enfield 
rifles and merchandise, on board. — 22. Mount Sterling, Ky., attacked by 
rebel forces, under Col. Cluke. The Federal garrison of 200 captured 
and the town burned. — 16-24. Bread riots at Atalanta, Ga., Salisbury, 
N. C, Richmond, Va., Raleigh, N. C, and Petersburg, Va.— 25. 300 
Federal troops, under Lieut.-Col. Bloodgood, captured at Brentwood, 
Tenn. A cavalry force, under Gen. Smith, overtook the rebels on their 
retreat from Brentwood, and defeated them, capturing 42 prisoners, and 
recovering the booty. Loss, about 15 on each side, in killed and wounded. 
— 25. The Fed. gunboats, and rams Lancaster and Switzerland, attempted 
to pass the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. The Lancaster was sunk, and 
the Switzerland escaped, much damaged.— 28. The rebels attacked Wil 
liamsburg, Va., and were repulsed by the 5th Pa. cavalry, Col. Lewis. — 
Jacksonville, Fla., burned by Col. Rust's Federal troops. — Capture of the 
U. S. steamer Diana in Atchafalaya river, La. The commander^ Peterson, 
and 6 of the crew were killed, and 25 New York and Connecticut soldiers 
killed or wounded, and the remainder on board, 170, taken prisoners. — 
30. 700 rebels, under Gen. Jenkins, captured Point Pleasant, West Va., 
but were subsequently driven out, losing 12 killed, aud 14 prisoners 
12 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Fed. loss, 1 killed, and 1 wounded. — Battle near Somerset, Ky. Gen. 
Gilmore's Federal command drove Pegram's army of 2,600 over the Cum- 
berland river, after a battle of 4 hours. Rebel loss, 500. 400 cattle 
taken. — Richmond, Miss., occupied by Gen. R. McClernand's troops driv- 
ing out the rebel cavalry, after 2 hours' skirmishing. 
A.pril 1. Desperate fight at Dranesville, Va., between 1st Vermont cavalry 
and Capt. Moreby's rebel rangers. Federals defeated with loss of 60 
in killed, wounded and prisoners. — The town of Palmyra, Tenn., on the 
Cumberland, burned by a Federal gunboat under Capt. Fitz. — 6. Colonel 
Wilder' s Federal command, on an expedition within the rebel lines in 
Tennessse, captured 40 prisoners, destroyed much wheat, corn, and bacon, 
and brought in 360 Negroes. — Gen. Stanley returned to Murfreesboro, 
Tenn., after a successful scout within the rebel lines in that State, defeat- 
ing Morgan's Cavalry in a skirmish, killing 15 or 20, taking 50 prisoners, 
300 horses, etc. — Gen. Mitchel, with 350 cavalry attacked a rebel camp at 
Green Hill, Tenn., killed 5, took 15 prisoners, and captured all the arms, 
horses, and equipments in the camp. — 7. Attack on Fort Sumter by Fed. 
iron-clad fleet under Admiral Dupont. Federal vessels retire after two 
hours' action; the Keokuk was sunk; other vessels slightly injured; loss 
of life small on either side. — 6-8. Gen. Copeland, with 3,000 Federal 
cavalry, on a scout in Loudon co., Va., had small skirmishes with the 
enemy, and captured 60 prisoners and 100 horses.— 8. U. S. steamer 
Lovell and propeller Saxonia were captured 15 miles below Clarksville, 
Penn., by rebel Gen. Woodward, with 1,200 men.— U. S. armed transport 
George Washington destroyed in Coosaw river, near Port Royal, by a 
rebefbattery. — Skirmish near New Hope Corners, N. C, by Gen. Spino- 
la's Federal brigade, who were defeated by an entrenched rebel foroe, 
while marching to relieve Gen. Foster at Washington, N. C, — 10. Defeat 
of rebel Gen. Van Dorn, commanding 15,000 men at Franklin, Tenn., by 
Gen. Granger's forces. Rebel loss, 300 killed and wounded. Federal, 
100. — 12. Rebel ram Queen of the West ran aground in Grand Lake, La., and 
was set on fire and blown up by a shell from the gunboat Calhoun. Her 
officers and crew were captured. — 13. Skirmishing near Suffolk, Va. A 
large rebel force engaged on Nansemond river, and driven off by Federal 

funboats and Gen. Corcoran's troops. — 14. Federal gunboats on the 
ansemoud engaged the rebel forces on the banks, dispersing them, 
federal loss, 5 killed, 18 wounded. — 15. Col. Evans routed 200 Indians 75 
miles South of Daybreak, in Utah, killing 30. Federal loss, 8.— 16. 7 
gunboats and 3 transports of Admiral Porter's fleet ran by the rebel 
batteries at Vicksburg, and formed a junction with Admiral Farragut, 
with loss of 1 transport. — 17. Severe battle at Vermilion Bayou, La. 
Gen. Banks' troops captured the rebel batteries and took 1,500 prisoners. 
— 18. Gen. Getty's Federal troops, in conjunction with gunboats on Nanse- 
mond river, N. C, under Lieut. Lamson, captured a rebel battery of 8 
pieces, and 200 prisoners at the West Branch. — The siege of Washing- 
ton, N. C, raised, after an investment of 3 weeks by a large Coufedrate 
force. — Fayetteville, Ark., attacked by 3,000 rebels under Gen. Cabell, 
who were repulsed by 2,000 Federals under Colonel Harrison. — Severe 
tight on the Coldwater, near Hernando, Tenn. A Federal brigade under 
Col. Bryant, defeated rebel troops in a series of skirmishes. — 18, 19. Cols. 
Graham and Riley defeated rebel forces in several skirmishes on Cumber- 
land river, Tenn., killing and wound. 40. — 15. Destruction of rebel steamer 
Queen of the West in Berwick's Bay, La., by U. S. gunboat Estrella. 90 of 
her crew captured, 30 lost. — 19, 20, 21. Sharp skirmishing on Nansemond 
river, N. C, and near Suffolk, Va. — An expedition under Col. Graham 
returned to Louisville, Ky., after proceeding to the town of Celina, on 
the Cumberland, and destroying a large amount of rebel stcres and 40 
boats. 60 rebels killed and wounded. Federal loss 4. — Capture cf Fo*t 
Butte la Rose, Berwick's Bay La., by U. S. gunboats v i' ,_ ..levt & f 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 2G7 

Cooke. 80 prisoners taken. Federal loss 2 killed 3 wounded. — 23. Battle 
at McMinnville, Tenn., Union troops under Gen. Reynolds and Col. Wil- 
der. Rebels defeated, losing 300 prisoners and a large quantity of stores. 
— 24. 6 more Federal transports ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. 
— A large rebel force attacked 1,000 Virginia loyalists under Col. Latham 
at Beverly, Va.— 23-27. Gen. Ellet's Maine Brigade made a successful 
expedition up the Tennessee river, destroying the towns of Hamburg and 
Eastport, and a large stock of war material. The rebels were defeated in 
an attack on the vessels, while returning, losing 10 killed, 20 wounded. 
Federal loss, 2 killed, 4 wounded.— 26. The rebel Gen. Marmaduke, witb 
3,000 men advanced on Cape Girardeau, where he was met by Federal 
troops under Gen. McNeil, and defeated with the loss of 40 killed and 
200 wounded. — 27. A body of Texan rangers attacked 8 miles from 
Franklin, Tenn., by 700 Federal cavalry under Col. Watkins, of the 6th 
Kentucky,who defeated the rebels, capturing 200 prisoners. — The steam- 
ship Anglo-Saxon, from Liverpool, wrecked 4 miles off Cape Race. 360 
passengers, 84 crew. Only 190 persons were saved. — 26. Battle at 
Philippa, W. Va., Col. Mulligan. — 28. Capture of 4 companies Federals at 
Morgantown, "VV.Va. —29. Capture of 2 companies of 106th New York at 
Fairmount, \V. Va., and destruction of railroad bridges on the Monon- 
gapola river, by rebels under Jackson and Imbodeu. 30. Attack on the 
rebel forces at Williamsburg, Va., by Col. R. M. West's command. 
Rebels defeated. — A portion of Gen. Hooker's army crossed the Rappa- 
hannock, at Fredericksburg, Va. After slight resistance took possession 
of the rifle pits below the city, and captured 500 prisoners, 
tlay 1. Attack on Van Dorn's rebel pickets by Federal cavalry under Col. 
Campbell, near Franklin, Tenn. 30 of the enemy killed and wounded, 
and 11 captured. — Skirmish near Suffolk, Va. 99th New York engaged. 
— Gen. Grant's army defeated Gen. Gibson's forces at Port Gibson, Miss. 
Rebel loss 1,500 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, and 5 pieces of ar- 
tillery. — 2. Gen. Sedgwick's corps of the army of Virginia attacked the 
rebels works on the heights in the rear of Fredericksburg, and carried 
them after a desperate struggle, in which the Federal loss was over 2,000 
in killed and wounded. — 2, 3. — Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. The army 
of Gen. Lee attacked the Federal forces in their entrenchments, and 
several sanguinary engagements, with varying results ensued. — 3. Skir- 
mishing near Suffolk, Va. The 13th New Hampshire and 89th New York 
captured rebel rifle pits. — Gen. Mosby's rebel guerrilla cavalry attacked 
the Federal forces at Warrentown Junction, Va., but were repulsed with 
severe loss by Gen. Stahl's cavalry. — Federal gunboats repulsed in at- 
tacking Haines' Bluff' on the Mississippi. Several of the vessels badly 
damaged, and 80 of their men killed and wounded. — Capture of rebel 
batteries at Grand Gulf, Miss., by Federal gunboats under Admiral Por- 
ier. — 5. Riot at Dayton, Ohio, consequent on the arrest of C L. Valan- 
iigham by military authority, charged with treason. The Journal office 
was destroyed and the telegraph lines broken before the riot was sup- 
pressed. — 2-7. Great Federal cavalry expedition within the rebel lines, 
from the Rappahannock to Gloucester Point, Va., on the south, and the 
Alleghany ridge on the west. Many bridges, an immense quantity of 
telegraph lines throughout the rout were destroyed, and many prisoners 
and 1,000 horses taken. The various corps encountered but slight resist- 
ance. — 6. Severe engagement between the forces of Gen. Grant and Bow- 
en, at Clenton, Miss. Rebels defeated, — The army of the Potomac re- 
crossed the Rappahannock, harrassed by the rebel sharpshooters and 
artillery at Banks' and U. S. Fords.— 7. Capture of 1,300 mounted Federal 
troops under Col. Streight near Rome, Ga. Col. Streight had made a 
forage of over 600 miles through the Confederate lines, destroying four 
millions of property, captured and paroled 1,000 men, taken 1,200 
horses, etc. — 11. Death of rebel Gen. "Stonewall' - Jackson, from wounds 



268 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

received at the battle of Chanceliorsville. — 12. Engagement at Raymond, 
Miss. — Raymond, Miss., captured by Gen. McPherson's forces. Fede- 
ral loss, 51 killed, 181 wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed, 250 wounded, 186 
prisoners. — Skirmish between Franklin and Woodburn, Ky., on the rail- 
road, between 60 mountel rebels and a Federal force. The latter victo- 
rious. — 14. Gen. Johnson's army defeated near Jackson, Miss., by Federal 
troops under Gen. Grant. Rebel loss, 400 men, 17 pieces of artillery. 
— 15. Fight near Carrsville, S. Va., by 2 brigades of Gen. Peck's command 
and rebels. Federal loss, 7 killed, 25 wounded. Rebel, 25 killed, 100 
wounded. — 15. A detachment of U. S. cavalry captured at Charleston, 
Va., but were afterwards rescued by a force from Gen. Milroy's command, 
who also took 40 rebel prisoners." — Jackson, Miss., occupied by General 
Grant's army, on their way to invest Vicksburg. — 17. Rebel steamer Cuba, 
on her way to a southern port, was burnt, and her crew captured by U.S. 
steamer De Soto. — 16. Col. Breckinridge, with 55 loyal W. Tenn. cavalry, 
crossed from the Tennessee river to Linden, and attacked a superior rebel 
force, capturing 35 prisoners, and destroying their camp and stores. — 14, 
15. Federal dispatch boats Emily and Arrow captured by rehels on the 
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, Va. — 17. The town of Richmond, Clay 
co., Mo., captured by rebel guerrillas, who captured two Federal compa- 
nies stationed there. — 1 to 20. Great destruction of vessels on the Ameri- 
can coast by rebel steamers Alabama and Florida. — 16. Battle of Baker's 
Creek, Miss. Gen. Pemberton's army defeated by Gen. Grant. Rebel 
loss, 4,000 men, 29 cannon.— 20. Rebel rifle pits on north side of Vicks- 
burg captured by Gen. Steele. — Two rebel regiments attacked at Middle- 
town, Tenn., by Federal cavalry under Gen. Stanley. The enemy routed, 
losing 8 killed, 90 prisoners, and 200 horses. — 21. Port Hudson, Miss., 
besieged by Federal army under Gen. Banks, after several sharp engage- 
ments, with the enemy while marching from Baton Rouge. — 17. Gen. 
Pemberton's rebel army defeated at Big Black river, Miss., with loss of 
2,600 men, 17 cannon, by Gen. Grant. — 18. Vicksburg invested by Federal 
army. — 19. Skirmish near Winchester, Va. Gen. Milroy's cavalry defeated 
a rebel force, killing 6 and taking 7 prisoners. — 22. Gen. Grant's army re- 
pulsed with heavy loss in an attempt to storm the rebel fortifications at 
Vicksburg. — 24. Gen. Schofield superseded Gen. Curtis in command of 
the Department of Missouri. — 200 of Gen. Ellett's marine brigade, on the 
Mississippi, landed 6 miles above Austria, where they engaged and defeated 
a superior rebel force. Federal loss, 2 killed, 19 wounded. Rebel loss, 5 
Killed, 3 prisoners. The town of Austria was burned. — 25-27. Federal 
gunboats under Lieut. Walker, after capturing Haine's Bluff, ascended to 
Yazoo City, Miss., and destroyed 3 rebel steamers and a ram of large di- 
mensions not finished, and destroyed the rebel navy yard and all the naval 
stores. — 26. Destruction of the U. S. gunboat Cincinnati by the rebel 
batteries at Vicksburg, and about 35 of her crew killed and wounded. — 
27. Col. Cornyn's Federal command defeated the troops of Gen. Roddy at 
Florence, Ala., capturing 100 soldiers, 400 mules, and 300 negroes, and 
destroying much rebel property. — 22, 23. Geu. Foster's troops engaged 
and defeated the rebels at Gum Swamp, N. C, capturing 165 prisoners, 
with military stores. Federal loss, 2 killed, 6 wounded. — 29. Gen. Banks' 
army repulsed with severe loss in assaulting rebel fortifications at Port 
Hudson, Miss.— 30. Rebel Col. Mosby, with 200 cavalry, after destroying 
a government train at Catlett's station, Va., was overtaken near Green- 
wich by Col. Maur, of 7th Michigan cavalry, with New York and Vermont 
troops, and dispersed, with the loss of their cannon. Federal loss, 17 
killed and wounded. — A train of 16 cars from Alexandria, Va., was de- 
stroyed by rebel guerrillas near Warrenton Junction. — 31. Successful raid 
?f Col. Kilpatrk k's Fed. cavalry from Yorktown to Urbana, Va., bringing 
\n 1,000 negroes and 300 horses. 
. <ne 4th.— Simultaneous attacks on the Federal garrisons at Franklin and 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 269 

Triune, Term., which were repulsed in both instances with severe loss to 
the rebels. — Col. Wilder's Federal mounted infantry broke up a rebel 
camp at Liberty, Tenn., capturing 62 men and all their horses.— General 
Kimball's Federal troops defeated Gen. W. Adam's command at Sataria, 
on the Yazoo river, capturing 100 prisoners. — 6. Keconnoissance across 
the Rappahannock by the Federal 6th army corps, who engaged the rebels 
in their rifle-pits, capturing 150. Federal loss, 35 in killed and wounded. 
—7. Fight at Milliken's Bend, Miss. Rebel Gen. M'Cullough, with 2,500 
men, attacked 3 negro regiments and 23d Iowa. Heavy loss on both sides. 
Rebels defeated. — 9. Severe cavalry engagement at Beverly Ford, on the 
Rappahannock river, Va., in which Gen. Buford's Federal troops defeated 
Gen. Stuart's command, with heavy loss on both sides. — Gen. Carter's 
Federal troops defeated Gen. Pegram's army at Monticello, Tenn. — 12. 
The U. S. steamer Maple Leaf, while conveying rebel officers as prisoners 
from Fortress Monroe to Fort Delaware, was seized, and 64 effected their 
escape. — 11-16. Gen. Lee's army crossed the Potomac, and invaded Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania. — 13-20. Forced march of the Federal army from 
the Rappahannock to Frederick, Md., in which many lives were lost from 
heat and exhaustion. — 14. Assault on Port Hudson by Gen. Banks' forces, 
in which they were repulsed with heavy loss.— Capture of Winchester, 
Va., by rebel troops. Defeat of Gen. Milroy's army, who lost 2,000 men 
and all his artillery and stores. — 15. President Lincoln, by proclamation, 
called for 100,000 men for 6 months from the States of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, W. Virginia, and Ohio, to resist invasion. — Rebel troops en- 
tered Chambersburg, Pa. — 17. Severe cavalry engagement near Aldie, 
Loudon co., Va., in which the rebels were defeated with loss, and 85 taken 
prisoners. — Capture of rebel iron-clad ram Fingal or Atlanta, by monitors 
Weehawken and Patapsco, in Warsaw Sound, S. C. 180 prisoners taken. 
— 20. New "iork packet ship Isaac Webb captured by rebel steamer 
Tacony, and released on bond. — 21. Gen. Pleasanton's cavalry engaged the 
rebel cavalry near Middleburg,Va. The Federals were victorious, capturing 
80 prisoners, and killing or wounding 150. — 22, 23. 12 fishing vessels 
destroyed off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., by rebel steamer Tacony. — 23. 
Col. S, H. Saunders arrived at Boston, Ky., with his command, after a 
successful raid into E. Tennessee, having destroyed the railroads and 
bridges in many places, and captured several cannon, 1,000 stand of arms, 
and 500 prisoners. — 24. Col. Hooveg's mounted infantry defeated the 
rebels at Hoover's Gap, Tenn., routing them with heavy loss. Federal 
loss, 45 killed and wounded. — Gen. Willick's Federal brigade defeated the 
rebels at Liberty Gap, Tenn. Federal loss, 50. The fight renewed next 
day, and rebels routed with severe loss. Federal loss, 40 killed, 100 
wounded. — 26. The inhabitants of York, Pa., were levied on by rebel 
Gen. Ewell for large sums of money, clothing, and provisions. — 26. Gen. 
Meade superseded Gen. Hooker in command of the army of the Potomac. 
— Col. Spear, with the 11th Pa. cavalry, destroyed the bridge over the 
South Anna river, Va., and captured Gen. W. F. H. Lee, a colonel, four 
captains, 5 lieutenants, and 100 privates, 35 wagons with 6 mules each, 
100 horses, 150 additional mules, etc. — 28. Col. Frick's Federal troops 
driven from Columbia bridge, on the Susquehannah, Pa., which was 
burned on their retreat, and 200 of their men captured by the rebels. — 
A government train of 150 wagons and 900 mules captured by the rebels 
near Rockville, Va. 
July 1.— Engagement at Hanover Junction, Pa., between Gen. Pleasanton's 
Federal cavalry and Gen. Stuart's forces. Rebels defeated. — 2, 3. Defeat 
of rebel Gen. Lee's army near Gettysburg, Pa., by Gen. Meade's army, 
after a sanguinary conflict, in which 30,000 men were killed or wounded, 
on both sides. — 4. Gen. Lee commenced bis retreat from Pennsylvania to 
Virginia. — Surrender of Vicksburg, with 30,000 prisoners, and all the 
ordinance and stores, to Maj.-Gen. Grant. Gen. Pemberton's rebel army 



270 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

were patroied.— 7. Gen. Pierce's Federal troops captured 500 piisonerd 
and 3 pieces of artillery near Greencastle, Pa. — 4-8. Gens. Kilputrick's 
and Buford's cavalry captured 2,000 rebels on their retreat to the Poto- 
mac, and destroyed a large number of wagons laden with spoils. — 4. As- 
sault on Helena, Ark., by rebel Gens. Marmaduke, Price, and Holmes, 
with 6,000 men, who were signally defeated by Gen. Prentiss' garrison, 
who took 1,000 prisoners, and killed and wounded as many more. — 8-10. 
Raid of rebel Gen. Morgan into Indiana, destroying a large amount of 
property. — 5. Rear-guard of Gen. Johnson's army, numbering 4,000 men, 
captured by Gen. Grant's forces near Bolton, Miss. — 8. Surrender of Port, 
Hudson, Miss., with its garrison of 5,500 men under Gen. Gardner, to 
Gen. Banks. — Cavalry skirmish near Boonesboro', Md. — 10. Capture of 
Morris Island, S. C, with the exception of Fort Wagner and Cumming's 
Point Battery, by Federal troops under Geu. Gilmore, in conjunction with 
U. S. naval forces.— 11. Repulse of Gen. Gilmore's forces, assaulting Fort 
Wagner, S. C. — 12. Col. Hatch's 2d Iowa cavalry defeated a body of rebel 
cavalry near Jackson, Miss. Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded. Rebel 
loss, 175 killed and wounded, and 400 conscripts released. — 13-17. Great 
riot in New York city, originating in resistance to a draft for the U. S. 
army ordered by the President. 25 or 30 buildings were destroyed by 
fire, and 120 stores and dwellings were sacked by the mob. Numerous 
robberies of stores and individuals occurred. At their command all the 
railroad cars and stages in the city ceased to run for several days, and 
most of the principal factories and workshops suspended labor. The dis- 
turbance was quelled by the military and police, after 120 of the populace 
and 25 of the soldiers and officers were killed and many wounded. — 12. 
Gen. Laumann's division of Gen. Sherman's army corps incautiously 
advanced to an exposed position in front of the rebel works at Jackson, 
Miss., and 500 men in killed and wounded. — 14. Battle at Falling Waters, 
Va., Gen. Kilpatrick's cavalry brigade attacked a rebel force of infantry, 
artillery and horse, defeating them, and capturing 1,300 prisoners. Fed- 
eral loss, 29 killed and 36 wounded. Rebel loss, 130 killed, wounded un- 
known. — 17. Occupation of Jackson, Miss., by Gen. Sherman's army, 
after severe fighting for 4 days with Gen. Johnston's army, who was com- 
pelled to retreat with severe loss. — Jeff. Davis, by proclamation, ordered 
the conscription of every able-bodied man in the rebellious States between 
18 and 45 years of age. — Defeat of rebel Gen. Cooper's army at Elk Creek, 
Ark., by Gen. Blunt's forces. Rebel loss, 400 killed or wounded, 60 
prisoners, 3 stand of colors, arms, etc. Federal loss, 10 killed, 25 wounded. 
— 18, 19. Bombardment and desperate assault on Fort Wagner, S. C, in 
which Gen. Gilmore's troops were repulsed with the loss of 700 men, 
killed, wounded and missing.— 20. Engagement at Wytheville, W. Va., 
by Federal cavalry under Cols. Tolland and Powell, who destroyed the 
connection of the Va, and Tenn. railroad at that point, and defeated the 
rebel forces. Federal loss, 65 killed and wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed, 
and 150 prisoners. — 23. Engagement at Manassas Gap, Va., by General 
Spinola's Federal brigade, who drove the rebel troops through the Gap, 
after a severe engagement. — 26. Capture of rebel Gen. Morgan with the 
remainder of his cavalry (400) near New Lisbon, Ohio, by Col. Shackle- 
ford. Morgan invaded Indiana a month previous with 4,500 men, and, 
after committing serious depredations for a time, finally met with a 
series of defeats in which his men became scattered and captured. — 28. 
Death of Senator W. L. Yancey, near Montgomery, Ala. — 29. Capture of 
29 wagons with sutlers' stores, at Fairfax Court-House, Va., by Moseby's 
guerrillas, which were recaptured by 2d Mass. cavalry on the next day. 
— Defeat of Gens. Pegram's and Scott's rebel forces while attacking Fed. 
troops at Paris, Ky. — 30. Death of Brig-Gen. Strong, in New York, from 
wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner, S. C, July 19th. — Presi- 
dent Lincoln, by proclamation, ordered the execution or imprisonment 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 271 

at haid labor, of rebel prisoners, in retaliation of any violation in kind 
of the laws of war toward colored troops in the Federal service, who 
might be captured by the enemy. 

A.ugust 1. Severe engagement near Culpepper, Va,, by Federal cavalry, 
infantry and artillery, under Gen. Buford, with a corresponding rebel 
force, in which the loss on both sides was heavy. — Sixty wagons loaded 
with forage were burned by rebels at Stamford, Ky. — Rebel Col. Ashby 
and 350 men were captured near the Cumberland river, Ky., by Col. San- 
ders. — 4. Reconnoissance up the James river, Va., by monitor Sangamon, 
gunboat Com. Barney, and tug Cohassel. The vessels were exposed to 
a fearful fire from the enemy'sforces lining the banks, but returned with 
slight loss of life. The Barney was badly injured. — 6. A day appointed 
by President Lincoln for national thanksgiving and praise in gratitude 
for signal victories obtained by the Federal armies. — 16. Severe bombard- 
ment of Fort Sumter by the monitors and the Federal batteries on Mor- 
ris Island. Com. Rogers killed on board theCatskill. — 17. Great destruc- 
tion of railroad property and ordnance stores at Granada, Miss., by 
Federal troops under Col. Phillips. — Terrible explosion of ammunition 
on board the steamer City of Madison, at Vicksburg, Miss., 150 lives lost. 
— 19. Recommencement of the draft in the city of New York, which 
had been suspended by circumstances growing out of the riot a month 
previous. 80,000 Federal troops were mustered in the vicinity of the 
city during the drawing which was completed August 28. — 20. The city 
of Lawrence, Kansas, was attacked by a band of rebel guerrillas from 
Missouri, under Quantrell, who sacked the town, murdered 180 of the 
inhabitants, who made no resistance, and burned a large portion of the 
houses. The rebels were pursued by Federal forces, and over 100 of their 
number were killed. — 21. Chattanooga, Ala., besieged by Gen. Rosecrans' 
army. — 22. Charleston, S. C, shelled by Federal batteries on Morris Isl- 
and. — 25. U. S. gunboats Satellite and Reliance captured by rebels at the 
mouth of the Rappahannock river, Va. — 27. John B. Floyd, ex-Secretary 
of War and Rebel General, died at Abingdon, Va. — 31. Fort Smith, 
Ark., taken by Gen. Blunt. 

September 1. Knoxville, Tenn., occupied by advance of Gen. Burnside's 
army. — 3. Sioux Indians defeated by Gen. Sully at Whitestone Hall ; 
many killed, and 156 taken prisoners. — 5. Woman's bread riot in Mo- 
bile. — 7. Morris Island, Charleston Harbor, evacuated by rebels, and 
Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg occupied by General Gillmore; boat 
assault, made on Fort Sumter from the Union fleet; unsuccessful; 114 
men killed or taken prisoners. — 9. Surrender of Cumberland Gap, Tenn., 
to Gen. Burnside; Chattanooga, Tenn., occupied by Crittenden's Corps 
of the Army of the Cumberland.— 10. Little Rock, Ark. , captured by 
Union troops under General Steele — 15. The President suspended the 
writ of habeas corpus. — 19, 20. Battle of Chickamauga. Union forces 
under Rosecrans worsted, but not defeated. They hold, the ground 
through Gen. Thomas's firmness, and on the 21st retire to Chattanooga, 
unmolested. 

October 4. Four steamers burned at St. Louis by rebel incendiaries. — 7. 
Gen. Blunt's escort attacked by a large rebel force near Fort Scott, and 
many of them murdered after surrender. — 12-15. Fighting between 
Meade's and Lee's armies in Virginia, from the Rappahannock to Cen- 
treville, and part of the way back.- —15. 300,000 volunteers called fer by 
the President, and large bounties offered. A draft ordered at the same 
time after Jan. 5, 1864. — 16. The Military Division of the Mississippi 
formed of the Departments of the Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the 
Ohio, and Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant appointed commander. — 20. Gen. Rose- 
crans relieved, and succeeded by Gen. G. H. Thomas. Maj. Gen. Grant 
takes command of the Military Division. — 30, and onward. Heavy bom- 
bardment of Charleston, S. C. — 31. Steam rams built by Laird, at Birk- 
enhead, for rebels, seized by British Government. 



272 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

November 5. Union camp at Rogersville, E. Tenn., surprised, and 4 guns 
and nearly 800 prisoners taken. — 7-15. Fighting between Meade's aud 
Lee's army along the Rappahannock and Rapidan. — 14 Longstreet 
crosses the Tennessee river and attacks Burnside, who retires toward 
Knoxville. — 15. Christian IX. succeeds Frederick VII. as King of Den- 
mark. — lit. Gettysburg National Cemetery dedicated.— 23. Capture 
of Orchard Knob, near Chattanooga, by General Thomas. — 24. Storming 
and capture of Lookout Mountain, Tenn. Hooker's battle above the 
clouds. — 25-27. Assault and capture of Mission Ridge, Tenn. Bragg 
routed and driven toward Ringgold, and pursued by Union troops. — 22- 
December 4. Longstreet besieges and attacks Knoxville, but is repulsed, 
and Sherman coming up, he is obliged to raise the siege and retreat into 
Virginia. — 28. John Morgan and six of his companions escape from the 
Ohio Penitentiary. 

December 2. Bragg superseded by Hardee in command of the rebel army 
in Georgia. — 6. The merchant steamer Chesapeake seized by rebel pi- 
rates, who went on board as passengers, the engineer shot, and the crew 
landed at St. John's, New Brunswick. — 6. The monitor Weehawken 
founders in Charleston Harbor, with all on board.— 8. President Lin- 
coln issues his message and proclamation of amnesty. — 15-20. Extensive 
rebel salt works, valued at three millions of dollars, in West Bay, Fla., 
destroyed by vessels of East Gulf Squadron. — 16. Major-Gen. John Bu- 
ford died at Washington, D. C. — 17. The Chesapeake recaptured at 
Sambro Harbor by the Ella and Annie.— 22. Gen. Corcoran killed by a 
fall from his horse. — 25. Gen. Banks establishes Department of the 
Frontier on the Rio Grande. — 24. William M. Thackeray, a distinguished 
English author, dies. 

1864, January 1. Discovery and seizure of an extensive establishment in 
New York engaged in the manufacture of Confederate bonds and notes 
for the rebel government. Maximilian accepts the crown of Mexico. 
Celebration of the meeting of the waters of the Nile with the Red Sea. — 
& Archbishop Hughes of New York dies. — 4. Trial of the crew of the 
Chesapeake for piracy.— 5. Gen. Stoneman made chief of cavalry under 
Gen. Grant. Caleb B. Smith, late Secretary of the Interior, dies. — 7, 8. 
General Grant made a major-general, and Generals Thomas, Meade, and 
Sherman, brigadier-generals in the regular army. — 9. Raid into North 
Carolina by General Wild's colored troops; 3000 slaves set free, and an 
immense quantity of stores captured and destroyed. — 11, 28. Capture 
and destruction of rebel salt works at Tampa Bay and St. Andrew's 
Bay, Fla. — 13. Gen. Herron's troops cross the Rio Grande and escort 
the American consul to Brownsville with $2,000,000 belonging to Amer- 
icans and the Government. 

February 1. President Lincoln calls for 500,000 men for three years. Draft 
for deficiency to be made March 10. Commencement of hostilities be- 
tween Germany and Denmark. — 3-27. Sherman commences an expedi- 
tion from Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss., which proves very successful ; 
freeing large numbers of negroes, and destroying immense quantities of 
stores, though a cavalry force under Gen. W. Sacy Smith, starting from 
Corinth, Miss., the same day, was unable to effect a junction with them. 
— 8. Severe fight between Russian troops and Polish insurgents. — 10. 
Col. Streight and 110 other Union officers escape from Libby Prison by 
tunneling. — 11. The Infant Don Carlos recognized as successor to the 
crown of Portugal.— 20. Battle of Olustee, Fla. Union troops under 
Gen. Seymour defeated. — 22. Defeat of the Danes at Duppel. — 22. 
" Border State Convention" (six States represented) at Louisville, Ky. — 
24. Bill authorizing the revival of the grade of Lieutenant-General passed 
by Congress. — 26. Fort Powell, Mobile Bay, bombarded by Admiral 
Farragut.— 28 to March 4. Gen. Kilpatrick makes a raid toward Rich- 
mond, and returns wiih great success. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



273 



March 5. Twenty-one independent States in the northern part of South 
America unite to form the United States of Venezuela. — 6. Twenty -three 
Union soldiers, captured from Gen. Foster's command, hung by the 
rebels at Kingston, N. C. — 6. Alexander II., Czar of Russia, announces, 
by imperial manifesto, the emancipation of the peasants in Poland. — 8- 
10. Departure of Red River expedition from Vicksburg- — 11. General 
Grant receives his commission (dated March 2d) as Lieutenant-General 
of U. S. Army. — 12. Terrible inundation from the giving way of a dam 
in Sheffield, England. 250 lives lost. — 15. The President calls for 
200,000 men, and draft for deficiency ordered on 15th of April. Plot to 
assassinate President Lincoln discovered. — 13-29. Progress of the Red 
River expedition. Success in its earlier movements. Capture of forts 
and fortified towns and defeat of rebel forces. — 25. Paducah, Ky., at- 
tacked by rebel Gen. Forrest. He is defeated and compelled to retire 
with heavy loss. — 28. Prussians defeated before Duppel, Denmark. — 29. 
Ionian Islands given up to Greece. 

April 1. Rebel ram Tennessee sunk near Grant's Pass.— 3. Garibaldi ar- 
rives in England. — 4-21. Metropolitan Sanitary Fair in New York City 
opened and continued. Net receipts from it over $1,200,000. — 7. Consti- 
tutional amendment abolishing slavery resolved upon by Congress, and 
to be submitted to State Legislatures for ratification. — 10. Maximilian 
formally accepts the Mexican crown.— 8 to May 16. The Red River expe- 
dition meets with a succession of disasters, and after losing two or three 
battles, retreats both by land and water constantly harassed by the reb- 
els, and losing heavily in men, in transports, and gunboats. — 14. Chin- 
cha Islands (off Peru) seized by Spain. — 17. Treaty between France and 
Mexico published. Bread riot by women in Savannah — 20. Plymouth, 
N. C, surrendered to the rebels. Gen. Wetzels and 2500 men prison- 
ers. — 21. North Carolina salt works, near Wilmington, N. C. (valued at 
$100,000), destroyed.— 24. European Conference at London on the Schles- 
wig-Holstein question.— 25. A large Union supply train (240 wagons 
and 2000 men) eaptured by the rebels at Pine Bluff, Ark. 

May 1. Death of Commodore W. D. Porter. — 2. Forward movement of 
Army of the Potomac— 3. The Rapidan crossed by that army. — 5, 6. 
Battle of the Wilderness. Union loss 15,000 or more; Lee's perhaps 
10,000. Generals Wadsworth and Hays killed; Longstreet severely 
wounded. — 7. Flanking movement toward Spottsylvania Court-House. 
Battle near Petersburg, Va., between Gen. Butler's Army of the James 
and the rebels. — 8-11. Battle of Spottsylvania Court-House. General 
Sedgwick killed. — 12. Battle renewed five miles below Spottsylvania 
Court-House. Union troops successful. — 9-13. Sheridan's cavalry raid 
on the defences of Richmond.— 9-14. Butler's movements on Petersburg 
and Bermuda Hundred. — 11, 12. Sherman fights the battle of Rocky 
Faced Ridge. — 15. Battle of Resaca, Ga. Sherman successful. — 16. Ad- 
miral Porter's fleet on the Red river above Alexandria Falls released by 
the engineering skill of Col. Bailey. — 16. Convention between France, 
Brazil, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, for telegraph to America.— 18. Heavy 
engagement between the armies in Virginia, known as battle of Tolopo- 
tomoy Creek. — 18 20. Bogus proclamation (as from the President) call- 
ing for 400,000 men, and announcing the spring campaign closed, pub- 
lished in Journal of Commerce and World. Papers suppressed for three 
days, and the author, Joe Howard of Brooklyn, arrested. — 20-22. Kings- 
ton and Rome, Ga., both occupied by Gen. Sherman. — 22. Death of Mar- 
shal Pelissier.— 24. Sherman flanks Johnston at Altoona. Battle near 
Mt. Carmel Churcb, Va. 1000 rebel prisoners taken. — 25. Battle near 
Dallas, Ga. Hooker drives the rebels two miles. — 26. Louisiana State 
Convention abolishes slavery in that State. — 27. Lee falls back toward 
Richmond.— 28. Battle at Dallas, Ga. Rebel loss 2800.— 30. Lee attacks 
Grant north of the Chickahominy and is repulsed. Grant crosses the 

12* 



274 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Pamunkey. — 31. Grant's and Lee's armies confront each other from 
Hanover Court-House to Cold Harbor. 

June 1. Ionian Islands made over formally to Greece. — 1-3. Battles about 
Cold Harbor, Va. The severest engagement, sometimes called Battle of 
the Chickahominy, occurred on the 3d. — 1. Battle of New Hope Church, 
Ga. — 2. Sherman takes possession of Allatoona Pass and makes it a 
secondary base. — 5. Battle of Piedmont, West Va. Union troops suc- 
cessful. — 7. Nomination of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson for 
President and Vice-President by Republican Convention at Baltimore. 
Morgan's great raid into Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio commenced. — 8. 
Gen. Gillmore's raid on the fortifications of Richmond. — 10. Battle of 
Guntown, Miss. Union troops defeated and compelled to destroy their 
supply train. — 11. Battle of Trevillian Station. Sheridan defeats th e 
rebels. — 12. Grant crosses the Chickahominy. — 13. The Fugitive Slave 
Law repealed in the House of Representatives. — 14. Grant's army crosses 
the James, Confederate Gen. Leonidas Polk killed. — 16-18. Assaults on 
the rebel works at Petersburg. — 17, 18. Battle of Lynchburg, Va., be- 
tween Gen. Hunter and the rebels. Indecisive result. — 19. U. S. steam- 
sloop of war Kearsarge, Capt. Winslow, sinks the rebel privateer Ala- 
bama, after an engagement of over an hour, off Cherbourg, France. — 22 
to July 1. Wilson and Kautz make a cavalry raid into S. E. Virginia. 
Successful at first, but finally meet with very heavy losses. — 27. Sher- 
man assaults Johnston's force at Kenesaw Mountain. Is repulsed with 
heavy loss. — 28-30. Sherman flanks Johnston at Kenesaw Mountain, 
and compels him to evacuate his strong position. — 30. S. P. Chase re- 
signs his position as Secretary of Treasury. — June to October. Cattle 
plague in England. 

July 1-13. Maryland again invaded by the rebels. Battle fought at Mono- 
cacy on the 9th. Washington threatened on the 11th to 15th. — 1-11. 

Gold runs up to 180 premium 1. W. P. Fessenden appointed Secretary 

of Treasury. — 3. Sherman takes possession of Marietta, Ga. — 5. Martia 
law declared in Kentucky. — 7. Gen. Johnston (rebel) crosses the Chatta- 
hcochie. — 8. Prussians take Alsen, Denmark. — 9. Sherman reaches the 
Chattahoochie. — 10-24. Rousseau's successful raid into Alabama. — 13-15. 
Generals Smith and Slocum defeat Forrest in five battles in Tennessee, 
with heavy slaughter. — 17. Sherman within five miles of Atlanta and 
across the Chattahoochie. — 18. Gen. J. E. Johnston (rebel) relieved of 
his command, and Hood appointed in his place. Draft of 500,000 men 
ordered to take place September 5. President Lincoln's famous dispatch, 
" To whom it may concern," issued. — 19, 22, and 28. Sherman defeats 
Hood in three severe battles, in which Hood loses nearly half his army. 
Gen. McPherson killed on the 22d. — 22. Louisiana State Convention 
abolishes slavery. — 26-31. Stoueman's raid. Unsuccessful. Stoneman 
a prisoner.— 30. Mine exploded under one of the forts at Petersburg. 
Owing to delay, a heavy slaughter of Union troops. 

August 5. Great naval battle in Mobile Bay. One fort taken, another 
blown up. Rebel ram captured, and the entrance to the bay secured by 
Admiral Farragut. — 6. Battle of Atlanta. Indecisive. — 7. Gen. Sheridan 
assigned to the command of the Department of the Shenandoah. — 11-18. 
The rebel privateer Tallahassee commits great ravages among the mer- 
cantile marine: burning, scuttling, or bonding thirty-three vessels 
within a week. — 14. Battle of Strawberry Plains, Va. Union success. 
—15. English fleet visit Cherbourg.— 16. Battle of Deep Run.— 19-21. 
Battle at Six Mile Station, Va., for possession of Weldon Railroad. 
Union forces successful, but with loss of 3000 killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. — 23. Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay, surrendered unconditionally. 
—25. Battle of Reams' Station, Va. Uuion loss 4000, of which 3000 
were prisoners. — 28-31. Sherman apparently raises the siege of Atlanta, 
in order to cut its communications and compel its evacuation or surreiv 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



275 



der. Severe fighting at Jonesboro'. — 29. George B. McClellan and 
George H. Pendieton nominated for President and Vice-President by the 
Democratic National Convention. — 30. French fleet visit Portsmouth. 

September 1. Hood blows up his stores and magazines and evacuates At- 
lanta. Fighting near- Jonesboro'. — 2. Sherman occupies Atlanta. — 1-3. 
Gens. Rousseau and Wilson defeat a large body of rebels near Murfrees- 
boro', Tenn. — 4. Rebel Gen. John Morgan killed at Greenville, Tenn. — 
14. Commencement of rebel Gen. Price's expedition into Missouri. — 15. 
Franco-Italian Convention signed. French troops to quit Rome in two 
years. — 16. Rebel raid and capture of 2500 cattle, arms, wagons, and 
camp, with 13th Pennsylvania Regiment, at Scamore Church, Va. — 19. 
Battle of Occoquan Creek, near Winchester, Va. Sheridan sends Early 
"whirling through Winchester," and pursues him 30 miles. — 21. Battle 
of Fisher's Hill, Va. Sheridan captures Early's fortified camp. — 21, 22. 
Florence made the capital of Italy. Riots at Turin in consequence.— 23. 
Montgomery Blair resigned his office as Postmaster-General. — 26. Sheri- 
dan pursues Early to Staunton and Waynesboro'. — 29, 30. Gens. Ord 
and Butler fight the Battle of Chapin's Farm, Va. Rebels defeated.— 30. 
Battle of Preble's Farm, below Petersburg, Va. Warren's (2d) Corps 
repulsed with heavy loss. 

October 1-16. Rebel Gen. Hood moves northward toward Tennessee, pursued 
by Sherman, and repulsed at every important point. — 1-28, Price's expe- 
dition into Missouri, after some slight successes, proves disastrous. He is 
defeated at the Little Blue, at Bryan Ford, Independent, Fort Scott Road, 
Mine Creek, Marais des Cygnes, Newturia and Fayetteville, and completely 
routed. — 7. Battle of Darbytown Road and New Market Heights, etc. 
Union troops successful. — 7. Rebel Privateer Florida captured. — 12. 
Death of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. — 18. Death of Major-Genera) 
Birney. — 19. Battle of Cedar Creek in Middletown, Va. Sheridan turns 
defeat into victory, and after Early had driven his troops several miles, 
drives him in return to Mount Jackson, taking 48 cannon and a great 
numbers of prisoners. — 19, 20. Rebel raid from Canada into St. Albans, 
Vt. The banks plundered and several citizens killed or murdered. — 
Ten of the raiders captured the next day. — 27. Rebel ram Albemarle 
sunk in the Roanoke River, by Lieut. Cushing. — 29. Maryland proclaimed 
a free State by Gov. Bradford. — 30. Peace between Denmark and the 
allies, to whom Schleswig and Holstein are surrendered, Prussia retain- 
ing possession of them. — 31. Nevada admitted into the Union as a State. 

November 4. Rebel Geu. Forrest attacks and destroys the Union depot of 
supplies at Johnsonville, Tenn., including three " tin clad" gunboats, 7 
transports and $1,500,000 value of stores. — 4. Conspiracy of rebels at 
Chicago to release rebel prisoners, arm them, sack and plunder the city, 
and ravage Illinois and Indiana, discovered and prevented. — 8. Lincoln 
and Johnson elected president and vice-president of the United States 
for four years, from March 4, 1865. R. E. Fenton, elected Governor of 
New York. — 8. Major-General McClellan resigns his commission in the 
regular army, and General Philip H. Sheridan promoted to be major- 
general United States Army in his place. — 11, 12. Atlanta Ga. burned. 
— 13-15. Gen. Sherman's army commences the " march to the sea." — 21. 
Sherman captures Milledgeville, Ga. — 19-30. Hood's (Rebel) army 
largely reinforced, marches northward into Tennessee, and General 
Thomas's Union army fell back toward Pulaski, Columbia and Franklin. 
Considerable fighting at each point, and a very severe but indecisive bat- 
tle at Franklin, November 30, in which the rebels lose very heavily, and 
the Union troops fell back to Nashville. — 24. Thanksgiving dinner sup- 
plied to the armies of the Potomac, James and Shenandoah, by Union 
men at the North. — 25. Rebel attempts to burn New York. Fifteen 
hotels, Barnum's Museum, and shipping fired, but unsuccessfully. 

December 1. Hood skirmishes with Umou troops before Nashville, and 



276 CHEONOLOGICAL HISTOET. 

finally sits down to besiege the city. — 1. Death of Hon. Wm. L. Dayton, 
United States Minister to France, at Paris. — 6. Hon. Salmon P. Chase, 
appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. — 8-10. The Weldon 
Railroad effectually cut tor twenty miles by a force under Gen. Warren. — 
9. Communication established between Sherman's army and the Depart- 
ment of the South. Gen. Foster' ^ command. — 13. Fort McAllister, 15 
miles from Savannah, carried by assault by Sherman's troops. — 13, 15. 
The St. Albans robbers released by the Canadian Judge Coursol, but or- 
dered re-arrested by the Attorney General of Canada. — 15. Gen. Stone- 
man's raid into Southwest Va. and North Carolina commenced. — 15, 16. 
The battle of Nashville. Hood completely routed. His entire loss about 
23,000. He was pursued beyond the Tennessee river, and by the 19th 
9, COO prisoners and 61 pieces of artillery captured. — 20. Sherman de- 
mands the surrender of Savannah, and Hardee evacuates it in the night. — 
21. Sherman occupies Savannah, capturing 800 prisoners, 150 pieces of 
artillery, 33,000 bales of cotton, and 3 steamers. — 21. Rear- Admiral Far- 
ragut appointed Vice-Admiral. — 24 and 25. Rear-Admiral Porter's 
squadron assail Fort Fisher, Wilmington Harbor, N. C, and bombard it 
furiously. A land force, under Gen. Butler, disembark to attack this 
fort, but believing it too strong, re-embarked and return to City Point. — 
27 — January 5, 1865. Gen. Grierson's raid on the Mobile and Ohio and 
Mississippi Central Railroads. Great success. 

1865. January 1. United States steam sloop-of-war, San Jacinto, wrecked 
on Bahama banks. — 2. Steamship George Washington burned at New 
York, loss $500,000.— -6. Gen. Sherman's army cross the Savannah river, 
on their march through the Carolinas. — 7. Gen. George H. Thomas, 
commissioned Major General, U. S. A., vice Fremont, resigned. — 8. 
Gen. Butler relieved of the command of the army of the James. — 6-14. 
Gen. A. H. Terry in command of an adequate land force, sails for Fort 
Fisher, N. C, to make another attempt in connection with Porter's squad- 
ron to capture it. After some bad weather they succeeded in making a 
thorough reconnaissance preparatory to an attack. — 12. Missouri de- 
clared a free State. — 14. Slavery abolished by Tennessee State Conven- 
tion. 15. Generals Sherman, Sheridan and" Thomas, confirmed by the 
Senate, Major Generals U. S. A. and General W. S. Hancock, Brigadier 
Gen. U. S. A. — 15. Death of Edward Everett, an American Statesman 
and scholar. —15. Grand assault on Fort Fisher. — It is captured with its 
entire garrison and armament. 16. The magazine of Fort Fisher ex- 
plodes, producing great loss of life. The other forts at the entrance to 
Wilmington Harbor blown up or abandoned by the rebels. — 18. Gen. 
Terry appointed Major General, vols. — 19. Death of Proudhom French, 
Socialist writer and leader. — 24. Smithsonian Institution destroyed by 
fire.— 25. Rebel Gen. Lee appointed General-in-chief of rebel armies by 
Jeff'. Davis. — 28. Rebel Congress resolved to arm negroes. — 30. Missrs. 
Stephens, Campbell and Hunter, enter the Union lines as commissioners 
from Rebel Government to negotiate a peace. — 31. The Anti-Slavery 
Constitutional Amendment (xiiith. Amendment,) passed the House of 
Representatives. It had previously passed the Senate. This amendment 
abolished slavery throughout the Union. 

February 1. Secretary Seward went to Fortress Monroe, to meet the Peace 
Commissioners. 2. President Lincoln joined him in the interview. 
4. Failure of the peace negotiations. — 4. Battle with Indians at Mud 
Springs, Mo. They are defeated with heavy loss.— 6. Battle of Dabney's 
Mills. Union loss 1,250. — 6. Gen. Ord assigned to the command of the 
Department of Virginia and Army of the James. — 8. Electoral vote 
counted in the House of Representatives. 212 for Lincoln and Johnson— 
21 for McClellan and Pendleton. — 9. Death of Captain James M. Gillis, 
Superintendent of Naval Observatory. — 10 Gen. Gillmore agaiu in com 
mand of Department of the South. — 11, 12. Approach of Schoheld and 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 277 

Terry to Wilmington. Capture of its defences, and on the 22d, cap- 
ture of the city itself. — 17. Charleston evacuated by the rebels, and more 
than one-fifth of the city burned. 200 persons killed by the explosion of 
powder. — 17. Columbia, S. C. captured by Geu. Sherman.— 18. Charles- 
ton occupied by Union forces. — 23. Gen. Johnston (Rebel) appointed to 
command of troops opposed to Sherman. — 27. Sheridan moved from 
Winchester, with a cavalry force of about 9,000 men, on a grand raid 
upon the rebel communications, railroads, James River, James River 
Canal, etc. — 28. Lord Lyons succeeded by Sir Frederick Bruce as Brit- 
ish Minister to United States. 

March 2. Sheridan captures nearly the whole of Early's force be- 
tween Charlotesville and Staunton. — 4. President Lincoln inaugurated 
for his second term. — 7. Hugh McCulloch succeeded Hon. W. P. Fes- 
senden as Secretary of the Treasury. — 9. Hon. James Harlan appointed 
Secretary of Interior, in place of Usher, resigned. — 10. Death of Due de 
Morny, Minister of State in France. — 8, 10, 11. Severe fighting between 
Gen. Cox and rebel.generals Bragg and Hoke, near Kinston, N. C. En- 
tire Union losses, 1*300. Rebel loss, over 5,0C0. — 11. Sherman arrives 
at Fayetteville, N. C., having experienced no serious opposition. He 
had captured at Columbia, Cbesaw and Fayetteville, 88 pieces of artillery 
and large quantities of munitions of war. — 16. Fight at Averysboro be- 
tween Sherman's and Johnston's forces. Rebels defeated with loss. — 17. 
Mr. Bigelow succeeds Mr. Dayton as Minister to France. — 17. Notice of 
termination of Reciprocity Treaty given to Great Britain by Mr. Adams. 
17. A conjoined land and naval force under Gen. Canby and Admiral 
Thacher move toward the immediate defences of Mobile, Ala.— 17. Gen. 
J. H. Wilson leaves Nashville, with 1,500 cavalry, on an expedition into 
central Alabama and Georgia.— 19. Battle of Bentenville, N. C. A severe 
fight. Union loss, 1,646 ; rebel, 1,792. — 20. Stoneman's successful at- 
tack on Salisbury, N. C. 14 guns and 1,364 prisoners taken. — 22. Sher- 
man's army joined by Schofield's at Goldsboro. — 25. Capture and re- 
capture of Union Fort. Steadman in front of Petersburg. Union loss, 
1,500 ; rebel loss, 2,500. This followed by the carrying by assault of the 
first rebel lines hy the 2d and 6th corps. — 25. Robert C. Kennedy, rebel 
spy and incendiary, hung at Fort Lafayette. — 26. Sheridan and his cav- 
alry reach City Point, having effectually and permanently broken the 
rebel communications, and destroyed rebel property to the value of over 
fifty millions of dollars. — 29. The St. Albans raiders released at Mon- 
treal.— 29. Grant's army in motion to strike the final blow. Sheridan's 
cavalry moving to Dinwiddie Court House. 

April 1. Severe fighting before Dinwiddie, on White Oak Road, and at 
Five Forks. The last strong-hold captured by Sheridan, April ] — 2. 
Persistent attack on rebel lines, which are finally broken and the south- 
side railroad reached. Lee and his army evacuate Petersburg at night. 
Gen. A. P. Hill, (Rebel) killed. Jeff. Davis escapes from Richmond. — 2. 
Death of Richard Cobden, in London. — 3. Petersburg and Richmond en- 
tered and occupied by Union troops. — 4. President Lincoln visits Rich- 
mond. — 5, 8. Unremitting pursuit of Lee's army. Battles and Skir- 
mishes at Farmville, Sailor's Creek, High Bridge, and Appomattox Sta- 
tion. Rebels lose heavily at each point. — 9. Surrender of Lee's army. 
26,115 men surrendered with their arms and material of war. — 11 and 
12. The expedition against Mobile and its defences proves successful, the 
forts being captured and the city evacuated on the 11th, and occupied by 
the Union troops on the 12th. — 4-20. Wilson's cavalry expedition met 
with great success., capturing and occupying Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, 
Columbus, West Point, and Selma, Ala., and Macon, Ga. Taking nearly 
500 guns, nearly 7,000 prisoners, including five or six rebel generals, 
more than 100,000 bales of cotton, and vast amounts of stores. — 12. Reb-> 
els defeated by Stoneman, near Salisbury, N. C. — 13. Sherman moves 



I 



278 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

forward in pursuit of Johnston to Raleigh. — 13. The draft and recruiting 
ordered to cease. — 14. President Lincoln shot at Ford's Theatre, by 
John Wilkes Booth, a former actor, and dies at 7.20, a. m. on the 15th 
without ever recovering his consciousness. An attempt made the same 
night to assassinate Secretary Seward, and his son, Mr. F. W. Seward, 
dangerously wounded. — 14. "Correspondence opened between Sherman 
and Johnston, relative to the latter's surrender. — 14. The flag replaced 
on Fort Sumter, by Gen. Anderson, with impressive ceremonies. . .15. 
Vice-President Andrew Johnson, becomes 17th President of the United 
States, taking the oath ol office. — 17, 19. Mrs. Surratt, Louis Payne, 
Edward Spangler, and A. G. Atzeroth, arrested on charge of being con- 
cerned in the assassination of the President. — 19. Funeral of the Presi- 
dent, at Washington. — 21. Gen. Sherman's agreement with Gen. John- 
ston, disapproved by the President and Cabinet. Gen. Grant goes to 
Raleigh to secure its modification. — 21. Gen. E. Kirby Smith, (Rebel,) 
commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department, issues a proclamation, 
asserting his ability to continue the rebellion. 21. — May 4. The body 
of the murdered President attended by a large funeral cortege passes 
through the principal cities of the north and north-west, every- 
where received in deep sorrow and grief, and with funeral exercises, 
on its way to Springfield, 111., where it is buried in Oak Hill Ceme- 
tery. — 25. Death of Valentine Mott, M. D., LL. D., the greatest of 
modern surgeons. — 26. Surrender of Gen. J. E. Johnston and his army 
of about 27,500 men to Gen. Sherman.— 26. John Wilkes Booth, and 
David C. Harold, one of his fellow-conspirators, discovered in a barn of 
Garretts Farm, near Fredericksburg, Va. Booth refuses to surrender, and 
is shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett, 16th New York cavalry. He died 
in a few minutes. Harold surrenders. — 28. Danville, Va., occupied by 
Gen. Wright. A large amount of railroad material captured. — 28. The 
boilers of the steamship Sultana burst near Memphis. She had on board 
2,000 paroled soldiers; over 1,500 were burned or drowned. 
May 1. Surrender of 1,200 rebels from Morgan's command to Gen. Hob- 
son atMt. Sterling, Ky. — 2. Reward offered for the arrest of Jeff. Davis. 
J. Thompson, C. C. Clay, Beverley Tucker, George N. Sanders, and W. 
C. Cleary. — 4. Rebel Gen. Dick Taylor surrendered to Gen. Canby all 
the remaining rebel forces west of the Mississippi. — 9. The Confederate 
fleet in the Gulf and Mississippi surrendered by Commodore Firraud to 
commander Edward Simpson, at Nanna Hubba Bluff. — 9. President John 
son announces the war at an end, and rebel belligerent rights ceases. — 10. 
Jefferson Davis and his Postmaster-General Reagan, captured at Irwin- 
ville, Ga. by Lieutenant-Colonel Pritchard, of Fourth Michigan cavalry. 
10. Surrender of Gen. Sam Jones' command, Mayberry's band, etc., to 
Union officers.— 12. Engagement at Bocochico, Tex. between Union 
and rebel troops. This the last engagement of the war. — 18. Dr. Lubeck 
Blackburn arrested at Montreal, for trying to diffuse the infection of 
yellow fever in New York and other large cities. — 19. Jeff. Davis and 
his fellow prisoners arrive at Fortress Monroe.-. 20. Surrender of Rebel 
Ram Stonewall to Spanish authorities in Cuba. — 22. Belligerent rights 
withdrawn and all ports opened except Texas. — 23. Review of the Army 
of the Potomac, about 100,000 men, before the President. — 24. Great ex- 
plosion of ordnance department at Mobile. 300 persons killed and many 
others wounded. — 25. Forts Mannahasset and Griffin, Gulf of Mexico, 
surrendered and occupied by Rear-Admiral Thacher. — 26. Surrender of 
Gen. E. Kirby Smith, with his army, about 20,000 men.— 27. Military 
prisoners ordered released. — 27. Sabine Pass forts surrendered to United 
States troops. — 29. First amnesty proclamation issued by President 
Johnson. — 30. Death of Hon. John Catron, assistant justice United States 
Supreme Court. 31. Rebel Gen. Hood and staff surrender. 31. Gen. 
Sherman bids farewell to his army. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 279 

June 1. Day of humiliation, fasting *and prayer, on account of murder of 
President Lincolu. — 2. The British government officially withdraws bel- 
ligerent rights from the rebels. — 10. Great explosion in the ordnance 
department at Chatanooga, Tenn. — 1-0. Death of Mrs. L. H. Sigourney, 
the poetess at Hartford, Ct.— 11. Death of William Whelan, M. D. Sur- 
geon-in-chief of Uuited States Navy, and chief of bureau of medicine and 
surgery in navy department at Washington. — 13. Proclamation opening 
all ports east of Mississippi, on the 1st of July, — 23. Treaty of peace 
signed with the Choctaw Indians at Drabsville. 23. Death of Rear- 
Admiral S. F. Dupont, at Philadelphia.— 29. Close of the trial of the as- 
sassins of President Lincolu at Washington. 

July 4. Death of Bishop Alonzo Potter, D.D., LL.D., of Penn., at San 
Francisco. — 7. Execution of the conspirators Harold, Payne, Atze- 
roth and Mrs. Surratt. The others senteneed to imprisonment at 
the Dry Tortugas. — 11. Richard Hildreth, the historian, died at Florence. 
20. The rebel pirateer, Shenandoah, still continues to destroy American 
vessels. Several crews of vessels burned by her arrived this day at San 
Francisco. — 26. Sale of the last of the third series of the seven-thirty loan. 
29. United States Debt officially stated to be $2,757,263,000. July to 
October. Rinderpest or cattle plague commits frightful ravages in Eng- 
land. Tha Duke de Rivas an eminent Spanish statesman and diplomat- 
ist, died at Madrid. 

August 12. Death of Sir W. J. Hooker, the eminent botanist at Kew, Eng- 
land. — 21. Trial of Henry Wirtz for murder of Union prisoners at Ander- 
sonville, commenced. 22. Mississippi in her State Convention, for- 
mally repeals the ordinance of Secession. 

September 1. Removal of all general restrictions on Southern trade. — 1. 
Madam Kossuth, wife of Gov. Kossuth died. — 9. Admiral W. H. Smyth, 
an eminent astronomer and meteorologist died in England. — 10. Marshall 
Lamonciere, commander of the Papal troops and formerly governor of 
Algeria, died. — 12, 13. Meeting of the Alabama and South Carolina State 
Convention for reconstruction. — 19. Commencement of the trial of the 
rebel steamboat burners at St. Louis. J. F. Encke, the celebrated as- 
tronomer died. — 30. Francis Wayland. D. D., LL. D., many years Pre- 
sident of Brown University, and a'distinguished author, died. 

October 6. Charles Richardson, Ph. D. the author of the great English 
Dictionary, died at Feltham, England. — 7-27. Riots in Jamaica. G. W. 
Gorden r an educated colored man, and a Baptist clergyman, hanged by 
Gov. Eyre, on a charge of inciting riots. — 18. Death of Lord Palmerston. 
Fenian movements in most of the large cities of the United States. 
Cholera continues to prevail in France, Spain, and Naples. Baron Von 
de Decken, a German geographer and explorer, was murdered at Budna, 
east Africa. 

November 1. John Lindley, an eminent English botanist, died in London. 

9. The Shenandoah, rebel privateer, enters the port of Liverpool, Eng- 
land, and the officers and crew give her up and are themselves discharged 

10. Wirtz, the murderer of Andersonville prisoners is executed. — 11. 
Mrs. Gaskell an eminent English novelist died at Alton, England. — 19. Dr. 
Henerick Barth, the African traveller and geographer, died at Berlin, 
Prussia.— 29. Trial of Fenians at Dublin, Ireland. Death of Tom Sayers 
the pugilist. 

December 7. Raraeer Phra Parawendi, second king of Siam, died in Bang- 
kok, Siam. 9. Death of Leopold I. King of Belgium. — 18. Death of H. 
Thomas Corwin, an American statesman and diplomatist. 

1866. January 6. Governor Eyre of Jamaica, superseded by Sir H. Starks 
15. Death of the Marquis D'Azeglio, the Italian patriot. — 27. Death of 
Gibson the sculptor, in England. Death of Joseph Cule, the oldest man 
in America, age 146 years.— 29. Eliphalet Nott, D. D., LL.D., for 62 
years President of Union College, an author and scholar, died atSchenec- 



280 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

tady. M. Achille Comte, an eminent French naturalist, author and pro- 
fessor, died in Paris. 

February 11. Death of Professor W. T. Brande, English chemist and au- 
thor. — 22. President Johnson denounces Radical members of Congress 
in a public speech, and manifests his hostility to the majority in Con- 
gress. 

March 4. Alexander Campbell, D. D. founder of the Sect of the Disciples, 
and President of Bethany College, Va. dies.— 6. Death of William 
Whewell, D.D., LL.D. master of Trinity College, Cambridge, England. 
14. Death of Jared Sparks, LL.D. an eminent American historian. — 24. 
Death of Maria Amalie de Bourbon, ex-Queen of the French and widow 
of Louis Phillippe, at Claremont, England. — 26. Death of A. W. Smith, 
D.D. former President of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Ct. and 
since professor of Mathematics in the Naval Academy. — 29. Death of 
John Keble, English poet and auther. 

April 12. Deatb of Hon. Daniel S. Dickinson, an American statesman and 
jurist. — 23. Rt. Rev. George Burgess, D. D. Bishop of Maine, a poet 
and author, died off the coast of Hayti. 

May 3. President Johnson vetoes the bill for the admission of Colorado 
into the Union. — 4. Count Adam Gurowski, a distinguished Russian pub- 
licist and author, dies at Washington. — 10. Rev. Francis Mahoney, bet- 
ter known as " Father Prout," dies in London. — 29. Death of Lieutenant 
General Winfield Scott. — 29. Professor Henry D. Rogers, an eminent 
geologist dies near Glasgow, Scotland. 

June. Messrs. Speed, Dennison and Harlan, members of President John- 
son's cabinet, resign. Prince Paul Anthony Esterhazy, a Hungarian 
nobleman, with vast estates but ruinously extravagant, died at Hungary. 
18. Prussia and Italy declare war against Austria. — 24. Italians defeated 
at Custozza.— 27, 29. Austrians defeated by the Prussians in three battles, 
in consequence of their better discipline and the greater range of the 
needle gun used by the Prussians. 

July 3. Great battle of Sadowa, in Bohemia. Prussians victorious. Aus- 
trians lose 44,000 killed and wounded, and 100 guns. Austria cedes 
Venetia to France. — 11. Prussians defeat the Bavarians at Kissmgen. 

14. The Prussians occupy Frankfort. — 18. The Italian fleet defeated off 
Lizza. — 25. Lieut.-General Grant advanced to the rank of General, a 
rank now first created in the United States. Sherman promoted to be 
Lieutenant-General. Farragut made Admiral, and Porter, Vice-Ad- 
miral.— 28. Congress adjourns, having passed Freedman's Bureau Bill, 
(the second of the session,) Civil Rights Bill, Army Bill, Pacific Railway 
Supplementary Bill, etc. 28. Atlantic Telegraph Cable successfully 
laid ax in operation. — 26. Preliminary treaty of peace between Prussia 
and Austria. 30. Riot and massacre at New Orleans. 

August 2. Carlo Luigi Farini, an eminent Italian statesman dies. 5. Dr. 
Anthony P. Dostie, and Rev. J. W. Horton, victims of the New Orleans 
riot, died. — 14. " National Union" Convention at Philadelphia. — 26. Rev. 
John Pierpont, an American poet and author of high reputation, died at 
Medford, Mass. 

September 3. Southern Loyalist Convention held in Philadelphia. 6. Cor- 
ner stone of Douglas Monument laid in Chicago, by President Johnson. 

15. Dr. Augustus A. Gould, an eminent physician, naturalist and author 
of Boston, died of cholera. Cretans revolt from the Turkish authority. 
Minio Motto, Taicoon of Japan, died. 

October 3. Treaty of Peace between Austria aud Italy, signed at Vienna, 
7. Commodore R. F. Stockton, formerly a distinguished United States 
naval officer U. S. Senator, and largely engaged in railroad enterprises. 
13. John Van Buren, son of the ex-President Van Buren, and a promin- 
ent and eloquent politician died on the Atlantic. — 17. E. A. Thouvenel, 
a French statesman and cabinet minister died. Pepple, King of Bonny 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



281 



West Afrh a, died. — 5. Venetia proclaimed a part of Italy. — 6. Death of 
Simeon Draper a prominent officer and politician of New York. — 7. 
King Victor Emmanuel [I's public entry into Venice. — 13. Rev. William 
Jenks, D. D. LL. D. an emineut American scholar; author of the Com- 
prehensive Commentary, died. — 14. Don Maria Evarist Miguel, Duke of 
Braganza, ex-King and Pretender to the throne of Portugal, died. 

December 13. The right of suffrage accorded to colored men in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, by Act of Congress. — 21. Bishop Stephen Elliot of G-a. 
died. 25. Death of Major-General Samuel R. Curtis, at Council Bluff, 
Iowa. 

1867. January 10. Territorial Impartial Suffrage Biil passed by Congress, 
over veto.— 13. Terrible Fire in Yokohama, Japan, $5,000,000 worth of 
property destroyed. — 20. Death of N. P. Willis, American poet and 
author. — 21. Death of Victor Cousin, French philosopher. — 20. Indians 
troublesome. 8,000 troops sent to the plains. — 29-30. President vetoes 
Nebraska Admission Bill, but Congress pass it over his veto. 

February 6. French troops evacuate the city of Mexico. — 7. George Pea- 
body announces his gift of $2,100,000 for educational purposes in the 
South and Southwest. — 8. Nebraska admitted to the Union. — 15. Death of 
Alexander Dallas Bache, LL. D. head of the Coast Survey, an eminent 
physicist. — 18. Hungarian Constitution restored by Austrian Emperor. 
18. John H. Surratt, one of the conspirators for the assassination of 
President Lincoln, arrested in Egypt, is brought to Washington. — 24. 
First parliament of theGorroan Confederation opened by King of Prussia. 
28. Juarez declares amnesty for past offences in Mexico. 

March 2. President vetoes Reconstruction Bill. Passed over his veto. 
Term of Office Bill passed over veto. — 4. Assembling c e Fortieth Con- 
gress.— G. Death of Bishop Soule, senior bishop of Methodist Church, 
South.— 6. Death of Charles F. Browne, (" Artemus Ward,") at South- 
ampton, England.— 6. Terrible earthquake at Aletekem in the Levant, 
1,000 lives lost. — 13. General Grant issues order assigning commanders 
to the Five Southern Military Districts.— n20. Labor Riots renewed in 
France. — 23. President vetoes Supplementary reconstruction Bill, but 
it is passed over his veto. — 25. Opening of Chicago Lake Tunnel.— 28. 
Insurrection in Hayti. — 30. Salnave accedes to the Presidency. — 30. 
Russian Cession of Aliaska announced in Washington. 

April 1. Inauguration of Paris Exposition. Resignation of Walewski. 
—4. Lindelf House, St. Louis, burned; loss $1,000,000. Coal-pit ex- 
plosion, Chesterfield County, Va. 69 lives lost. New ministry in 
Italy.— 9. Senate confirms Aliaska Treaty. Fenian trials commence 
in Dublin. — 22. Arrival of Japanese Embassy in New York. — 28. For- 
tress of Luxemburg to be dismantled by agreement between France and 
Prussia. — 29. Coup d'etat in Bogota, Mosquera proclaimed Dictator. 

May 6. Great Reform meeting in Hyde Park. — 11. Completion of Russian 
American Telegraph to the mouth of the Amor. — 11. Hon. Jos. A. 
Wright, United States Minister to Berlin, dies. — 13. Jefferson Davis ad- 
mitted to bail in $100,000 at United States District Court, Richmond. 
Horace Greeley and Gerrit Smith among his bondsmen. — Maximilian and 
his generals captured at Queretaro, Mexico. — 17. George Bancroft, ap- 
pointed United States Minister to Berlin. — 18. Napoleon and King Wil- 
liam of Prussia sign the Luxemburg treaty. City of London votes £500 
for statue to George Peabody. — 23. Queen's proclamation declaring that 
the British Provinces should henceforth be called the " Dominion of 
Canada " — 24. Death of Sir Archibald Alison, historian. 

June 5. Lord Monck, appointed Viceroy of the Dominion of Canada. — 6. 
Attempt to assassinate the Czar Alexander of Russia, in Paris. — 8. Fran- 
cis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, crowned King of Hungary. — 10. Hartford 
Carpet Co's. buildings at Taffrille, Conn, burned ; loss 1,120,000. — 11. 
Egypt declared a separate sovereignty — 12. Santa Anna captured by Mex- 



I 



282 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



ican Liberals at Sisal, Yucatan. — 18. Anti-Popery Riots at Birmingham, 
England. — 19. Maximilian of Hapsburg, late nominal Emperor of Mex- 
ico, Miramon and Mejia, two Mexican generals shot to death as trai- 
tors at Queretaro. — 20. General Longstreet pardoned. City of Mexico 
surrenders to the Liberals. 23. Yellow Fever in New Orleans. — 30. 
Earthquake at Salvador. 

July 1. Award of Juries at Paris Exposition. — 3. Congress assembles in 
extraordinary Session. — 4. Armor plated Ship of War, Dnnderberg, de- 
parts for France. — 6-12. King of Egypt and Sultan of Turkey visit Eng- 
land. — 5. Associate Justice James M. Wayne, United States Supreme 
Court, dies. — 11. Reciprocity treaty between United States and Sand- 
wich Islands.~15. Reform Bill passed in House of Commons. — 20. Con- 
gress adjourned to November 21. — 22. France abolishes imprisonment 
for debt. — 25. Canadian War ends. — 26. Raft Nonpareil from New York, 
June 14, arrives at Southampton, England. — 27. State Dinner by Napo- 
leon to Admiral Farragut.— 20. General Sheridan removes Gov. Throck- 
morton of Tex. — 30. Catharine M. Sedgwick, an American novelist, dies. 

August 3. Dunderberg arrives at Cherburg. Over 32,000 deaths from 
cholera in Italy, in six months. — 5. President Johnson asks Secretary 
Stanton to resign. He refuses. — 6. House of Lords pass Reform Bill. 
— 11. Surratt's trial begins in Washington. — 12. Stanton suspended and 
Gen. Grant appointed Secretary of War, ad interim. — 10. Death of Ira 
Aldridge, oue of the most remarkable actors of the present age, and a 
man of color. — 15. Turkey refuses the offers of intervention in regard to 
Candia. — 17. General Sheridan relieved of the command of the Fifth 
Military District. Gen. Griffin ordered to take command temporarily. 
— 20. Close of United States Legation at Rome. — 22. Death of Jeremiah 
Day, D.D. LL. D. aged 94 years, who had been for 29 years President of 
Yale College.— 23. Ovation to Admiral Farragut at St. Petersburg. — 26. 
Geu. Sickles removed from command of Second Military District, (Char- 
leston,) and Gen. Canby appointed in his place. — 27. Death of Professor 
Michael Faraday, an eminent English chemist. —28. First train over the 
Mont Cenis Railway across the Alps.— 28. Death of Dr. Velpeau, the 
greatest of French surgeons. — 27. Death of Dr. James Jackson of Bos- 
ton, aged 90 years; one of the most eminent of American physicians. 

September 8. President issues an Amnesty Proclamation. — 10. Tele- 
graphic communication with Cuba by cable. — 14. General Amnesty ac- 
corded to Greek insurgents by Turkey. — 15. Death of Gen. Charles Grif- 
fin, commander of Fifth Military District, by yellow fever, at Galveston, 
Texas. Gen. Mower temporarily in charge.— 17. Dedication of Antie- 
tam National Cemetary. — 19. Death of Sir Frederick A. Bruce, British 
Minister to United States, at Boston. — 22. Garibaldi proclaims Revolu- 
tion. — 24. Arrest of Garibaldi while crossing the Roman frontier. — 24. 
Death of Joachim y Manzano, Governor and Captain-General of Cuba. 
27. Election on question of Constitutional Convention in La. — 28. Death 
of Charles King, LL.D. formerly president of Columbia College. Also 
of Sterling Price, former Confederate general from Mo.— 30. Negro 
riots in Savannah. Death of Faustin Soulouque, ex-Emperor of Hayti. 

October 1. Election on question of Constitutional Convention in Alabama. 
1, Cyclone in China seas, many ships wrecked. Damages over ten mil- 
lions of dollars.— 1. Garibaldi escapes but is recaptured and sent back 
to Caprera. — 3. Death of Elias Howe, Jr., inventor of the sewing 
machine. — 3-6. Battles between Garibaldians and Papal troops. Defeat 
of the former on the 9th. — 13. Death of L. Silliman Ives, D.D. LL.D. 
foimerly Bishop of N. C, and late a Roman Catholic professor and 
teacher. — 16. Fenian alarm in England ; troops sent to Ireland. — 14-25. 
Further fighting between Garibaldians and Papal troops. — 18. Garibaldi 
escapesTrom Capera. — 21. Death of George Wilkins Kendall, of N. O. 
Picayune. — 22. Virginia Election on question of Constitutional Conven- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 283 

tion. — 24. Rebellion quelled in Venezuela. — 27. Marriage of George 1. 
King of Greece, to the daughter of Grand Duke Constan tine of Russia. 
28. British Abyssinian Expedition, 12 ships leave Aden for Zolla. — 29. 
Elections in Florida and Georgia, on the Convention question. — 29. 
Hurricane at St. Thomas ; 83 vessels sunk or ashore ; $8,000,000 of pro- 
perty destroyed.— 30. Hurricane at St. Domingo, 200 lives lost.— 30. Ita- 
lian army crosses the frontiers and defeats and orders disbanding of 
Garibaldi's army. — 30. Santa Anna sentenced to eight years banishment 
from Mexico. — SO. Ex-Governor John A. Andrew, of Mass. dies. 

November 1. Death of Lord Rosse, famous English astronomer. — 1. Arri- 
val of French troops at Rome. — 3. Garibaldi tights the Papal troops near 
Tiboli, is defeated, retreats to Monto Rotundo, and by the intervention 
of Italian and French troops is again beaten with a loss of 1,200 killed 
and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners. — 3. Earthquake and Tornado at St. 
Thomas, West Indies ; five steamers and sixty vessels wrecked ; 1014 
lives lost, and town nearly destroyed.-- -4. Garibaldi and his son Menotti, 
captured on the way to Florence. — 5. Death of Marshall Leopold O'Don- 
nell, a Spanish Statesman, General and Cabinet Minister. — 5. Serious 
bread riots in Exeter, England. — 5. Alabama Constitutional Convention 
meet at Montgomery. — 6. Garibaldi imprisoned in Piedmont.-- -7. Hur- 
ricane at Porto Rico, 200 lives lost. Tornado at Tortola, island partly 
overflowed. — 8. Colliery explosion at Glamorgan, Wales ; more than 300 
lives lost. — 8. Formal transfer of Aliaska to Gen. Rousseau, on behalt 
of the United States. — 14. Mount Vesuvius in action. — Denmark passes 
a treaty for sale to the United States of St. Thomas, San Juan, and Santa 
Cruz. — 15. Election for Constitutional Convention in Mississippi and 
Arkansas. — 18. Remains of Maximilian delivered to Austrian Admiral 
Tegethoff.— 18. Earthquake in Porto Rico.— 19. Death of Fitz Greene 
Halleck, American poet. — 19. Election on Convention question in North 
Carolina and South Carolina. — 22. Jeff. Davis returned to Richmond. — 
23. Execution of Fenians Allen, Larkin, and Gould, at Manchester, Eng- 
land. — 25. Louisiana Constitutional Convention meets. — 24. Captured 
Garibaldians ordered released by the Pope. — 25. Majority of House Com- 
mittee of Congress report in favor of impeachment of President, but the 
House vote down their report. — 26. Death ot Joseph Toucey, D.D. LL.D. 
President of Burlington University. Vermont. Garibaldi released on 
account of ill health —28. Death of Chancellor R. H. Walworth, aged 79 
at Saratoga, one of the ablest of American jurists.— 29. Gen. Hancock 
takes command of Fifth Military District. 

December 1. Death of Most Rev. Philanto Duzdoff, Metropolitan of Mos- 
cow, aged 83 years, the highest and ablest prelate of the Greek church. 
3. Virginia Constitutional Convention meet. — 6. Alabama Constitutional 
Convention having completed their work, adjourned. — 12. Georgia Con- 
stitutional Convention meet.— 15. Death of Chester Dewey, M. D., D.D. 
LL.D., an eminent American botanist and chemist. — 13. A portion of 
the wall of Clerkenwell prison was blown up and several lives lost. This 
outrage was charged to the Fenians. — 28. General Pope removed from 
command of the Third Military District, and General Meade appointed 
in his stead. General Ord removed from command of Fourth Military 
District, and General McDowell appointed in his stead. 

1868.— January 7. Constitutional Convention of Arkansas and Mississippi 
met. — 7. Death of W. B. Bradbury, a famous musical composer. — 9. 
Rt. Rev. J. H. Hopkins, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Vermont, dies.— 13. 
The Senate having decided that Edwin M. Stanton was legally and right- 
fully Secretary of War, Gen. Grant surrenders the office to him, — 16-31. 
Correspondence between President Johnson and Gen. Grant in conse- 
quence.— 20. Florida Constitutional Convention organized. — 23. Peter 
Force, an eminent American historian and collector of works on Ameri- 
can history, died. 



284 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

February. Death of General Alexander Asboth, a Hungarian, but distin- 
guished general in the late war, and since United States Minister to the 
Argentine Republic. 4-8. Vote in Alabama on the adoption of the new- 
Constitution and election of legislatures, State officers, and members of 
Congress. 13. Reconstruction Committee decide against reporting arti- 
cles of Impeachment against Mr. Johnson. 14. Lieut. General Sherman 
nominated by the President for promotion to rank of General by brevet, 
and command of a new military division, but declines, and requests the 
Senate not to confirm it. 19. The same offer made to Major General 
Thomas, but declined. 21. President Johnson attempts to remove Sec- 
retary Stanton, and appoints General Lorenzo Thomas, Secretary ad 
interim. Great excitement. 22. Resolution offered in the House for 
Impeachment of President. 24. Resolution to impeach passed the 
House, 126 yeas' to 47 nays. 25. Committee sent to notify the Senate, 
and Senate committee appointed to report plan of proceeding.- 25 to 
March 4. Preparation of articles of Impeachment by House Committee. 
28. New York Constitutional Convention closed its labors. 29. Death of 
Louis I. ex-King of Bavaria, the friend of Lola Montez. 

March 2. William Gibson, M. D., LL.D. an eminent surgeon and professor 
of Pbiladelpia, died, aged 80 years. 4. Articles of impeachment pre- 
sented to the Senate. 5. Senate organized as a High Court of Impeach- 
ment. 7. President summoned. 13. President appeared by counse , 
and asked for forty days to prepare answers. Ten days allowed. 16. 
Death of Hon. David Wilmot, author of Wilmot Proviso. 23. The an- 
swer of the President to the articles of Impeachment presented to the Sen- 
ate. 24. Replication of the Managers of Impeachment on the part of the 
House. 26. April 13. Terrific earthquakes and volcanic eruptions of 
Mauna Loa, a volcano in the Sandwich Islands, 100 lives lost. 28. 
Death of Earl Cardigan, a Lieutenant- General in the British army, and 
commander of the Light Brigade in the famous charge of Balaklava. 30. 
Beginning of the trial of the President on the articles of Impeachment. 

April 4. Evidence of the managers of Impeachment all in. — 7. Death of 
Hon. Thomas Darcy McGee, an Irish politician and editor, well known in 
England, Canada, and the United States, and at the time of his death, 
Minister of Agriculture in the Cabinet of the Dominion of Canada. — 9. 
Opening speech of the President's counsel. 9-18. Testimony for the 
President introduced. — 11-12. Severe fighting in Abyssinia, Magdala, 
Theodore's capital taken. — 13. Theodorus, King of Abyssinia, killed by 
his own order after his defeat by the British troops. — 20-22. Rebutting 
testimony introduced in Impeachment trial. — 20. Death of Mrs. Helen 
L. Osgood, better known by her maiden name of Helen L. Gibson, one 
of the noblest and most active of the ministrants to the sick and wounded 
soldiers of the war. — 22. to May 6. Summing up of the counsel on both 
sides of the Impeachment case.— 23. Death of Don Ramon Narvaez, 
Duke of Valencia, Marshal of Spain, and repeatedly Prime Minister ot 
that country. — 26. Death of Hon. William C. Rives, an American states- 
man and diplomatist ; M. C. for six years, and of the United States 
Senate for fourteen years, and twicf Minister to France, an author of some 
note. Mrs. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiaua 
and Arkansas, vote to adopt their constitutions. Death of Ranavalona, 
Queen of Madagascar ; a woman of great energy and ability. 

May 7. Secret Session o! High Court of Impeachment. — 9. Death of Lord 
Brougham, a famous English statesman and Reformer. — 11. Secret deli- 
berations of Court of Impeachment. — 15. Death of Cardinal Andrea, a 
liberal Cardinal, and inclined to the Italian view of the controversy be 
tween Italy and the Pope. — 16. Vote on the Eleventh Article of Impeach- 
ment. Senate stand 35 for conviction and 19 for acquittal, lacking one 
of two-thirds, so the President is not convicted on this article. Vote on 
the other articles postponed to May 20,-20. Death of Rev. George Jun- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



285 



kins, an eminent Presbyterian clergyman and author, president of four 
different colleges, in all for a period of twenty-five years. 20-22. National 
Republican Convention at Chicago. Gen. tj. S. Grant aid Hon. Schuy- 
ler Colfax nominated for President and vice-President. 23. Death of 
Kit Carson, a noted trapper and frontiersman, at Fort Lynn, Colorado. 
2ti. Vote on second and third articles of Impeachment. Same result as 
before. 29. Death of ex-Gov. Levi Lincoln, one of the most eminent 
men of Massachusetts. SO. Graves of Union soldiers throughout the 
country decorated with flowers. 

June 1. Death of James Buchanan, President of the United States, 1857-61. 
at his residence near Lancaster, Pa. 3. Trial of Jeff". Davis postponed to 
fourth Monday of November. 5. Death of Earl Shrewsbury, Premier 
Earl of England, and an Admiral in the British Navy. 5. Hon. A. Bur- 
lingame, Minister from China, received by the President. 10. Michael 
Obrenovitch, reigning prince of Servia, assassinated. 11. Sir James 
Brooke, Rajah of Sarawull, died in England. 12. Reverdy Johnson, nom- 
inated and confirmed Minister to England. 17. Currency Act passed 
Congress. 22. Heber C. Kimball, second in authority among the Nor- 
mans to Brigham Young, died. 23. Death of Mathew Vassar, founder ot 
Vassar College. He had given it over $900,000. 23. Death of Rev. 
Morris J. Raphall, chief Jewish Rabbi in the United States, at New York. 
25. Bill readmitting North and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Ala- 
bama and Louisiana iuto the Union on certain conditions, passed both 
houses of Congress over the President's veto. June 27, to July 6. Third 
annual festival of the Schutzenfest, at New Hork. 

July 3 19. Protracted heated term— hundreds of deaths from sunstroke. 
4-10. National Democratic Convention met in New York. Hon. Horatio 
Seymour and Gen. Francis P. Blair, Jr., nominated for President and 
Vice-President. 8. Death of Samuel Lover, a distinguished Irish novel- 
ist and song writer. 15. Death of William Allen, D.D., LL.D. president 
successively of Dartmouth and Bowdoin Colleges. 18. Death of Emanuel 
Leutze, eminent historical painter. 19. Death of Moses Y. Beach, long 
proprietor and editor of New York Sun. 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL 
OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE REVOL- 
UTION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

I. UNDER THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. 

Presidents of tlie Continental Congress from 1774 to 1789. 



NAME. 


STATE. 


Date of Ap- 
pointment. 


Born. 


Died. 


Peyton Randolph 


Va. 

Mass. 

S. C. 

N. Y. 

Conn. 

Del. 

Md. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Va. 


Sept. 5, 1774 

May 24, 1775 

Nov. 1, 1777 

Dec. 10, 1778 

Sept. 28, 1779 

July 10, 1781 

Nov. 5, 1781 

Nov. 4, 1782 

Nov. 3, 1783 

Nov. 30, 1786 

June 6, 1786 

Feb. 2, 1787 

Jan. 22, 1788 


1723 
1737 
1723 
1745 
1732 
1734 

1740 
1744 
1732 
1738 

1748 


1775 




1793 


Henry Laurens 

John Jay 


1792 
1829 
1796 


Thomas McKean 


1817 

1783 


Elias Boudinot 

Thomas Mifflin 


1824 
1800 




1794 




1796 


Arthur St. Clair > 


1818 
18K 









II. UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 

Presidents of ike United States. 



Name. 



George Washington 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 

James Madison 

James Monroe 

John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren 

William H. Harrison. . 

John -Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Audrevv Johnson 



State. 



Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Va. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Tenn. 

N. Y. 

Ohio. 

Va. 

Tenn. 

La. 

N. Y. 

N. H. 

Penn. 

111. 

Tenn. 



Term of 
Service. 



1789-1797 
1797-1801 
1801-1809 
1809-1817 
1817-1825 
1825-1829 
1829-1837 
1837-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1845 
1845-1S49 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1861. 
1861-1865 
1865-1869 



Born. 



1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1759 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 
1790 
1795 
1784 
1800 
1804 
1791 
1809 
1808 



Died. 



1868 
1865 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Vice-Presidents. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


John Adams 


Mass. 


1789-1797 


1735 


1826 


Thomas Jefferson 






Va. 


1797-1801 


1743 


1826 


Aaron Burr 






N. Y. 


1801-1805 


1756 


1836 


George Clinton 

Elbridge Gerry 






N. Y. 


1805-1812 


1739 


1812 






Mass. 


1813-1814 


1744 


1814 


Daniel D. Tompkins 






N.Y. 


1817-1825 


1774 


1825 


John C. Calhoun. 






S. C. 


1825-1832 


1782 


1850 


Martin Van Buren 






N.Y. 


1833-1837 


1782 


1862 


Richard M. Johnson 






Ky. 


1837-1841 


1780 


1850 


John Tyler 

George M. Dallas 






Va. 


1841-1841 


1790 


1862 






Penn. 


1845-1849 


1792 




Millard Fillmore 






N.Y. 


1849-1850 


1800 




William R. King 






Ala. 


1853-1853 


1786 


1853 


John C. Breckinridge 






Ky. 


1857-1861 


1821 




Hannibal Hamlin 






Me. 


1861-1865 


1809 




Andrew Johnson 




..ITenn. | 


1865-1865 


1808 





Secretaries of State. 



Name. 



Thomas Jefferson . . . 
Edmund Randolph. . 
Timothy Pickering. . 

John Marshall 

James Madison 

Robert Smith 

James Monroe 

John Quincy Adams, 

Henry Clay 

Martin Van Buren . . 
Edward Livingston.. 

Louis McLane 

John Forsyth 

Daniel Webster 

Hugh S. Legare 

Abel P. Upshur 

John C. Calhoun. ... 
James Buchanan. . . . 

John M. Clayton 

Daniel Webster 

Edward Everett 

William L. Marcy. . . 

Lewis Cass 

Jeremiah S. Black.. . 
William H.Seward.. 



State. 



Va. 
Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Ky. 

N.Y. 

La. 

Del. 

Ga. 

Mass. 

S. C. 

Va. 

s. c. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

N. Y. 

Mich. 

Penn. 

N.Y. 



Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


1789-1794 


1743 


1826 


1794-1795 




1813 


1795-1800 


1745 


1829 


1800-1801 


1755 


1836 


1801-1809 


1751 


1837 


1809-1811 






1811-1817 


1759 


1831 


1817-1825 


1767 


1848 


1825-1829 


1777 


1852 


1829-1831 


1782 


1862 


1831-1833 


1764 


1836 


1833-1835 


1786 


1857 


1835-1841 


1780 


1841 


1841-1843 


1782 


1852 


1843-1843 


1797 


1843 


1843-1844 


1790 


1844 


1844-1845 


1782 


1850 


1845-1849 


1791 




1849-1850 


1796 


1856 


1850-1852 


1782 


1852 


1852-1853 


1794 




1853-1857 


1786 


1860 


1857-1861 


1782 


.... 


1861-1861 


1810 


.... 


1801-1869 


1801 


.... 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Secretaries of the Treasury. 



Name. 



Alexander Hamilton.. 

Oliver Wolcott , 

Samuel Dexter 

Albert Gallatin , 

George W. Campbell. , 
Alexander J. Dallas. . 
William H. Crawford. 

Ricbard Rush 

Samuel D. Ingham. . . , 

Louis McLane 

William J. Duane 

Roger B. Taney 

Levi Woodbury 

Thomas Ewing 

Walter Forward 

John C. Spencer 

George M. Bibb 

Robert J. Walker 

Wm. M. Meredith 

Thomas Corwin , 

James Guthrie 

Howell Cobb 

Philip F. Thomas 

John A. Dix 

Salmon P. Chase 

William P. Fessenden, 
Hugh McCuiloch , 




N. Y. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Tenn. 

Penn. 

Ga. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Penn. 

Md. 

N. H. 

Ohio. 

Penn. 

N. Y. 

Ky. 

Miss. 

Penn. 

Ohio. 

Ky. 

Ga. 

Md. 

N. Y. 

Ohio. 

|Me. 

|lnd. 



1789-1795 
1795-1801 
1801-1802 
1802-1814 
1814-1814 
1814-1817 
1817-1825 
1825-1829 
1829-1831 
1831-1833 
1833-1833 
1833-1834 
1834-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1844 
1844-1845 
1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1860 
1860-1861 
1861-1861 
1861-1864 
1864-1865 
1865-.... 



1757 
1759 
1761 
1761 
1768 
1760 
1772 
1780 
1779 
1786 
1780 
1777 
1789 
1789 
1786 
1787 
1784 
1801 

1794 
1793 
1815 
1810 
1798 
1808 
1801 



Died. 



1804 
1833 
1816 
1849 
1848 
1817 
1834 
1860 
1860 
1857 



1851 



1852 
1855 



Secretaries of 


War. 






Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Henry Knox 

Timothy Pickering 


Mass. 

Penn. 

Md. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

N. Y. 

Va. 

Ga. 

Va. 

s. C. 

Va. 
N. Y. 

Tenn. 
Mich. 
N. Y. 

S. C. 
Tenn. 
N. Y. 


1789-1795 
1795-1795 
1796-1800 
1800-1800 
1801-1801 
1801-1809 
1809-1813 
1813-1814 
1814-1815 
1815-1816 
1817-1817 
1817-1825 
1825-1828 
1828-1829 
1829-1831 
1831-1837 
1837-1837 
1837-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 


1750 
1745 

1761 

1762 
1751 
1754 
1759 
1759 
1772 
1758 
1782 
1776 
1773 
1790 
1782 

1779 
1797 

1787 


1806 
1829 








1816 


Roger Griswold 


1812 


Henry Dearborn 


1829 


William Eustis 


1825 


John Armstrong 


1843 
1831 




1834 




1826 


John C. Calhoun 

James Barbour 


1850 
1842 


Peter B. Porter 

John H. Eaton 


1844 
1856 






Benjamin F. Butler 

Joel R. Poinsett 

John Bell 


1860 
1851 


John C. Spencer 


185£ 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED 

Secretaries of War. — Continued. 


STATES 




Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 




Penn. 

Penn. 

N. Y. 

Ga. 

La. 

Miss. 

Va. 

Ky. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

N. Y. 


1843-1844 
1844-1845 
1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1860 
1860-1861 
1861-1862 
1862-1868 
1868-.... 


1786 
1798 
1807 
1808 
1805 
1807 
1799 
1812 
I 1831 


i860 


William Wilkins 


William L. Marcy 




Jefferson Davis 

John B. Floyd 








John M. Schofield 


Secretai 


•ies of tht 


Navy 






Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


George Cabot 


Mass. 
Md. 
Md. 
Mass. 
S. C. 
Penn. 
Mass. 
N. Y. 


1798-1798 
1798-1801 
1801-1805 
1805-1809 
1809-1813 
1813-1814 
1814-1818 
1818-1823 
1823-1823 
1823-1829 
1829-1831 
1831-1834 
1834-1838 
1838-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1844 
1844-1844 
1 844-1 S45 
1845-1846 
1846-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1852 
1852-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1861 
1861-.... 


1751 
1757 

1774 
1767 
1765 
1787 
1782 
1789 
1769 
1779 
1795 
1790 
1791 

i795 

1800 
1795 

1800 
1795 
1814 
1798 
1802 


1823 
i842 
icU6 

1851 

1843 
1838 
1842 

issi 

1853 
1860 

i844 
1852 
1844 
1859 

1859 

1857 


Benjamin Stoddert 


Robert Smith 




Paul Hamilton 

William Jones 


B. W. Crowninshield, 


Smith Thompson 


Samuel L. Southard 

John Branch 

Levi Woodbury 

Mahlon Dickerson 

James K. Paulding 

George E. Badger 


N.J. 

N. C. 

N.H. 

N.J. 

N. Y. 

N.C. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Va. 

N.C. 

Md. 

N. C. 

Conn. 

Conn. 


AbelP. Upshur 


David Henshaw 


Thomas W. Gilmer 


John Y. Mason 


George Bancroft 


John Y. Mason 


William B. Preston 


William A. Graham 

John P. Kennedy 


James C. Dobbin 

Isaac Toucey 


Gideon Welles 

















PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Postmasters- General. 


Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Bom. 


Died. 


Samuel Osgood 


Mass. 

Penn. 

Ga. 

Conn. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

Ky. 

Ky. 

Conn. 

N. Y. 

£ y - 

Tenn. 
Vt. 
N. Y. 

Conn. 
Penn. 
Tenn. 
Ky. 


1789-1791 
1791-1795 
1795-1801 
1801-1814 
1814-1823 
1823-1829 
1829-1835 
1835-1840 
1840-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1845 
1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1852 
1852-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1860 
1860-1860 
1860-1861 
1861-1865 
1865-1866 
1866-.... 


1748 
1745 
1750 
1767 
1766 
1785 
1785 
1789 
1787 
1787 

i792 
1810 
1799 

i807 
.... 


1813 
1829 
1815 
1822 
1825 
1861 
1835 

1856 

1861 
1855 

I860 


Timothy Pickering 


Joseph Habersham 


Gideon Granger.. 


John McLean 

William T. Barry 


Amos Kendall 


John M. Niles 


Francis Granger 

Chas. A. Wickhffe 


Cave Johnston 


Jacob Collamer 


Nathan K. Hall 

Samuel D. Hubbard 






Joseph Holt 


Horatio King 


Montgomery Blair 


Md. 
Ohio. 
Wis, 


William Dennison ,.,„.., 


Alex. W. Randall 


Attoi 


net/s- General. 






Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Edmund Randolph 


Va. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Md. 

Ky. 

Del. 

Md. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Ga. 

Md. 

N.Y. 

Tenn. 

Penn. 

Ky. 

S. C. 

Md. 

Va. 

Me. 

Conn. 

Md. 

Ky. 


1789-1794 
1794-1795 
1795-1801 
1801-1805 
1805-1805 
1805-1807 
1807-1811 
1811-1814 
1814-1817 
1817-1829 
1829-1831 
1831-1833 
1833-1838 
1838-1840 
1840-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1845 
1845-1846 
1846-1848 
1848-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 


1756 
1757 
1749 
1757 

1765 

1780 
1772 

1781 
1777 

1770 

1801 
1786 
1797 
1791 
1795 
1813 
1798 
1796 
1 1786 


1813 
1795 
1815 
1820 
1842 
1806 
1824 
1822 
1860 
1834 
1856 

I860 
1840 

1860 

i843 

1860 
1859 


William Bradford . , , 


Charles Lee 


Levi Lincoln 


Robert Smith 


John Breckinridge 


Caesar A. Rodney 


William Pinkney 


Richard Rush 


William Wirt ,, 


John M. Berrien . , . , 


Roger B. Taney , 


Benjamin F. Butler 

Felix Grundy . , 


Henry D. Gilpin 


John J. Crittenden 


Hugh S. Legare 

John Nelson 

John Y.Mason ,. 

Nathan Clifford 


Isaac Toucey , 


Reverdy Johnson ....,, , , , 


John J. CritUnder. 









PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Attorneys- General. — Continued. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Caleb Cushing 


Mass. 
Penn. 
Penn. 
Mo. 

• Ky. 

.|N. Y. 


1853-1857 
1857-1860 
1860-1861 
1861-1865 
1865-1866 
1866-1868 
1868-.... 


1800 
1810 

1791 


.... 


Edwin M. Stan top. . , 




Edward Bates. 

James Speed 




Henrv Stanberry . . , , 




William M. Evarts 





Secretaries of the Interior. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Thomas Ewing 


Ohio. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Mich. 

Miss. 

Ind. 

.llnd. 

.Iowa. 

.|lll. 


1849-1850 
1850-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1861 
1861-1862 
1862-1865 
1865-1866 
1866- 


1789 

isio 

1808 




T. M. T. McKennan 


1852 


Alex'r H. H. Stuart 




Robert McClelland 




Jacob Thompson 




Caleb B. Smith 




John P. Usher 

Jamos Harlan 

O. H, Browning 





Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 



Name. 



John Jay 

John Rutledge. . 
Oliver Ellsworth 
John Marshall. . 
Roger B.Taney. 
Salmon P. Chase 



State. 



N. Y. 
S. C. 

Conn. 

Ya. 

Md. 

.|Ohio. 



Term of 

Service. 



1789-1795 
1795-1795 
1796-1801 
1801-1836 
1836-1864 
1864-.... 



Born. 



1745 

1752 
1755 

1777 



Die<l. 



1829 
1800 
1807 
1836 
1864 



Speakers of the House of Representatives 



Name, 



F. A. Muhlenburgh 

Jonathan Trumbull 

F. A. Muhlenburgh 

Jonathan Dayton 

Theodore Sedgwick 

Nathaniel Macon 

Joseph B. Varnum 

Henry Clay 

Langdon Cheeves 

Henry Clay 



State. 



Penn. 
Conn. 
Penn. 
N.J. 

Mass. 
N. C 
Mass. 
Ky. 
S. C. 
Ky. 



Term of 
Service. 



1789-1791 
1791-1793 
1793-1795 
1795-1799 
1799-1801 
1801-1807 
1807-1811 
1811-1814 
1814-1815 
1815-1820 



Born. 



1750 
1740 
1750 
1756 
1746 
1757 
1750 
1777 
1776 
1777 



Died. 



1801 
1809 
1801 
1824 
1813 
1837 
1821 
1852 
1857 
1852 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Speakers of the House of Representatives.— Continued. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


John W. Taylor 

Philip P. Barbour 


N. Y. 

Va. 

Ky. 
N. Y. 
Va. 
Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Va. 
Ky. 
Va. 
Ind. 
Mass. 
Ga. 
Ky. 
Mass. 
S. C. 
N.J. 
Penn. 
..|Ind. 


3820-1821 
1821-1823 
1823-1825 
1825-1827 
1827-1834 
1834-1835 
1835-1839 
1839-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-3845 
1845-1847 
1847-1849 
1849-1851 
1851-3855 
1855-1857 
1857-1859 
1859-1861 
1861-1863 
1863-1869 


1784 
1779 
1777 
1784 
1784 
1797 
1795 
1809 
1805 
1806 

1809 
1815 
1800 
1816 
1822 
1796 
1823 
1823 


1854 
1839 


Henry Clay 


1852 


John W. Taylor 

Andrew Stevenson 


1854 
1857 


John Bell 




James K. Polk 


1849 


Robert M. T. Hunter 




John White 




John W. Jones , 




John W. Davis 




Robert C. Winthrop 




Howell Cobb 


, 


Linn Boyd 




Nathaniel P. Banks 




James L. Orr 

William Pennington 

Gal usha A. Grow f 

Schuyler Colfax ] 


1862 



Associate Justices of the Sup 


rente Court of the United States. 




Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


John Rutledge 

William Cushing 


S. C. 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Md. 

N. C. 

Md. 

N.J. 

Md. 

Va. 

N. C. 

s. c. 

Ky. 
N. Y. 

Mass. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Md. 
N. Y. 

Ohio. 
Penn. 
Ga. 
Va. 

Tenn. 

Ala. 

Ala. 


1789-1791 
1789-1810 
1789-179S 
1789-1795 
1789-1789 
1790-1799 
1791-1793 
1793-1806 
1796-1811 
1798-1829 
1799-1805 
1804-1834 
1807-1826 
1806-1823 
1811-1811 
1811-1811 
1811-1845 
1811-1836 
1823-1841 
1826-1829 
1829-1861 
1830-1846 
1835-.... 
1836-1840 
1837-.... 
1837-1837 
1837-1852 


3*733 
1742 
1732 
1745 
1750 
3732 
1743 
1741 
1759 
1755 

1*757 
1749 
1767 
1779 
1751 
1767 

1785 
1779 

1765 


1800 
1810 


James VV ilson 


1798 


John Blair 


1800 


Robert H. Harrison 


1790 


James Iredell 

Thomas Johnson 


1797 
1819 


William Paterson 

Samuel Chase 


1806 
1811 


Bushrod Washington 


1829 


Alfred Moore. . . . 

William Johnson 

Thomas Todd 


1810 
1834 
1826 


Brock Livingston 

Levi Lincoln 


1823 
1820 


John Quincy Adams 


3848 


Joseph Story 


3845 


Gabriel Duval 


1844 


Smith Thompson 

Robert Trimble 


1843 
1829 


John McLean 


1861 


Henry Baldwin 


1844 


James M.Wayne 

Philip P. Barbour 


isii 


John Catron 




William Smith 


1840 


John McKinley 


3852 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of tlie United States. — Continued: 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Peter V. Daniel 

Samuel Nelson 

Levi Woodbury 

Robert C. Grier 


Va. 
N. Y. 

N. H. 
Penn. 
M ass. 
Ala. 


1841-1860 
1845-.... 
1846-1851 
1846-.... 
1851-1858 
1853-1861 
1858-.... 
1862-.... 
1862-.... 


1785 

1790 

1794 
1809 

1803 


1860 

issi 


Benjamin R. Curtis 

James A. Campbell 






Nathan Clifford 


Me. 

Ohio. 

Iowa. 




Noah Svvayne 




Samuel H. Miller 





THE CONGRESSES OF THE 1 


JNITED STATES. 


Time. 


Where held. 


I. March 4, 1789, to March S, 1791. | 
II. Oct. 24, 1791, to March 2, 1793. . . 


New York 2 Sessions, and 

3d in Philadelphia. 
Philadelphia 


III. Dec. 2, 1793, to March 3, 1795 


do. 


IV. Dec. 7, 1795, to March 3, 1797 


do. 


V. May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1799. . . 


do. 


VI. Dec. 2, 1799, to March 3, 1801.. . . 


1st Sess. at Phila., 2d at Waah, 


VII. Dec. 7, 1801, to March 8, 1803... 


Washington. 


VIII. Oct. 17, 1803, to March 2, 1805... 


do. 


IX. Dec. 2, 1805, to March 3, 1807.. . 


do. 


X. Oct. 26, 1807, to March 3, 1809 . . . 


do. 


XI. May 22, 1809, to March 3, 1811... 


do. 


XII. Nov. 4, 1811, to March 3, 1813.. . . 


do. 


XIII. May 24, 1813, to March 3, 1815. . . 


do. 


XIV. Dec. 4, 1815, to March 3, 1817. . . . 


do. 


XV. Dec. 1, 1817, to March 3, 1819.... 


do. 


XVI. Dec. 6, 1819, to March 3, 1821 


do. 


XVII. Dec. S, 1821, to March 3, 1823.. . . 


do. 


XVIII. Dec. 1, 1823, to March 3, 1825. . . . 


do. 


XIX. Dec. 5, 1825, to March 3, 1827. . . . 


do. 


XX. Dec. 3, 1S27, to March 3, 1829 


do. 


XXI. Dec. 7, 1829, to March 3, 1831 


do. 


XXII. Dec. 5, 1831, to March 3, 1833. . . . 


do. 


XXIII. Dec. 2, 1833, to March 3, 1835.... 


do. 


XXIV. Dec. 7, 1835, to March 3, 1837. . . . 


do. 


XXV. Sept. 4, 1837, to March 3,1839... 


do. 


XXVI. Dec. 2, 1839, to March 3, 1841 


do. 


XXVII. May 31, 1841, to March 3, 1845. . , 


do. 


XXVIII. Dec. 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845. . . . 


do. 


XXIX. Dec. 1, 1845, to March 3, 1847... 


do. 


XXX. Dec. 6, 1847, to March 3, 1849 


do. 


XXXI. Dec. 3, 1849, to March 3, 1851. . . . 


do. 


XXXII. Dec. 1, 1851, to March 3, 1853. . . . 


do. 


XXXIII. Dec. 5, 1853, to March 3, 1855. . . 


do. 


XXXIV. Dec 3, 1855, to March 3, 1857. . . . 


do. 


XXXV. Dec. 7, 1857, to March 3, 1859. . . 


do. 


XXXVI. Dec. 5, 1859, to March 3, 1861. . . . 


do. 


XXXVTI. Julv 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863 


do. 


XXXVIII. Dec. 1863 to March 3, 1865.... 


do. 


XXXIX. Dec. 1865 to March 3, 1867.... 


do. 


XL. Dtc. 1867 to March 3, 1869 ... . 


do. 



FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION. 



FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION. 

On Monday, the 5th September, 1774, there were assembled at 
Carpenter's Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who 
had been chosen and appointed by the several colonies in North 
America to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain 
grievances imputed against the mother-country. This Congress 
resolved on the next day that each colony should have one vote only. 
On Tuesday, the 2d July, 1776, the Congress resolved, " That these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent 
Btates," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declara- 
tion of Independence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to 
the people. Shortly after, on the 9th September, it was resolved that 
the words " United Colonies " should be no longer used, and that the 
' United States of America" should thenceforward be the style and 
title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th November, 1777, 
" Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States 
of America " were agreed to by the state delegates, subject to the 
ratification of the state legislatures severally. Eight of the states 
ratified these articles on the 9th July, 1778 ; one on the 21st July ; 
one on the 24th July ; one on the 26th November of the same year ; 
one on the 22d February, 1779 ; and the last one on the 1st March, 
1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen independent states, 
whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and 
executed certain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles 
aforesaid. The following are the names of the Presidents of the Con- 
tinental Congress from 1774 to 1788 : 

Peyton Randolph, Virginia 5th Sept., 1774 

Henry Middleton, South Carolina 22d Oct., 1714 

Peyton Randolph, Virginia 10th May, 1775 

John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th " 1776 

Henry Laurens, South Carolina 1st Nov., 1777 

John Jay New York 10th Dec, 1778 

Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut 2CthSept., 1779 

Thomas McKean, Delaware 10th July, 1781 

John Hanson, Maryland 5th Nov. , 1781 

Elius Boudinot, New Jersev 4th " 1782 

Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania 3d " 1783 

Richard Henry Lee, Virginia 30th " 1784 

Nathaniel Gorham , Massachusetts 6th Jan. , 1786 

Arthur St. Clair. Pennsylvania 2d F«fr., 1787 

Cyrus Griffin, Virginia 22d Jan, 1788 

The seat of government was established as follows : at Philadelphia, 
I'a:, commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775 ; at Balti- 
more, Md., December 20, 1776 ; at Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1777 ; 
at Lancaster, Pa., September 27, 1777 ; at York, Pa., September 30, 
1777 ; at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 177<3 ; at Princeton, N. J., June 
30, 1783 ; at Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783 ; at Trenton, N. J n 
November 1, 1784 ; and at New York City, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1785. 

On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been 
adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of 
Rtates, went inta operation. 



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